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Sound intolerance

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Sound intolerance is a general term for discomfort or distress that can make it difficult to tolerate hearing some kinds of sounds. While most people can find certain sounds (such as squeaky chairs or “thumping” music from cars) annoying or uncomfortable, clinical levels of sound intolerance can involve unusually negative reactions to sounds that others would consider ordinary or tolerable.[1] Sound intolerance can restrict people’s ability to participate in everyday activities, and it is associated with poorer quality of life and mental health problems.[2][3][4][5]

Nomenclature

The terms auditory hypersensitivity or hypersensitivity to sounds are often used to describe sound intolerance.[6][7][8][9] However, this may be liable to cause confusion as the term “sensitivity” can be used to describe low-level sensory perceptual functioning, especially the ability to detect or discriminate between sensory stimuli, such as might be affected in hearing loss.[10][11] This is distinct from sound intolerance, and sound intolerance is often observed in people whose ability to detect or discriminate between sounds is roughly normal.[6][11]

Other terms used to describe sound intolerance include decreased sound tolerance,[4][5][12][13] sound tolerance conditions,[1] auditory hyperresponsiveness or hyperresponsivity,[9] and auditory over-responsiveness or over-responsivity.[14][15]

The term hyperacusis is sometimes used as a synonym for sound intolerance generally; however, it can be used more precisely to refer to a specific type of sound intolerance, as described below.[6][11]

Varieties

Some factor analyses and conceptual structures suggest that heightened responsiveness to sounds might be a single dimension along which people vary from experiencing lesser to greater responsiveness.[16][17] However, these results come from studies of sensory processing patterns in general, and could reflect the large amount of variance explained by the inclusion of items from other modalities (e.g., visual perception) or patterns (e.g., hyporesponsiveness). Many other sources suggest distinct sound intolerance conditions can be distinguished from one another.[1][8][11][12][13] These include conditions like hyperacusis and misophonia, which can often co-occur or be associated with one another,[18][12] although their symptoms are distinct[1][12][13] and separate mechanisms may be involved.[13]

Reviews and summaries of sound intolerance issues also sometimes include exploding head syndrome,[8][19] which refers to the perception of intense noises at the onset of sleep. However, sound intolerance or decreased sound tolerance can be defined to refer to reactions to auditory stimuli,[13] which thereby also excludes tinnitus, the perception of sounds such as ringing without an external source. Indeed, tinnitus is generally discussed as a condition that can frequently co-occur with sound intolerance, rather than as a sound tolerance condition in its own right.[1][8][13]

Hyperacusis

Main article: Hyperacusis

Loudness recruitment

Main article: Recruitment (medicine)

Acoustic shock

Main article: Acoustic shock

Misophonia

Main article: Misophonia

Phonophobia

Main article: Phonophobia

Noise sensitivity

History

The phenomenon of loudness recruitment was first described in the 1920s,[20] providing an early mechanism for sound tolerance difficulties.

The concept of hyperacusis was another early sound tolerance term to enter the research literature, with the term being first used in 1938 by Perlman.[21] However, Perlman's use of the term differs from contemporary conceptualisations of hyperacusis as a condition; Perlman used the term as part of an already-established sound tolerance literature dating back to the nineteenth century regarding the consequences of losing the stapedial reflex, such as in facial paralysis.[21][22][23] Research also suggested that sound intolerance could arise from stapedectomy surgery or from Ménière's disease.[22] In the 1990s, these types of sound intolerance were termed peripheral hyperacusis to distinguish them from central hyperacusis, a term reflecting a belief that when these peripheral causes could be excluded, hyperacusis presumably reflected mechanisms in the central nervous system.[22] However, recent research suggests that dysfunction of the tensor tympani muscle in the middle ear can also be involved in hyperacusis.[24] This basic phenomenon has been referred to as tonic tensor tympani syndrome, although the authors of the study documenting it note that the observed hyper-reactivity of the muscle was not consistent with tonic contraction, making the term inaccurate.[24]

