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U.S. intervention in Venezuela

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Juan Guaidó (left), Nicolás Maduro (right)

U.S. intervention in Venezuela has been alleged by allies of Nicolás Maduro and political figures from the left spectrum.[1] AP News reported that "familiar geopolitical sides" had formed in the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, with allies Russia, China, Iran, Syria, and Cuba supporting Maduro, and the US, Canada, and most of Western Europe supporting Juan Guaidó as interim president.[2][3] Amid widespread condemnation,[4][5][6] President Maduro was sworn in on 10 January 2019, and the President of the National Assembly, Guaidó, was declared the interim President by that body on 23 January 2019.[7][8] Maduro's government states that the crisis is a "coup d'état led by the United States to topple him and control the country's oil reserves."[9][10][11][12] Guaidó denies the coup allegations, saying peaceful volunteers back his movement.[13][14]

Opponents/supporters[edit]

AP News reported that "familiar geopolitical sides" had formed in the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, with allies Russia, China, Iran, Syria, and Cuba supporting Maduro, and the US, Canada, and most of Western Europe supporting Juan Guaidó as interim president.[2][3]

Foreign military involvement[edit]

On 18 February, President Donald Trump advised Venezuelan soldiers to renounce loyalty to Nicolás Maduro.[15]

In early 2019, with Cuban and Russian-backed security forces in the country, United States military involvement became the subject of speculation.[16] Senior U.S. officials have declared that "all options are on the table",[17] but have also said that "our objective is a peaceful transfer of power".[18] Maduro announced that state funds would be used to purchase new military equipment, saying "we are going to make enough investment so that Venezuela has all the anti-aircraft and anti-missile defense systems ... even the most modern in the world, Venezuela will have them because Venezuela wants peace".[19]

Colombian guerrillas from National Liberation Army (ELN) have also vowed to defend Maduro, with ELN leaders in Cuba stating that they are drafting plans to provide military assistance to Maduro.[20] The Redes Foundation denounced in the Colombian Public Ministry that armed groups made up of ELN members and FARC dissidents, supported by the Bolivarian National Police and FAES officials, murdered two Venezuelans, Eduardo José Marrero and Luigi Ángel Guerrero, during a protest in the frontier city of San Cristóbal, on Táchira state.[21]

Michael Shifter, president of the Inter-American Dialogue think tank, stated that "military action of the United States against Venezuela would be contrary to the movements of the Trump administration to retire troops from Syria or Afghanistan."[22] According to professor Erick Langer of Georgetown University, "Cuba and Russia have already intervened".[16] A Cuban military presence of at least 15,000 personnel was in Venezuela in early 2018,[23] while estimates ranging from hundreds to thousands of Cuban security forces were reported in 2019.[16]

According to Giancarlo Fiorella, writing in Foreign Affairs, the "loudest calls for intervention are coming not from the White House and its media mouthpieces but from some members of the Venezuelan opposition and from residents of the country desperate for a solution—any solution—to their years-long plight."[17] Fiorella states that "talk of invoking article 187(11) has become commonplace" in Venezuela, adding that "the push for a military intervention in Venezuela is most intense not among hawks in Washington but inside the country itself".[17] Article 187 of the Constitution of Venezuela provides: "It shall be the function of the National Assembly: (11) To authorize the operation of Venezuelan military missions abroad or foreign military missions within the country."[24][17] In every demonstration summoned by Guaidó, there are numerous signs demanding the application of Article 187.[25] Following the unsuccessful attempt to bring humanitarian aid into Venezuela on 23 February, a political faction supported by National Assembly deputy María Corina Machado began to demand application of Article 187, to "open the way" for "foreign intervention in order to prevent crimes against humanity".[17] Former mayor of Caracas, Antonio Ledezma has also called for application of 187, and the calls for intervention have taken hold outside of the political realm, with a March poll showing 87.5% support for foreign intervention.[lower-alpha 1][17] Guaidó has said he will call for intervention "when the time comes", but in media interviews, he has not stated he supports removing Maduro by force.[17]

Russian presence[edit]

Reuters reported that Russian mercenaries associated with the Wagner Group were in Venezuela to defend Maduro's government.[26] Professor Robert Ellis of the United States Army War College described 400 Wagner Group mercenaries provided by Russia as the "palace guard of Nicolás Maduro".[16] Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov denied the deployment of Russian mercenaries, calling it "fake news".[27][28]

