Uma Duyev
Uma Duyev | |
|---|---|
| File:Uma Duev.jpg Illustration by Uma Duyev | |
| Native name | Дуин Iума |
| Born | Zumsoy, Chechnya |
| Died | March 6, 1878 Grozny, Chechnya |
| Allegiance | Caucasian Imamate |
| Service/ | Army |
| Years of service | 1817-1861 |
| Rank | General 1840 - 1859 |
| Battles/wars | Caucasian War Revolt in Chechnya and Dagestan (1877) |
Uma Duyev (chechen. Дуин Iума - Duin Uma; Zumsoy - March 6, 1878, Grozny) - Chechen military leader, mudir and naib of Imam Shamil.[1][2] Naib of Kiyalala, other nearby Dagestan villages, as well as Zumsoy, a representative of the Zumsoy clan, a participant in the Caucasian War of 1817-1864 as a naib and commander.[1][3] One of the leaders of the uprisings in Chechnya in 1860-1861 and 1877. Chechen national hero.[1][4]
Biography
Born in the village of Zumsoy. After the fall of the Imamate in 1859, he hid in the forests and periodically staged sorties and continued to fight until the end of 1861. The sword and seal given to him by Shamil were in the Chechen National Museum, but were lost due to hostilities in 1994.[5][6]
Abdurrahman Kazikumukh in his essays especially notes some of the naibs:[7]
«I have seen the naibs, whom I have listed here, with my own eyes several times and I myself knew about their position ... Among these naibs there were those who were sincerely devoted to the imam and for the sake of the cause did not spare either their property or themselves among the people subject to them, justice... The most just naibs in Chechnya were: Shuayb, Sukhaib, Akhberdil Mohammed from Khunzakh, Talkhik, Osman, Umma from Zumsa».
In a letter to Naib Aldam, Imam Shamil wrote:[8]
…I convincingly cut off a piece of land to one person. And this person is my right hand, who considers himself to be half the strength of my Army – Umma Duev. He comes from the highest people by father and mother. The cut-off area is called "Hanza" and is bordered by water currents in the Chantin borders. Therefore, I give Umma Duev the designated land, and so that none of the naibdom entrusted to you and the inhabitants of Zumsoy do not prevent him from owning the land
Insurrections
In mid-May 1860, unrest began among the inhabitants of the upper reaches of the Argun. The Georgian prince Orbeliani, who temporarily acted as commander of the Caucasian army, reported to Petersburg:[9]
«Uma Duev is highly respected by the population, and in many of his qualities can become the head of a popular uprising»
In 1860, a detachment of Baysangur and Soltamurad began to operate in the district of Ichkeria. In June of the same year, Uma Duev and Atabay Ataev angered the Argun society with Zumsoy. Spreading westward, embracing the Shatoi and Chanti communities, passing into the upper reaches of the Little Chechen rivers Martan, Gekhi, then raised the Ackin society near the Georgian Military Highway. Already in November, the uprising acquired a wide scope. The rebellion continued for several months with varying success. A number of Argun and Akinsky villages were burned, and their inhabitants were exiled to the plain. The last battle took place near the Andean Ridge, where Uma tried to break into Dagestan.[10]
After the suppression of the Uma uprising, Duyev hid with his family in a cave. Abdurrahman's essays state that they nearly died of thirst and hunger. The head of the region decided to lure Uma out by the method of "repression of relatives." There followed the arrest of dozens of relatives and putting pressure on the inhabitants of the Argun district, so they had already captured Atabai Ataev. On December 15, 1861, Uma Duev came to Mirsky in the fortification of Shatoi, asking for pardon for the innocent and those whom he had involved in an armed uprising. Later exiled to Smolensk.[7][11]
After 4 years, at the numerous requests of the Zumsoy people, he was returned and elected the elder of the village. On the way home he also visited Imam Shamil in Kaluga. In addition, the regional administration took hostage his youngest seven-year-old son Dada and sent him to Russia in order to raise him as an officer.[7][12]
Uprising in Chechnya and Dagestan in 1877-1878
70-year-old Uma-Khadzhi Duev, who in appearance evoked the feeling of a humble old man, during his pilgrimage to Mecca, in parallel communicated with Gazi-Magomed to support the rebellion. In April 1877, Alibek-Khadzhi Aldamov, elected imam, led an anti-Russian uprising, and Uma appeared among the rebels in Cheberloi. After the brutal suppression of the rebellion, there was a slight lull. Then Uma raised an uprising in another place - in Zumsoy. Lokhvitsky opposed him in Zumsa with 6 companies of infantry, 100 Cossacks, hunters and artillery. Alibek tried to block his way, but he broke through. Uma managed to fight back, but was wounded.[13][14]