The term phonophobia was introduced in 1949, initially as an alternative synonym for hyperacusis, due to concern that the term hyperacusis might imply the presence of increased hearing acuity.[23] Thus, the terms hyperacusis and phonophobia were long considered synonymous,[22] especially in migraine research.[6] Over the second half of the twentieth century, the term phonophobia was widely used to refer to discomfort and pain during migraines and headaches.[25][26]

Another distinct research tradition has focused on noise sensitivity, individual differences in the level of annoyance caused by background noise such as traffic.[27][28][29][30] This noise sensitivity research tradition developed largely following the publication of a 1963 report on noise annoyance related to London’s Heathrow Airport.[28][31] Perhaps because noise sensitivity is conceptualised as a personality trait, in contrast to the conceptualisation of sound tolerance conditions like misophonia and hyperacusis as abnormal and clinical variations,[13] the noise sensitivity literature is relatively distinct from most literature on sound tolerance conditions, although individuals with hyperacusis report high levels of noise sensitivity.[32]

By the 1990s, scientific research increasingly described hyperacusis as a specific condition involving discomfort and pain to sounds that most others would not consider loud, generally in the absence of differences in auditory sensory acuity or damage to acoustic reflexes,[6][22][33][34] which is consistent with contemporary definitions.[1][13] In 1991, a self-help organisation called the Hyperacusis Network was established for people experiencing hyperacusis and sound intolerance.[35]

Conversely, the term selective sound sensitivity syndrome was first introduced by Marsha Johnson in 1997[36] to describe the emotional reactions to specific sounds that Margaret and Pawel Jastreboff soon afterwards referred to as misophonia in 2001.[37] The Jastreboffs made clear that this sort of misophonia was a distinct condition from hyperacusis.[37] As with hyperacusis, the emergence of misophonia as a distinct condition led to the emergence of advocacy and support groups, such as SoQuiet.[38] Although misophonia is not currently a recognised condition in major clinical diagnostic classification systems, a consensus definition of misophonia was published in 2022.[39]

Furthermore, in 2001, Margaret and Pawel Jastreboff described another condition, phonophobia, involving irrational fears of sounds, which they conceptualised as a specific type of misophonia.[37] This shifted the meaning of the term phonophobia away from being synonymous with hyperacusis. Subsequently, other researchers have generally regarded phonophobia and misophonia as also being distinct and separate conditions from each other.[1][13][19]

At around the same time, in 1999-2001, the sound tolerance condition of acoustic shock injuries following brief, unexpected, loud sounds was being described, initially in workers in telephone call centres.[40][41] The reported condition led workers to make compensation claims, and controversy erupted over whether the phenomenon of acoustic shock reflected a genuinely auditory injury or was primarily psychogenic.[41] More recent sources suggest the condition has become more recognised, although its mechanisms and prevalence continue to be debated.[8][42]

Frameworks not specific to sounds

These auditory-focused approaches to sound tolerance have been complemented by research on sensory hyperresponsiveness and sensory overwhelm across modalities: that is, they include hearing, but are not specific to it. Analogously to the distinction between auditory research focused on noise sensitivity and research focused on clinical sound tolerance conditions such as hyperacusis and misophonia, sensory processing research across modalities includes several distinct research traditions.

One tradition focuses on sensory processing sensitivity, which is conceptualised as a form of personality variation.[43] This area of research is closely associated with the work of Elaine and Arthur Aron, who published the Highly Sensitive Person Scale in 1997.[44]

This can be distinguished[45] from another area of research, which investigates sensory processing differences in both the general population and people who experience distressing or impairing sensory differences. This area began with Jean Ayres’ work on sensory integration and modulation in the 1960s and 1970s,[46] which led to the controversial[47][48][49] practice of sensory integration therapy. This sensory literature however remained relatively unfocused on sound tolerance; for example, when the Sensory Profile was developed in the 1990s, auditory items did not load on the sensory sensitivity factor.[50] However, more recent tools such as the Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire, Sensory Sensitivity Scales, or newer versions of the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire have included auditory items in factors measuring general sensory sensitivity or hyperresponsiveness.[16][51][52]