Two nuclear weapon-capable Russian planes landed in Venezuela in December 2018 in what Reuters called a "show of support for Maduro's socialist government".[29] On 3 March 2019, Russian Federation Council speaker Valentina Matviyenko told Venezuelan Vice President Delcy Rodríguez that Russia will make every effort to prevent military intervention in Venezuela and believes that the crisis was artificially created by the US, which can be solved only through dialogue.[30]

On 23 March 2019, two Russian planes landed in Venezuela carrying 99 troops[31] and 35 tonnes of matériel.[29] Alexey Seredin from the Russian Embassy in Caracas said the two planes were "part of an effort to maintain Maduro's defense apparatus, which includes Sukhoi fighter jets and anti-aircraft systems purchased from Russia".[31] On 29 March, a flight simulation center for Russian helicopters was launched in Venezuela,[32] and another flight simulator center is planned, as is a plant to produce Russian arms.[31] Russia supplies arms, special forces, and military advisors to Venezuela, and a base for cyber warfare is under construction on a Venezuelan island.[33]

Diosdado Cabello said the arrival of the planes was approved and authorized by Maduro.[34] Russian Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Maria Zakharova also confirmed the presence of military personnel in Venezuela, arguing that the countries had a bilateral agreement on military cooperation signed by Presidents Putin and Chávez in May 2001.[35][36] Seredin said Russian investments in Venezuelan mining, agriculture and transportation is also contemplated.[31]

National Assembly deputy Williams Dávila said the National Assembly would investigate the "penetration of foreign forces in Venezuela", since Venezuela's Constitution requires that the legislature authorize foreign military missions and the arrival of Russian military was a "violation of Venezuelan sovereignty".[37] Guaidó declared that foreign soldiers have been imported because Maduro's government does not trust the Venezuelan Armed Forces.[38] US Secretary of State Pompeo accused Russia of "reckless escalation" of the situation in Venezuela,[34] and warned Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov that the US would "not stand idly by", but did not say what the US response to Russian troops in Venezuela would be.[39] Lavrov responded by accusing the Trump administration of organizing a coup in Venezuela.[40] A United States Southern Command spokesperson said Russia's deployment of troops "directly undercuts the democratic aspirations of the Venezuelan people"; the OAS called it "a harmful act to Venezuelan sovereignty".[41] In late March, US National Security Advisor Bolton said the US considered Russia's involvement a "direct threat to international peace and security in the region".[31]

In April 2019, Malta refused to allow Russian planes to use its airspace to supply Maduro's government. Morgan Ortagus, spokeswoman of the United States State Department, applauded the decision; weeks earlier, the US raised concerns when Russian planes from Syria crossed Malta's airspace to transport soldiers and matériel to Venezuela.[42] Russia described Malta's actions as "unfriendly" and warns that it will take this into account in bilateral relations between the two countries.[43]

A meeting between Maduro (Venezuela president) and Putin (Russia president)

According to Agence France-Presse, Sergey Lavrov the foreign minister of Russia said to American foreign minister that: we condemn obvious interference of America in Venezuela; he also emphasized that the future of this country should be determined based on its people decision.[44] Mutually, the United States says that Russian action(s) in Caracas is unprofitable,[45] and severely criticized[46] for sending Russian troops to Venezuela.[47][48]

Canada[edit]

Canada has been a key opponent to Maduro.[49] Maduro accused the US of backing a coup and said he would cut ties with them.[50] According to an article in El Pais, the January Lima Group meeting and the stance taken by Canada's Chrystia Freeland were key in opposition to Maduro's second term.[51]

Venezuela accused Canada for supporting Trump's 'war adventure' after Canada made --new-- sanctions for 43 members in the government of Maduro.[52] The foreign minister of Venezuela declared: prime minister (of Canada), Justin Trudeau "has invalidated Canada as a reliable actor in dialogue".The foreign ministry mentioned that: "It's alliance with war criminals that have declared their intention to destroy the Venezuelan economy to inflict suffering on the people and loot the country's riches demonstrates the hypocritical attitude of the Ottawa government in its pretentious concern for human rights,".[52]

Power crisis[edit]

Main article: 2019 Venezuelan blackouts

The administration of Nicolás Maduro blamed US sabotage for the 2019 Venezuelan blackouts[53] without providing any evidence, according to the BBC[54] and The New York Times.[55] Maduro alleged that the US had used advanced technology for a cyberattack on the grid.[54] Jorge Rodríguez, communications minister for the Maduro administration, pointed to Twitter posts by US Senator Marco Rubio, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and acting president Guaidó, alleging that they demonstrated inside information about the blackout.[56]

