Yamato Okunitama
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| Yamato Okunitama | |
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| Lua error in Module:WikidataIB at line 665: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). The Haiden, or main prayer hall or Oyamato Shrine where he is worshipped | |
| Major cult centre | Ōyamato Shrine Yamato Okunitama Shrine |
Yamato Okunitama (倭大国魂神) is a kami, the Okunitama of Yamato Province.[1]
They are the Ujigami or clan deity of the Yamato clan and worshipped at Ōyamato Shrine[1]. Some scholars interpret Yamato Okunitama as being a variant or epithet of Ōmononushi.[2]
As the Yamato court grew in power shrines were made in more and more places outside of the Yamato region.[4]:22
Hirata Atsutane said in his morning prayers that the deities to worship in Yamato Province were Ōmononushi, Okunitama, and Kotoshironushi.[5]:343
They appear in the Nihon Shoki[6] as well as the Kogo Shūi.[7] They used to be worshipped in the Imperial palace[8] But Emperor Sujin was disturbed by the presence of two competing kami, Yamato Okunitama and Amaterasu Omikami at his palace, and promoted Amaterasu over him.[9] [10][11][6] This may be responsible for Amaterasu being the main deity of Shinto today.[9] However another interpretation is that Amaterasu's role actually declined as a result of this, as her cult center moved from the Imperial palace to more distant locations culminating in Ise.[2] ja:倭大国魂神
Mythical narrative[edit]
In the Nihon Shoki Amaterasu (via the Yata-no-Kagami and the Kusanagi sword) and Yamato-no-Okunitama, the tutelary deity of Yamato, were originally worshipped in the great hall of the imperial palace.[12][7]
Pestilence struck during the 5th year of Sujin's rule, killing half the Japanese population. The following year peasants abandoned their fields and rebellion became rampant.[13] To help relieve the suffering of his people, the Emperor turned his attention towards the gods. At the time, both the sun goddess Amaterasu and the god Yamato-no-Okunitama (倭大国魂神) were enshrined at the Imperial Residence. Sujin became overwhelmed with having to cohabit with these two powerful deities and set up separate enshrinements to house them. Amaterasu was moved to Kasanui village (笠縫邑) in Yamato Province (Nara), where a Himorogi altar was built out of solid stone.[13][lower-alpha 1] Sujin placed his daughter Toyosukiiri-hime (豊鍬入姫命) in charge of the new shrine, and she would become the first Saigū,[15]entrusting with her the mirror and sword, she brought them to the village of Kasanuhi.[12][7] Yamato-no-Okunitama (the other god) was entrusted to another daughter named Nunaki-iri-hime, but her health began to fail shortly afterward. It is recorded that Nunakiiri-hime became emaciated after losing all of her hair, which rendered her unable to perform her duties.[13] These events still did not alleviate the ongoing plague sweeping the empire, so Sujin decreed a divination to be performed sometime during the 7th year of his reign. The divination involved him making a trip to the plain of Kami-asaji or Kamu-asaji-ga-hara (神浅茅原), and invoking the eighty myriad deities.[13] This worship of the deities is seen as being potentially linked to defining a more complex social order, and organizing the deities of many clans across the region.[16]
Sujin's aunt Yamatototohimomoso-hime (倭迹迹日百襲媛命) (daughter of 7th Emperor Emperor Kōrei) acted as a miko, and was possessed by a god who identified himself as Ōmononushi,[13][2] possibly the same entity as Yamato Okunitama. Ichishi no Nagaochi would conduct the Okunitama rites replacing the emaciated Nunaki-iri-hime.[2] Ichishi no Nagaochi would be the ancestor of the Yamato clan.[17] This replacement is taken as a shift towards more patriarchai religion.[2] This god claimed responsibility for the plague, announcing that it would not stop until he was venerated. Although the Emperor propitiated to the god, the effects were not immediate. Sujin was later given guidance in the form of a dream to seek out a man named Ōtataneko (太田田根子) and appoint him as head priest.[13] He eventually found him in Izumo Province.[2] When he was found and installed, the pestilence eventually subsided, allowing five cereal crops to ripen.[13] Out of an abundance of caution, the Emperor also appointed Ikagashikoo (伊香色雄) as kami-no-mono-akatsu-hito (神班物者), or one who sorts the offerings to the gods.[18] To this day the Miwa sept of the Kamo clan claim to be descents from Ōtataneko, while Ikagashikoo was a claimed ancestor of the now extinct Mononobe clan.[18]
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Notes[edit]
- ↑ During the reign of Sujin's son and successor, Emperor Suinin, custody of the sacred treasures were transferred from Toyosukiirihime to Suinin's daughter Yamatohime, who took them first to "Sasahata in Uda" to the east of Miwa. Heading north to Ōmi, she then eastwards to Mino and proceeded south to Ise, where she received a revelation from Amaterasu:
Now Ama-terasu no Oho-kami instructed Yamato-hime no Mikoto, saying:—"The province of Ise, of the divine wind, is the land whither repair the waves from the eternal world, the successive waves. It is a secluded and pleasant land. In this land I wish to dwell." In compliance, therefore, with the instruction of the Great Goddess, a shrine was erected to her in the province of Ise. Accordingly an Abstinence Palace was built at Kaha-kami in Isuzu. This was called the palace of Iso. It was there that Ama-terasu no Oho-kami first descended from Heaven.[14]
This account serves as the origin myth of the Grand Shrine of Ise, Amaterasu's chief place of worship.