A third distinct, modality-independent idea that intersects with sound intolerance may come from the concepts of sensory overload and overwhelm. These concepts refer to when the intensity, diversity, or pattern of environmental stimuli are experienced as aversive, whether or not the stimuli are auditory.[53]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Henry, J. A., Theodoroff, S. M., Edmonds, C., Martinez, I., Myers, P. J., Zaugg, T. L., Goodworth, M.-C. (2022). "Sound Tolerance Conditions (Hyperacusis, Misophonia, Noise Sensitivity, and Phonophobia): Definitions and Clinical Management". American Journal of Audiology. 31 (3): 513–527. doi:10.1044/2022_AJA-22-00035. PMID 35858241 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ Dibb, B., Golding, S. E. (22 July 2022). "A longitudinal investigation of quality of life and negative emotions in misophonia". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.900474. ISSN 1662-453X. PMC 9354518 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35937869 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Fackrell, K., Sereda, M., Smith, S., Sheldrake, J., Hoare, D. J. (25 November 2022). "What Should Be Considered When Assessing Hyperacusis? A Qualitative Analysis of Problems Reported by Hyperacusis Patients". Brain Sciences. 12 (12): 1615. doi:10.3390/brainsci12121615. ISSN 2076-3425. PMC 9775019 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36552075 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Scheerer, N. E., Boucher, T. Q., Bahmei, B., Iarocci, G., Arzanpour, S., Birmingham, E. (2022). "Family experiences of decreased sound tolerance in ASD". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Springer US. 52 (9): 4007–4021. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05282-4. ISSN 1573-3432. PMID 34524587 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Scheerer, N. E., Boucher, T. Q., Arzanpour, S., Iarocci, G., Birmingham, E. (7 August 2024). "Autistic and Non-Autistic Experiences of Decreased Sound Tolerance and Their Association with Mental Health and Quality of Life". Autism in Adulthood. doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0117. ISSN 2573-959X. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Anari, M., Axelsson, A., Eliasson, A., Magnusson, L. (January 1999). "Hypersensitivity to sound: Questionnaire data, audiometry and classification". Scandinavian Audiology. 28 (4): 219–230. doi:10.1080/010503999424653. ISSN 0105-0397.
  7. ↑ Czarnecka, E., Lachowska, M. (15 April 2020). "Auditory hypersensitivity – definition, etiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities". Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny. 9 (2): 27–34. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.1214. ISSN 2300-7338.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Jacquemin, L., Schecklmann, M., Baguley, D. M. (2024). "Hypersensitivity to Sounds". In Schlee, W., Langguth, B., De Ridder, D., Vanneste, S., Kleinjung, T., Møller, A. R. Textbook of Tinnitus. Springer International Publishing. pp. 25–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35647-6_3. ISBN 978-3-031-35646-9. Search this book on
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Stefanelli, A. C. G. F., Zanchetta, S., Furtado, E. F. (2020). "Auditory hyper-responsiveness in autism spectrum disorder, terminologies and physiological mechanisms involved: Systematic review". CoDAS. 32 (3): e20180287. doi:10.1590/2317-1782/20192018287. PMID 31994595.
  10. ↑ He, J. L., Williams, Z. J., Harris, A., Powell, H., Schaaf, R., Tavassoli, T., Puts, N. A. J. (11 April 2023). "A working taxonomy for describing the sensory differences of autism". Molecular Autism. 14 (1). doi:10.1186/s13229-022-00534-1. ISSN 2040-2392. PMC 10091684 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37041612 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Tyler, R. S., Pienkowski, M., Rojas Roncancio, E., Jun, H. J., Brozoski, T., Dauman, N., Coelho, C. B., Andersson, G., Keiner, A. J., Cacace, A. T., Martin, N., Moore, B. C. J. (2014). "A review of hyperacusis and future directions: Part I. Definitions and manifestations". American Journal of Audiology. 23 (4): 402–419. doi:10.1044/2014_AJA-14-0010. PMID 25104073.