Guaidó said Maduro's administration had failed to maintain the electrical grid.[53][57] Venezuelan energy experts cited by El Pitazo have rejected the theory that the blackout was caused by sabotage, since the area of the Gurí Dam is heavily guarded by members of the Armed Forces, where it operates a special command and the internal security of Corpolec.[58] These specialists have also pointed out that Gurí was constructed before the Internet existed, does not use the Internet, hence does not allow for hacking.[58] A risk management consultant cited by El Nacional dismissed the statement by government officials and assured that the design of the hydroelectric plant system does not allow "attacks" of that type. He said, "These systems can not be attacked remotely. They are closed control systems designed for generating turbines to work synchronously," and that would be "like hacking a refrigerator or a blender."[58]

Sanctions[edit]

Main article: International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis
Filling stations
Top: Venezuela's PDVSA; bottom: Russia's Rosneft, Spain's Repsol

During the crisis in Venezuela, the United States, the European Union, Canada, Mexico, Panama and Switzerland have applied individual sanctions against people associated with Maduro's administration, including government officials, members of the military and security forces, and private individuals alleged to be involved in human rights abuses, corruption, degradation in the rule of law and repression of democracy. Public Radio International (PRI) said the sanctions targeted Maduro and Chavismo "elites", while "they've done little to make an impact on ordinary Venezuelans, whose lives have spiraled into a humanitarian crisis as hyperinflation has driven nearly 3 million to flee."[59] As of 27 March 2018, the Washington Office on Latin America said 78 Venezuelans associated with Maduro had been sanctioned by several countries.[60]

In 2018, Trump signed an order that prohibits people in the U.S. from making any type of transaction with digital currency emitted by or in the name of the government of Venezuela as of 9 January 2018. The executive order referenced "Petro", a crypto-currency also known as petromoneda.[61]

As the humanitarian crisis deepened and expanded, the Trump administration levied more serious economic sanctions against Venezuela, and "Maduro accused the US of plunging Venezuelan citizens further into economic crisis."[59] In January 2019, during the presidential crisis, the United States imposed sanctions on the Venezuelan state-owned oil and natural gas company PDVSA to pressure Maduro to resign.[62] Reuters said the sanctions are expected to reduce Venezuela's ability to purchase food and other imports which could result in further shortages and worsen its economic position.[62] PRI said that "sanctions against PDVSA are likely to yield stronger and more direct economic consequences".[59] Companies including India's Reliance Industries Limited, Russia's Rosneft, Spain's Repsol, and commodity trading companies Trafigura and Vitol continue to supply Venezuela's oil industry as of 11 April 2019.[63]

The United States Department of the Treasury placed sanctions affecting Venezuela's gold industry in March 2019, explaining that Maduro's government "is pillaging the wealth of Venezuela while imperiling indigenous people by encroaching on protected areas and causing deforestation and habitat loss".[64] After the detention of Guaidó's chief of staff, Roberto Marrero, in March 2019, the US also sanctioned the Venezuelan bank BANDES and its subsidiaries.[65] The Maduro administration issued a statement saying that it "energetically rejects the unilateral, coercive, arbitrary and illegal measures" that would affect banking for millions of people.[66]

In a speech on 17 April 2019 in Miami on the anniversary of the failed 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, Bolton announced new restrictions on U.S. dealings with the three countries he calls the troika of tyranny—Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela—as "part of a broader set of policies" aimed at "reversing the Obama administration's embrace" of Cuba.[67] Maduro said the sanctions were "totally illegal" and that "Central banks around the world are sacred, all countries respect them. ... To me the empire looks crazy, desperate."[68]

Military threat[edit]

Donald Trump warned Venezuelan soldiers to renounce loyalty to Nicolás Maduro.[69]

According to Iranian sources, there seems to be the whisper of military attack to Venezuela by the U.S.[70] Russia says that American troops have been prepared to attack Venezuela.[71] Iranian sources say Donald Trump himself threatened Venezuela with a military attack.[72][73] According to BBC, trump had threatened Venezuela for military attack in august 2017, too.[74]

In response to the speech of Mike Pence the vice president of the U.S. about supporting "Juan Guido leadership" and "Caracas government opponents", Delcy Rodríguez the vice president of Venezuela declared that we condemn such statement which is intervention in the country; BBC mentioned that Delcy Rodríguez addressed Mike Pence and told him that: "Yankee, come back to your home".[75]