On August 17-18, Uma with 300 rebels advanced to the villages on the Bass River. On August 25-27, with his rebels, he took part in the battles on the Bass River with the detachments of Ataman Smekalov, who subordinated 2 battalions of the Kurinsky and Apsheronsky infantry regiments, 3 hundreds of the Sunzhensky Cossack regiment, 7 mountain guns, Ingush hundred, 3 hundreds of Dagestan mounted police and foot squads. On August 28, together with Lorsa-Khadzhi, he participated in the battles near the village of Elistanzhi.[12][15]
With Uma-Khadzhi was his eldest son Tutakay, while the younger Dada was among the officers, but then he went over to the side of the rebels when he realized that his father and brother were not going to retreat. In early October, in Chechnya, the army was getting closer and closer to the instigators of the rebellion. The uprising continued already in Dagestan, Alibek-Khadzhi, Uma-Khadzhi and their associates moved there. Uma-Khadzhi takes part in the battles near the villages of Gogotl and Agvali. At the end, the rebels took refuge in the fortress of the village of Sogratl.[15][16]
«Uma showed himself to be a real king - a lord during the battles, a person so reliable for the participants of the battles, as if he were a real castle; a person with a firm hand in battles and wars»[17]
— Chronicler Abdurazak Sogratlinsky. 19th century
Death
During the assault on the fortress, Uma was badly wounded in the shoulder, as well as his son Tutakai, who would later die. After a second assault, on November 3 at 8 o'clock in the morning, the Sogratli collaborators arrived at the Russians with an expression of humility. They seized and handed over their leaders to the Russians: Muhammad-Khadzhi Sogratlinsky, his father Sheikh Abdurakhman-Khadzhi, Abdul-Mejid Kumukhsky, Abbas Pasha, Umma-Khadzhi Duev, Dada Umaev, Dada Zalmaev. Alibek-Khadzhi managed to escape from the encirclement and return to Chechnya.[15][18]
On March 4-6, 1878, a court-martial was held in Grozny. 12 out of 17 people were sentenced to death by hanging: imam Alibek-Khadzhi Aldamov, Nurkhadi, Kosum, Hussein-Khadzhi from Aiti-Mokhk, Gazurko, Guba-khan, Kurko, Lorsa-Khadzhi, Mitta, Dada Zalmaev, Umma-Khadzhi Duev and his son Dada.[15][19]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Donogo, Hadji-Murad. "History - Naibs of Imam Shamil - UMA DUEV". www.gazavat.ru. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ↑ "Чечня на завершающем этапе Кавказской войны". Правовое наследие Кавказа (Архивы Кавказа) (in русский). Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ↑ "Чечня на завершающем этапе Кавказской войны". Правовое наследие Кавказа (Архивы Кавказа) (in русский). Retrieved 2022-04-08.
- ↑ chadmin (2019-03-03). ""Мы окружены, значит им от нас не уйти": 158 лет назад умер Байсангур Беноевский". Чечня FREE.RU (in русский). Retrieved 2020-12-23.
- ↑ "Кавказская война" (in русский).
- ↑ "Культура чеченского народа". unesdoc.unesco.org (in русский). Retrieved 2022-04-04.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Abdurrahman, Kazikumuh (1869). "Книга воспоминаний саййида Абдурахмана" (PDF).
- ↑ "Правители Ункратля и Киялала. История (Исмаил Газимагомедов 2) / Проза.ру". proza.ru. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ↑ Ибрагимова, Зарема (2017-09-05). Чеченский народ в Российской империи. Адаптационный период (in русский). Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-003703-2. Search this book on
- ↑ Мурдалов, Джабраил (2019-04-19). Вайнахи. Экспедиция в прошлое. XVI – XIX век (in русский). Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-165960-8. Search this book on
- ↑ "Атабай Атаев". Портал "Абрек". Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Пржецлавский П. Г. Дневник 1862–1865" [Przhetslavsky P. G. Diary 1862–1865]. www.vostlit.info (in русский). Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ↑ Гасаналиев, Магомед (2009). Восемнадцать лет спустя: о восстании горцев Дагестана и Чечни 1877 года : документально-историческое повестовование (in русский). Международный фонд Шамиля. Search this book on
- ↑ "Восстание 1877: этап второй". chetour.me (in русский). Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "Газават.ру :: История - Восстание 1877 года - ХРОНОЛОГИЯ ВОССТАНИЯ 1877 г". www.gazavat.ru. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ↑ "Восстание в Аргунском ущелье в 1860-1861 гг". grozniy.bezformata.com. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ↑ Tovsoltanov, R.A. "Uma Duyev".
- ↑ "Восстания дагестанцев и чеченцев в послешамилевскую эпоху и имамат 1877 года". instituteofhistory.ru (in русский). Retrieved 2022-04-10.
- ↑ Musayev, Makhach (2013). "«Казнить повешением…». К вопросу о количестве казненных дагестанцев и чеченцев – руководителей освободительного движения 1877 г." <Unknown> (in русский). 2 (14): 35–41. ISSN 2306-9120.
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