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Jastreboff, P. J., Jastreboff, M. M. (2014). "Treatments for decreased sound tolerance (hyperacusis and misophonia)". Seminars in Hearing. 35 (2): 105–120. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1372527. ISSN 1098-8955.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Williams, Z. J., He, J. L., Cascio, C. J., Woynaroski, T. G. (2021). "A review of decreased sound tolerance in autism: Definitions, phenomenology, and potential mechanisms". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 121: 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.030. PMC 7855558 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33285160 Check |pmid= value (help).
  14. ↑ Carson, T. B., Valente, M. J., Wilkes, B. J., Richard, L. (2022). "Brief report: Prevalence and severity of auditory sensory over‑responsivity in autism as reported by parents and caregivers". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Springer US. 52 (3): 1395–1402. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04991-0. ISSN 1573-3432. PMID 33837888 Check |pmid= value (help).
  15. ↑ Siepsiak, M., Rosenthal, M. Z., Raj-Koziak, D., Dragan, W. (2022). "Psychiatric and audiologic features of misophonia: Use of a clinical control group with auditory over-responsivity". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. Elsevier Inc. 156. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110777. ISSN 0022-3999. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Aykan, S., Vatansever, G., Doğanay-Erdoğan, B., Kalaycıoğlu, C. (2020). "Development of Sensory Sensitivity Scales (SeSS): Reliability and validity analyses". Research in Developmental Disabilities. Elsevier. 100. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103612. ISSN 0891-4222. PMID 32092640 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Williams, Z. J., Schaaf, R., Ausderau, K. K., Baranek, G. T., Barrett, D. J., Cascio, C. J., Dumont, R. L., Eyoh, E. E., Failla, M. D., Feldman, J. I., Foss-Feig, J. H., Green, H. L., Green, S. A., He, J. L., Kaplan-Kahn, E. A., Keçeli-Kaysılı, B., MacLennan, K., Mailloux, Z., Marco, E. J., Mash, L. E., McKernan, E. P., Molholm, S., Mostofsky, S. H., Puts, N. A. J., Robertson, C. E., Russo, N., Shea, N., Sideris, J., Sutcliffe, J. S., Tavassoli, T., Wallace, M. T., Wodka, E. L., Woynaroski, T. G. (28 August 2023). "Examining the latent structure and correlates of sensory reactivity in autism: a multi-site integrative data analysis by the autism sensory research consortium". Molecular Autism. 14 (1). doi:10.1186/s13229-023-00563-4. ISSN 2040-2392. PMID 37635263 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Aazh, H., Erfanian, M., Danesh, A. A., Moore, B. C. J. (5 July 2022). "Audiological and Other Factors Predicting the Presence of Misophonia Symptoms Among a Clinical Population Seeking Help for Tinnitus and/or Hyperacusis". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.900065. ISSN 1662-453X. PMC 9294447 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35864982 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Møller, A. R. (2011). "Textbook of Tinnitus". In Møller, A. R., Langguth, B., De Ridder, D., Kleinjung, T. Misophonia, Phonophobia, and "Exploding Head" Syndrome. Springer New York. pp. 25–27. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-145-5_4. ISBN 978-1-60761-144-8. Search this book on
  20. ↑ Fowler, E. P. (1 December 1963). "Loudness Recruitment: Definition and Clarification". Archives of Otolaryngology. 78 (6): 32. doi:10.1001/archotol.78.6.32. ISSN 0003-9977.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Perlman, H. B. (December 1938). "LXXIX Hyperacusis". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 47 (4): 947–953. doi:10.1177/000348943804700408. ISSN 1943-572X.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Marriage, J., Barnes, N. M. (October 1995). "Is central hyperacusis a symptom of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) dysfunction?". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 109 (10): 915–921. doi:10.1017/S0022215100131676. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 7499940.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Tschiassny, K. (August 1949). "Stapedioparalytic phonophobia ("hyperacusis") in a deaf ear: Case reports including studies on the analysis of the phenomenon and suggestions for possible applications of the phonophobia test". The Laryngoscope. 