On the other hand, the United States Secretary of State, Mike Pompeo mentioned that we have ordered the staffs of the U.S. embassy in Caracas to leave Venezuela due to increasing the crisis, politic chaos and economic problems in this country. He consider Cuba and Russia governments as the responsible for the deterioration of the situation in Venezuela.[76]

This decision of the U.S. has been encountered with the sever anger of Nicolas Maduro the legitimate president; and made Maduro to break off the relations with the U.S.[77] Madura said that Washington surely has a history of interfering in Latin America’s governments, and the United States wants to govern Venezuela from Washington by pushing for Guaido to take over.[78] In regards to the U.S. intervention in Venezuela,[79] Maduro told BBC reporter that: "say no to the intervention, say to America to desist from Venezuela."[1]

History[edit]

There were allegations of U.S. intervention in Venezuela during the presidency of Hugo Chávez.[80] The previous president of Venezuela said that we need the measures in order to prevent foreign intervention in Venezuea, especially by the United States government and US-based organizations; he likewise said that: "How are we going to permit political parties, NGOs ... to continue to be financed with millions and millions of dollars from the Yankee empire?"[81] There is this viewpoint that Venezuela's problems can be solved only by the people of Venezuela. Moisés Naím, a known Venezuelan columnist, believes that: Venezuela’s lack of democracy and economic failure can only be solved by Venezuelans. He also says that the United States can take steps to highlight the grave situation in the country.[82]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ Foreign Affairs states "this figure is likely inflated—the surveys do not define what a military intervention under 187(11) would look like.[17]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "America and the policy of regime change and Latin America". bbc.com. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vasilyeva, Nataliya (24 January 2019). "Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape". AP News. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Britton, Bianca (24 January 2019). "'Pouring gas on fire': Russia slams Trump's stance in Venezuela". CNN. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  4. ↑ "Venezuela swears in an illegitimate President". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  5. ↑ Herrero, Ana Vanessa and Megan Specia (10 January 2019). "Venezuela is in crisis. So how did Maduro secure a second term?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  6. ↑ Redacción (7 January 2019). "Christian Zerpa, el juez afín a Maduro que huyó a Estados Unidos y denuncia falta de independencia del poder judicial de Venezuela". BBC News Mundo. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  7. ↑ "Guaido vs Maduro: Who backs Venezuela's two presidents?". CNBC. Reuters. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  8. ↑ "Maduro faces off with U.S. over Venezuela rival's power claim". PBS. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  9. ↑ "Canciller Arreaza advierte que objetivo de plan golpista es el petróleo venezolano" (in Spanish). presidencia.gob.ve. Retrieved 30 January 2019.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  10. ↑ "'Oil' the 'sole and real' purpose behind US 'coup' attempt, says Venezuela's foreign minister". RT. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  11. ↑ "Maduro afirma que el petróleo es el principal motivo de la presión de EEUU contra Venezuela" (in Spanish). Europa Press. Retrieved 30 January 2019.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  12. ↑ "Venezuela protests are sign that US wants our oil, says Nicolás Maduro". .theguardian.com. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  13. ↑ Borges, Anelise (18 February 2019). "'I'm ready to die for my country's future,' Juan Guaido tells Euronews". Euronews. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  14. ↑ "What Would a U.S. Intervention in Venezuela Look Like?". foreignaffairs.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  15. ↑ "Ditch Maduro or lose everything, Trump tells Venezuelan army". The Guardian. 18 February 2019.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Pardo, Paul (4 February 2019). "¿Cómo sería una invasión de Estados Unidos en Venezuela?". El Mundo (in español). Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 Fiorella, Giancarlo (17 April 2019). "Will Guaidó call for U.S. military intervention?". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  18. ↑ Hains, Tim (1 February 2019). "John Bolton: "All Options Are On The Table" For Venezuela; Hope For "Peaceful" Transfer Of Power". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  19. ↑ "Mientras familias pasan hambre, Maduro asegura que 'invertirá' en los misiles más modernos del mundo (VIDEO)". La Patilla (in español). 10 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  20. ↑ Charles, Mathew (2 February 2019). "ELN interview: Colombian Marxist guerrillas 'will fight' US troops if they invade Venezuela". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  21. ↑ "Denuncian que guerrillas colombianas causaron muerte a venezolanos durante manifestaciones contra Maduro". Infobae. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  22. ↑ Pardo, Pablo (4 February 2019). "¿Cómo sería una invasión de Estados Unidos en Venezuela?". El Mundo. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  23. ↑ "Cuba Is Making the Crisis in Venezuela Worse". Foreign Policy. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  24. ↑ "Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela". Human Rights Library. University of the Minnesota. Retrieved 9 March 2019. Also here.