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "International Symposium "Perspectives on Japanese history and literature from ancient historical records"". Top Global University Project: Waseda Goes Global. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Ellwood, Robert S. (1990). "The Sujin Religious Revolution". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 17 (2/3): 199–217. ISSN 0304-1042.
- ↑ Ellwood, Robert S. (1990). "The Sujin Religious Revolution". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 17 (2/3): 199–217. ISSN 0304-1042.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hardacre, Helen (2017). Shinto: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1. Search this book on
- ↑ Hardacre, Helen (2017). Shinto: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1. Search this book on
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Book V", Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1, retrieved 2023-05-04
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Kogoshūi: Gleanings from Ancient Stories. Translated with an introduction and notes. Translated by Katō, Genchi; Hoshino, Hikoshirō. Meiji Japan Society. 1925. pp. 29–30. Search this book on
- ↑ "The History of Infectious Disease in Japan: Origins of the World's Best Hygiene Awareness — The Mysterious Relationship between the Japanese and the God of Pestilence - Discuss Japan". www.japanpolicyforum.jp. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 D, John (2012-11-10). "Teeuwen on Shinto". Green Shinto. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
- ↑ https://www.japanpolicyforum.jp/pdf/2016/no35/DJweb_35_cul_02.pdf
- ↑ https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:4635/datastreams/FILE1/content
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Aston, William George (1896). . Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. pp. – via Wikisource.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478. Search this book on
- ↑ Aston, William George (1896). . Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. pp. – via Wikisource.
- ↑ https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=8608
- ↑ "Contents", Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 189–191, 2017-12-31, ISBN 978-0-8248-6284-8, retrieved 2023-10-24
- ↑ "Page:Nihongi by Aston.djvu/208 - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Chamberlain, Basil. [SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)] (The Kojiki). Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919. p. 219.
His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko ... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and of the Dukes of Kamo.
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Bibliography[edit]
(Nihongi / Nihon Shoki) →See under Nihon Shoki for fuller bibliography.
- Aston, William George (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner (for the Japan Society of London). ISBN 9780524053478. OCLC 448337491. Search this book on , alt-link English translation
- JHTI (2002). "Nihon Shoki". Japanese Historical Text Initiative (JHTI). UC Berkeley. Retrieved 2019-08-23., searchtext resource to retrieve kanbun text vs. English tr. (Aston) in blocs.
- Ujiya, Tsutomu (宇治谷孟) (1988). Nihon shoki (日本書紀). 上. Kodansha. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5. Search this book on , modern Japanese translation.
- Chamberlain, Basil Hall (1919). The Kojiki. Kadokawa. OCLC 1882339. Search this book on sacred texts
- Takeda, Yukichi (武田祐吉) (1977). Shintei Kojiki (新訂 古事記). Kadokawa. ISBN 4-04-400101-4. Search this book on , annotated Japanese.
(Secondary sources)
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0 Search this book on .; OCLC 251325323
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5 Search this book on .; OCLC 58053128
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5 Search this book on .; OCLC 59145842
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