59 (8): 886–903. doi:10.1288/00005537-194908000-00005. ISSN 1531-4995.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Fournier, P., Paleressompoulle, D., Esteve Fraysse, M.-J., Paolino, F., Devèze, A., Venail, F., Noreña, A. (September 2022). "Exploring the middle ear function in patients with a cluster of symptoms including tinnitus, hyperacusis, ear fullness and/or pain". Hearing Research. 422. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2022.108519. ISSN 0378-5955. PMID 35644108 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Olesen, J. (November 1978). "Some Clinical Features of the Acute Migraine Attack. An Analysis of 750 Patients". Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 18 (5): 268–271. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1978.hed1805268.x. ISSN 1526-4610. PMID 721459.
  26. ↑ Vingen, J. V., Pareja, J., Storen, O., White, L., Stovner, L. (June 1998). "Phonophobia in migraine". Cephalalgia. 18 (5): 243–249. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1998.1805243.x. ISSN 1468-2982. PMID 9673802.
  27. ↑ Langdon, F. J. (July 1976). "Noise nuisance caused by road traffic in residential areas: Part I". Journal of Sound and Vibration. 47 (2): 243–263. Bibcode:1976JSV....47..243L. doi:10.1016/0022-460X(76)90720-3. ISSN 0022-460X.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Miedema, H. M. E., Vos, H. (1 March 2003). "Noise sensitivity and reactions to noise and other environmental conditions". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 113 (3): 1492–1504. Bibcode:2003ASAJ..113.1492M. doi:10.1121/1.1547437. ISSN 1520-8524.
  29. ↑ Stansfeld, S. A., Clark, C. R., Jenkins, L. M., Tarnopolsky, A. (May 1985). "Sensitivity to noise in a community sample: I. Measurement of psychiatric disorder and personality". Psychological Medicine. 15 (2): 243–254. doi:10.1017/S0033291700023527. ISSN 1469-8978. PMID 4023129.
  30. ↑ Schutte, M., Marks, A., Wenning, E., Griefahn, B. (2007). "The development of the noise sensitivity questionnaire". Noise and Health. 9 (34): 15. doi:10.4103/1463-1741.34700. ISSN 1463-1741. PMID 17851223.
  31. ↑ McKennell, A. C. (1963), Aircraft Noise Annoyance around London (Heathrow) Airport, Central Office of Information, retrieved 20 October 2025
  32. ↑ Paulin, J., Andersson, L., Nordin, S. (2016). "Characteristics of hyperacusis in the general population". Noise and Health. 18 (83): 178–184. doi:10.4103/1463-1741.189244. ISSN 1463-1741. PMC 5187659. PMID 27569405.
  33. ↑ Brandy, W. T., Lynn, J. M. (March 1995). "Audiologic Findings in Hyperacusic and Nonhyperacusic Subjects". American Journal of Audiology. 4 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1044/1059-0889.0401.46. ISSN 1558-9137.
  34. ↑ Goldstein, B., Shulman, A. (1996). "Tinnitus - Hyperacusis and the Loudness Discomfort Level Test - A Preliminary Report". The International Tinnitus Journal. 2: 83–89. ISSN 0946-5448. PMID 10753346.
  35. ↑ Hyperacusis Network, 11 August 2022, retrieved 20 October 2025
  36. ↑ Ferrer-Torres, A., Giménez-Llort, L. (1 June 2022). "Misophonia: A Systematic Review of Current and Future Trends in This Emerging Clinical Field". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (11): 6790. doi:10.3390/ijerph19116790. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 9180704 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35682372 Check |pmid= value (help).
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Jastreboff, M. M., Jastreboff, P. J. (2001), Components of decreased sound tolerance: hyperacusis, misophonia, phonophobia
  38. ↑ Brout, Jennifer J (March 3, 2023), "How Do I Get Some Help With My Misophonia?", Psychology Today, retrieved October 20, 2025
  39. ↑ Swedo, S. E., Baguley, D. M., Denys, D., Dixon, L. J., Erfanian, M., Fioretti, A., Jastreboff, P. J., Kumar, S., Rosenthal, M. Z., Rouw, R., Schiller, D., Simner, J., Storch, E. A., Taylor, S., Werff, K. R. V., Altimus, C. M., Raver, S. M. (17 March 2022). "Consensus Definition of Misophonia: A Delphi Study". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.841816. ISSN 1662-453X. PMC 8969743 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35368272 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ Westcott, M. (January 2006). "Acoustic shock injury (ASI)". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 126 (sup556): 54–58. doi:10.1080/03655230600895531. ISSN 1651-2251. PMID 17114144.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Hooper, R. E. (July 2014). "Acoustic shock controversies". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 128 (S2): S2–S9. doi:10.1017/S0022215114000309. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 24565111.