  25. ↑ Paola Martínez, Sammy (14 April 2019). "Expertos señalan que la aplicación del artículo 187.11 no implica una intervención militar" [Experts point out that the application of article 187.11 does not imply a military intervention] (in Spanish). El Pitazo. Retrieved 19 April 2019.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  26. ↑ "Private military contractors linked to Russia are reportedly in Venezuela to protect Maduro". Business Insider. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  27. ↑ "Russia denies sending mercenaries to protect Venezuela's president". South China Morning Post. 28 January 2019.
  28. ↑ "Russia warns against foreign interference in Venezuela". Anadolu Agency. 28 January 2019.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Russian air force planes land in Venezuela carrying troops: report". Reuters. 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  30. ↑ "Russia seeks to prevent military intervention in Venezuela - upper house speaker". TASS. 3 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Zuñiga, Mariana and Anthony Faiola (30 March 2019). "As Maduro confronts a crisis, Russia's footprint in Venezuela grows: Moscow is seizing an opportunity to stick a finger in Washington's eye, experts say". The Washington Post – via ProQuest.
  32. ↑ "Rusia abre centro de formación militar para pilotos de helicópteros en Venezuela". MSN (in español). 29 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  33. ↑ Arostegui, Martin (10 April 2019). "US, EU at odds over Venezuela sanctions". VOA News. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Venezuelan Socialist Party deputy confirms two planes landed from Russia". Reuters. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  35. ↑ "Russia confirms its military personnel arrived in Venezuela". Washington Post. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  36. ↑ "President Vladimir Putin had talks with Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez in the Kremlin". Kremlin.ru. 14 May 2001. Retrieved 28 March 2019. The Presidents were present at the ceremony of signing inter-governmental documents: an agreement on military-technical cooperation, on cooperation in fighting illegal drug trafficking and a protocol on creating a mechanism of political dialogue and cooperation between Russia and the Andes Community.
  37. ↑ González, Ron (24 March 2019). "Militares rusos copan la escena en jornada libre para Maduro y Guaidó" [Russian military take over the stage on a free day for Maduro and Guaidó]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 March 2019.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  38. ↑ "Guaidó sobre nuevo megaapagón: Hablan de sabotaje pero tienen militarizadas instalaciones eléctricas" (in Spanish). Efecto Cocuyo. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  39. ↑ "Pompeo: US will not 'stand idly' as Russia escalates Venezuela tensions". Voice of America. Reuters. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  40. ↑ "Russia's Lavrov tells Pompeo U.S. tried to organize Venezuela coup". Reuters. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  41. ↑ "Russia's Deployment of Military Planes to Venezuela Sparks U.S. Backlash". The Moscow Times. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  42. ↑ "Malta niega permiso de paso a aviones militares rusos". El Nacional (in español). 19 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  43. ↑ "Russia describes Malta's refusal to allow planes to overfly air space as 'unfriendly'". The Independent Malta. 22 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  44. ↑ "Lavrov: we condemn obvious interference of the U.S. in Venezuela". alalamtv.net. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  45. ↑ "America says that Russian action in Caracas is unprofitable". voanews.com. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  46. ↑ "Severely criticism of America due to sending Russian troops to Venezuela". radiofarda.com. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  47. ↑ "Russia acknowledges presence of troops in Venezuela". theguardian.com. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  48. ↑ "Russian military arrive in Venezuela to discuss 'training and strategy'". theguardian.com. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  49. ↑ "Maduro faces off with U.S. over Venezuela rival's power claim". PBS. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  50. ↑ Sanchez, Ray and Nicole Chavez (23 January 2019). "Maduro defiant as Venezuelan opposition leader declares himself acting president". CNN. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  51. ↑ Mars, Amanda (3 February 2019). "Así se lanzó Trump al derribo de Maduro". El Pais (in español). Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Venezuela in crisis: All the latest updates". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Jones, Sam (13 March 2019). "Venezuela blackout: what caused it and what happens next?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Venezuela's Juan Guaidó faces sabotage investigation". BBC. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  55. ↑ "No end in sight to Venezuela's blackout, experts warn". New York Times. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019. Energy experts, Venezuelan power sector contractors and current and former Corpoelec employees have dismissed accusations of sabotage, saying the blackout was the result of years of underinvestment, corruption and brain drain. (...) Restarting the turbines requires skilled operators who can synchronize the speed of rotation on as many as nine of Guri’s operational turbines. Experts said the most experienced operators had long left the company because of meager wages and an atmosphere of paranoia fed by Mr. Maduro’s ever-present secret police.
