Type 4 diabetes
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The term "type 4 diabetes" has been proposed by several different research groups to refer to specific kinds of metabolic disorders involving long-term high blood sugar (diabetes). The term does not have widespread recognition.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are well characterized and classified. "Type 3 diabetes" has been proposed for Alzheimer's disease,[1] and "type 5 diabetes" has been proposed for Parkinson's disease.[2][3][4]
"Type 4 diabetes" has been used to refer to:
- Glaucoma. Proposed by Muneeb Faiq in 2014.[5] They mounted their conclusion on the possibility of neurodegenerative diabetes that could exist independent of the systemic diabetes. They analyzed the metabolic correlation of this brain-specific diabetes with retinal ganglion cell apoptosis, intraocular pressure elevation, and optic cupping. Based on this, they argued that glaucoma therapy can be centered upon improving what they termed as insulin-hypofunctionality (an umbrella term that describes the downregulation or loss of insulin function either due to insulin resistance or due to loss of insulin production in humans and in mammals).[6][7] Some investigators have reported evidence in support of glaucoma having some association with brain insulin signaling deficit [8] while some other investigators support the idea of referring to glaucoma as Type 4 Diabetes.[9][10]
- Diabetes in aged and lean animals,[clarification needed] which might have a different cause than obesity-associated type 2 diabetes.[11]
References
- ↑ de la Monte, S. M.; Wands, J. R. (2008). "Alzheimer's disease diabetes type 3: evidence reviewed". Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (Online). 2 (6): 1101–1113. doi:10.1177/193229680800200619. PMC 2769828. PMID 19885299.
- ↑ "Type 5 Diabetes -Parkinsons disease- Kashmiri scientist behind discovery of new type of diabetes afflicting brain".
- ↑ "Type 5 Diabetes -Parkinsons disease- Glaucoma – Diabetes of the brain: A radical hypothesis about its nature and pathogenesis".
- ↑ "Dr Faiq also made a case for Parkinson's disease to be referred as Diabetes Type 5".
- ↑ "Glaucoma – Diabetes of the brain: A radical hypothesis about its nature and pathogenesis".
- ↑ "What is Insulin Hypofunctionality".
- ↑ "Insulin Hypofunctionality and Central Diabetes".
- ↑ "Progression of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients".
- ↑ "Is glaucoma type 4 diabetes?".
- ↑ "insulin resistance-dependent glaucoma reported as diabetes type 4".
- ↑ "Blocking immune cell treats new type of age-related diabetes".
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