Totalitarian States
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Totalitarianism is a term for a political system or form of government that prohibits opposition parties, restricts individual opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high degree of control over public and private life. It is regarded as the most extreme and complete form of authoritarianism. Totalitarian regimes are often characterized by extensive political repression, a complete lack of democracy, widespread personality cultism, absolute control over the economy, massive censorship, mass surveillance, limited freedom of movement (most notably freedom to leave the country) and widespread use of state terrorism. Historian Robert Conquest describes a totalitarian state as one which recognizes no limit on its authority in any sphere of public or private life and it extends that authority to whatever length is feasible.[1]
The notion that totalitarianism is total political power which is exercised by the state was formulated in 1923 by Giovanni Amendola, who described Italian Fascism as a system which was fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships.[2] The term was later assigned a positive meaning in the writings of Giovanni Gentile, Italy's most prominent philosopher and leading theorist of fascism. He used the term totalitario to refer to the structure and goals of the new state, which was to provide the "total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals".[3] He described totalitarianism as a society in which the ideology of the state had influence, if not power, over most of its citizens.According to Benito Mussolini, this system politicizes everything spiritual and human: "Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state".
The list presents Totalitarian regimes, both historical and present, not just simply Authoritarian regimes. Totalitarianism is an extreme version of authoritarianism, that prohibits opposition parties, restricts individual opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high degree of control over public and private life that requires complete subservience to the state. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.[4] Unlike Totalitarianism, Authoritarianism "does not attempt to change the world and human nature".[5]
Totalitarian States[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Conquest, Robert (1999). Reflections on a Ravaged Century. p. 74. ISBN 0-393-04818-7. Search this book on
- ↑ Pipes, Richard (1995). Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Vintage Books, Random House. p. 243. ISBN 0394502426. Search this book on
- ↑ Payne, Stanley G. (1980). Fascism: Comparison and Definition. University of Washington Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780299080600. Search this book on
- ↑ Sondrol, Paul C. (2009). "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner" (PDF). Journal of Latin American Studies. 23 (3): 599–620. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015868.
- ↑ Cinpoes, Rady. Nationalism and Identity in Romania: A History of Extreme Politics from the Birth of the State to EU Accession. p. 70. Search this book on
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 "Totalitarianism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018.
- ↑ Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-39241-9.
after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one.
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- ↑ Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov. Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-714-64619-0.
The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself.
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- ↑ von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics. Springer. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-319-01559-0.
The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.
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- ↑ "Foundations of the Nazi State". www.ushmm.org.
- ↑ http://www.egjustice.org/post/equatorial-guinea
- ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/08/07/equatorial-guineas-president-said-to-be-retired-not-ousted/b21f82be-7401-4b7c-b6ea-1774dc0639e5/
- ↑ "A Unique Death Cult". Slate. 21 February 2017.
- ↑ Final Report, pp.115, 323
- ↑ "Info". eujournal.org. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
- ↑ Mullahi, Anila; Dhimitri, Jostina (2015). "Education Issues in a Totalitarian State (Case of Albania)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 174: 4103–4107. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1161.
- ↑ Bedini, Belina (2014). "The Legitimation of the Albanian Totalitarian Regime". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5 (16): 500–5. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p500.
- ↑ "Albania's EU aspirations still hampered by totalitarian past | DW | 22.03.2012".
- ↑ "North Korea country profile". BBC News. 9 April 2018 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
- ↑ "Kim Jong Un's North Korea: Life inside the totalitarian state". Washington Post.
- ↑ Inc, Encyclopaedia Britannica (1 March 2014). Britannica Book of the Year 2014. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 9781625131713. Search this book on
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Rummel, R.J. (1994). "Democide in totalitarian states: Mortacracies and megamurderers.". In Charney, Israel W. Widening circle of genocide. Transaction Publishers. p. 5.
There is much confusion about what is meant by totalitarian in the literature, including the denial that such systems even exist. I define a totalitarian state as one with a system of government that is unlimited constitutionally or by countervailing powers in society (such as by a church, rural gentry, labor unions, or regional powers); is not held responsible to the public by periodic secret and competitive elections; and employs its unlimited power to control all aspects of society, including the family, religion, education, business, private property, and social relationships. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was thus totalitarian, as was Mao's China, Pol Pot's Cambodia, Hitler's Germany, and U Ne Win's Burma
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- ↑ "Bulletin" (PDF). www.umk.ro. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
- ↑ Thompson, M. R. (1 June 2002). "Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes in Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 3 (1): 79–106. doi:10.1080/714005469.
- ↑ O'Kane, Rosemary H T (1993). "Cambodia in the zero years: rudimentary totalitarianism". Third World Quarterly. 14 (4): 735–748. doi:10.1080/01436599308420354. JSTOR 3992949.
- ↑ Taylor, Adam (12 June 2015). "The brutal dictatorship the world keeps ignoring" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
- ↑ "UN calls Eritrea a 'totalitarian' state ruled by fear". Daily Nation. Kenya. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ↑ Whine, Michael (1 September 2001). "Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (2): 54–72. doi:10.1080/714005450.
- ↑ "David Arnett" (PDF). turkishpolicy.com. 2008. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 "The Totalitarian Present - The American Interest". 1 September 2009.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Gall, Carlotta (30 July 2015). "Mullah Muhammad Omar, Enigmatic Leader of Afghan Taliban, Is Dead" – via NYTimes.com.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?". www.digitaljournal.com. 1 April 2013.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "NCTC Home". www.dni.gov.
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