  56. ↑ "Jorge Rodríguez: Guaidó, Pompeo y Rubio confesaron ser autores del ataque al sistema eléctrico". Venezolana de Televisión (in español). Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  57. ↑ Daniels, Joe Parkin; Patricia Torres; Tom Phillips (10 March 2019). "A city of shadows': fear as Venezuela's crippling blackout enters day four". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Angulo, Nataly and Cesar Batiz (10 March 2019). "¿Por qué ocurrió el apagón nacional que provocó el caos en Venezuela? Los expertos explican" [Why did the national blackout that caused the chaos in Venezuela happen? The experts explain]. Univision (in español). Retrieved 17 March 2019. Especialistas venezolanos en el tema eléctrico explican que el corte masivo de electricidad se debió a la falta de mantenimiento, desprofesionalización constante del sector en los últimos años del chavismo, falta de inversión y la gran vulnerabilidad que representa depender de un solo embalse: el de Guri, ubicado en el sur del país, en el estado Bolívar.
    and
    * "Desmontan versión de ataque cibernético: 'Es como hackear una nevera'" [Dismantling cyberattack version: 'It's like hacking a fridge']. El Nacional (in español). 9 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019. Expertos aseguran que el sistema de El Guri se creó antes de que existiera Internet, por lo que no depende de dicho tipo de conexiones para funcionar.
    as analyzed at
    * Brassesco, Javier and Fernando Nunez-Noda. "Expediente: Las causas del apagón en Venezuela" [File: The causes of the blackout in Venezuela]. Verifikado (in español). Retrieved 14 March 2019. Univision recogió opiniones de expertos ...
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Vidal, Laura and Jessica Carrillo Mazzali (31 January 2019). "US sanctions squeezed Venezuela's Chavismo elites. This time, it's oil". Public Radio International.
  60. ↑ Camacho, Carlos (27 March 2018). "Panama sanctions Venezuela, including Maduro & 1st Lady family companies". Latin American Herald Tribune. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  61. ↑ "Estados Unidos prohibió las operaciones con el Petro, la criptomoneda venezolana". Infobae (in español). 19 March 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Lee, Matthew and Deb Riechmann (29 January 2019). "US hits Venezuela with oil sanctions to pressure Maduro". AP. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  63. ↑ Isla Binnie (11 April 2019). "Washington to decide on Repsol's Venezuela activity: U.S. envoy". Reuters. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  64. ↑ Wyss, Jim (19 March 2019). "Washington hits Venezuela's gold sector with new sanctions". Miami Herald. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  65. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BANDESsanctions
  66. ↑ Wroughton, Lesley and Deisy Buitrago (22 March 2019). "U.S. blacklists Venezuelan state banks after arrest of Guaido aide". Reuters. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  67. ↑ Chokshi, Niraj and Frances Robles (17 April 2019). "Trump administration announces new restrictions on dealing with Cuba". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  68. ↑ "Trump's Cuba hawks try to squeeze Havana over Venezuela role". Reuters. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  69. ↑ "Ditch Maduro or lose everything, Trump tells Venezuelan army". The Guardian. 18 February 2019.
  70. ↑ "Attack possibility of American army and Colombia to Venezuela". dw.com. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  71. ↑ "Russia: American troops has been prepared to attack Venezuela". euronews.com. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  72. ↑ "Trump threatened Venezuela for a military attack". isna.ir. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  73. ↑ "Trump threatened Venezuela by "military option"". dw.com. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  74. ↑ "Trump threatened Venezuela for military attack". bbc.com. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  75. ↑ "Venezuela broke off its relation to the U.S." BBC. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  76. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Farsi140
  77. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Farsi131
  78. ↑ "Why the Threat of U.S. Intervention in Venezuela Revives Historical Tensions in the Region". time.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  79. ↑ "Democracy At What Cost? U.S. Interventionism in Venezuela". cornellrooseveltinstitute.org. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  80. ↑ "Venezuelan national assembly bars foreign funding for NGOs". The Guardian. Associated Press. 22 December 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  81. ↑ "Venezuelan national assembly bars foreign funding for NGOs". theguardian.com. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  82. ↑ "Can the United States Play a Role in Venezuela?". carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved 30 April 2019.


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