Type 4 diabetes
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The term "type 4 diabetes" has been proposed by several different research groups to refer to specific kinds of metabolic disorders involving long-term high blood sugar (diabetes). The term does not have widespread recognition.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are well characterized and classified. "Type 3 diabetes" has been proposed for Alzheimer's disease,[1] and "type 5 diabetes" has been proposed for Parkinson's disease.[2][3][4]
"Type 4 diabetes" has been used to refer to:
- Glaucoma. Proposed by Muneeb Faiq in 2014.[5] They mounted their conclusion on the possibility of neurodegenerative diabetes that could exist independent of the systemic diabetes. They analyzed the metabolic correlation of this brain-specific diabetes with retinal ganglion cell apoptosis, intraocular pressure elevation, optic cupping. Based on this, they argued that glaucoma therapy can be centered upon improving what they termed as insulin-hypofunctionality (An umbrella term that describes the downregulation or loss of insulin function either due to insulin resistance or due to loss of insulin production in human and in mammals).[6][7] Some investigators have reported evidence in support of glaucoma having some association with brain insulin signaling deficit [8] while some other investigators support the idea of referring to glaucoma as Type 4 Diabetes.[9][10]
- Diabetes in aged and lean animals,[clarification needed] which might have a different cause than obesity-associated type 2 diabetes.[11]
References
- ↑ de la Monte, S. M.; Wands, J. R. (2008). "Alzheimer's disease diabetes type 3: evidence reviewed". Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (Online). 2 (6): 1101–1113. doi:10.1177/193229680800200619. PMC 2769828. PMID 19885299.
- ↑ "Type 5 Diabetes -Parkinsons disease- Kashmiri scientist behind discovery of new type of diabetes afflicting brain".
- ↑ "Type 5 Diabetes -Parkinsons disease- Glaucoma – Diabetes of the brain: A radical hypothesis about its nature and pathogenesis".
- ↑ "Dr Faiq also made a case for Parkinson's disease to be referred as Diabetes Type 5".
- ↑ "Glaucoma – Diabetes of the brain: A radical hypothesis about its nature and pathogenesis".
- ↑ "What is Insulin Hypofunctionality".
- ↑ "Insulin Hypofunctionality and Central Diabetes".
- ↑ "Progression of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients".
- ↑ "Is glaucoma type 4 diabetes?".
- ↑ "insulin resistance-dependent glaucoma reported as diabetes type 4".
- ↑ "Blocking immune cell treats new type of age-related diabetes".
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