  42. ↑ Parker, W. A. E., Parker, V. L., Parker, G., Parker, A. J. (October 2020). "Acoustic shock: an update review". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 134 (10): 848–853. doi:10.1017/S0022215120001991. ISSN 1748-5460.
  43. ↑ Aron, E. N., Aron, A., Jagiellowicz, J. (August 2012). "Sensory Processing Sensitivity: A Review in the Light of the Evolution of Biological Responsivity". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 16 (3): 262–282. doi:10.1177/1088868311434213. ISSN 1532-7957.
  44. ↑ Aron, E. N., Aron, A. (August 1997). "Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 73 (2): 345–368. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345. ISSN 0022-3514.
  45. ↑ Turjeman-Levi, Y., Kluger, A. N. (1 December 2022). "Sensory-processing sensitivity versus the sensory-processing theory: Convergence and divergence". Frontiers in Psychology. 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010836. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 9752870 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36533027 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ Roley, S. S., Mailloux, Z., Miller-Kuhaneck, H., Glennon, T. J. (2007). "Understanding Ayres' Sensory Integration". OT Practice. 12 (17): CE1–CE8.
  47. ↑ Leong, H. M., Carter, M., Stephenson, J. (December 2015). "Systematic review of sensory integration therapy for individuals with disabilities: Single case design studies". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 47: 334–351. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.022. ISSN 0891-4222. PMID 26476485.
  48. ↑ Schoen, S. A., Lane, S. J., Mailloux, Z., May‐Benson, T., Parham, L. D., Smith Roley, S., Schaaf, R. C. (2018). "A systematic review of Ayres Sensory Integration intervention for children with autism". Autism Research. 12: 6–19. doi:10.1002/aur.2046. ISSN 1939-3792. PMID 30548827.
  49. ↑ SECTION ON COMPLEMENTARY AND INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE, COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, Zimmer, M., Desch, L., Rosen, L. D., Bailey, M. L., Becker, D., Culbert, T. P., McClafferty, H., Sahler, O. J. Z., Vohra, S., Liptak, G. S., Adams, R. C., Burke, R. T., Friedman, S. L., Houtrow, A. J., Kalichman, M. A., Kuo, D. Z., Levy, S. E., Norwood, K. W., Turchi, R. M., Wiley, S. E. (1 June 2012). "Sensory Integration Therapies for Children With Developmental and Behavioral Disorders". Pediatrics. 129 (6): 1186–1189. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0876. ISSN 1098-4275. PMID 22641765.
  50. ↑ Dunn, W. (1997). "The impact of sensory processing abilities on the daily lives of young children and their families: A conceptual model". Infants and Young Children. 9 (4): 23–35. doi:10.1097/00001163-199704000-00005.
  51. ↑ Ausderau, K., Sideris, J., Furlong, M., Little, L. M., Bulluck, J., Baranek, G. T. (2014). "National survey of sensory features in children with ASD: Factor structure of the sensory experience questionnaire (3.0)". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 44 (4): 915–925. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1945-1. ISSN 1573-3432. PMID 24097141.
  52. ↑ Robertson, A. E., Simmons, D. R. (2013). "The relationship between sensory sensitivity and autistic traits in the general population". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 43 (4): 775–784. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1608-7. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 22832890.
  53. ↑ Scheydt, S., Müller Staub, M., Frauenfelder, F., Nielsen, G. H., Behrens, J., Needham, I. (2017). "Sensory overload: A concept analysis". International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 26 (2): 110–120. doi:10.1111/inm.12303. PMID 28185369.


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