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Zinaida Nekrasova

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki



Zinaida Nekrasova
Zinaida Nekrasova in 1870
Zinaida Nekrasova in 1870
Native name
Зинаида Николаевна Некрасова
BornSecond half of September 1846
Vyshny Volochyok, Russian Empire
Died(1915-01-24)24 January 1915
Saratov, Russian Empire
Occupation
  • editor
  • housewife
Spouse
  • Nikolay Nekrasov

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Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova (Russian: Зинаи́да Никола́евна Некра́сова, born as Fyokla Anisimovna Viktorova, second half of September (?)[1] 1846 (?),[2] Vyshny Volochyok (?),[3][4][5] Russian Empire – January 25 1915, Saratov) was the wife and colleague of the Russian poet, publicist, and public figure Nikolay Alekseevich Nekrasov. Almost nothing is known about her childhood and youth. There are various versions about her birth date, origins, and the circumstances of her meeting with the poet. The young woman met him in 1870, and they immediately became close. Nekrasov did much to provide her with a proper education, introducing her to his circle of close friends and relatives. Zinaida Nikolaevna carried out some of the poet's assignments related to the editing and publication of his works.

The poet dedicated the poem Grandfather to Zinaida Nekrasova, as well as at least three poems in the book Last Songs, the publication rights of which were transferred to his wife by the author. She participated in the publication and distribution of inexpensive editions of her husband's poems.

After her husband's death, Zinaida Nekrasova did not maintain relationships not only with Nikolay Nekrasov's relatives, who had a negative attitude toward her, and neither with his friends. Many of them were convinced that Zinaida was already deceased. Zinaida Nekrasova lived for some time in Saint Petersburg in various rented apartments, traveled to the south of the country, and later settled in Saratov. There, she lost the remainder of her financial resources due to deception by the local Baptist community. In her final years, she lived on monthly funds allocated to her by the Literary Fund and suffered from rheumatism.

Zinaida Nekrasova's destiny has been addressed in articles and monographs by many literary scholars, archivists, and cultural researchers. Among them are doctors of philological sciences Mikhail Makeev and Nikolay Skatov, candidate of philology Irina Abramovskaya, candidate of cultural studies Vyacheslav Lyotin, and others.

Zinaida and her husband Nilolai Nekrasov

Before meeting the poet

The Parish register, issued by the Saratov Spiritual Consistory to the Voskresenskoye Cemetery Church in the city of Saratov for recording births, marriages, and deaths for the year 1915 states that Zinaida Nekrasova's died at the age of 68. This record, according to Zinaida's biographer Loman, allows the establishment of the deceased's birth year as 1846 (and not the beginning of the following year, since the name day of Fyokla, after whom she was named at baptism, falls in the second half of that year). Before the publication of Loman's article, Zinaida's birth year was either not mentioned or listed as 1851[6]. However, the dating of Fyokla Viktorova's birth as 1851 appears in later publications as well. An example is the 2021 book "I am full of spirit and alive…N.A. Nekrasov in the Novgorod Region. On the 200th Anniversary of the Poet's Birth" by candidate of philological sciences Irina Abramovskaya and Irina Smirnova.[7] There is another version expressed by the senior researcher of the Chudovo branch of the Novgorod Museum-Reserve Tatyana Grigoryeva, who says that Zinaida's correct birth date was on the second half of 1850; Grigoryeva referred to a surviving letter from Zinaida Safonova, who knew Z. Nekrasova well. The letter states the poet's widow's age at death as not 68 but 65 years.[8]

Contemporaries held differing opinions regarding Fyokla Viktorova's origins[9][10]:

  • Nikolay Nekrasov himself, in his will, referred to her as the daughter of a "deceased private" of the imperial army;[11]
  • The poet's contemporary Ekaterina Zhukovskaya perceived Fyokla Viktorova as the daughter of a military historia;[12][11][13]
  • The Karabikha distiller P. E. Koshkin claimed that the poet and his future wife met in Saint Petersburg, but Fyokla Viktorova hailed from Vyshny Volochyok and was the daughter of an ober-officer;[11][12][lower-alpha 1]
  • The poet's friend, statesman, and amateur hunter Vasily Lazarevsky claimed in a diary, which had not yet been published by 1978 when Loman referenced it, that before meeting the poet, Viktorova was the kept woman of a certain merchant Lytkin.[9][14][15] The monogrammist M.S., author of an article in a reference publication dedicated to the poet's inner circle, wrote regarding this version: "Lazarevsky's diary entry, which records received information without personal judgments, appears to be the most free from bias in presenting the facts".[10]

Olga Loman collected new testimonies in the 1960s–1970s from people who knew Zinaida in Saratov, where she settled after the poet's death, but they did not clarify the already known information:[16]

  • E. F. Eremeeva claimed: "While hunting, Nekrasov visited the house of her father, Anisim Viktorov. It was in her father's house that she met the poet".[16]
  • A. G. Ozolina reported: "She came from a poor family. Her mother was a laundress. Nekrasov met her on the street, they got acquainted, and later he proposed and married her".[10][16] The monogrammist M. S. argued that this version "may have been dictated by the need to clean the woman's image from what traditionally caused condemnation".[10]
  • T. I. Orlova recounted: "Z. N. was the daughter of a laundress. Nekrasov met her in Chudovo, when she was returning from the river with a basket of laundry on her head".[10][16]
  • The poet's niece, Vera Fyodorovna Nekrasova, told Olga Loman: "We knew nothing about Z. N., neither father nor mother told us anything. I only remember that mother said that Zin. Nik. was selling something on the street (I don't remember what; it seems, flowers), and that's where N. A. met her".[16]
  • A. I. Meshchaninova, granddaughter of Fyokla Viktorova's sister, told the researcher that the girl's parents came from Kolpino burghers.

Another testimony survives. Literary researcher Korney Chukovsky claimed that the girl was the daughter of a drummer,[13][16] and that "it was said (and perhaps this was slander) that her melodious pseudonym was given to her in that establishment on Ofitserskaya Street, where the poet met her".[17][16] In his 1920 diary, Chukovsky reproduced the version of Zinaida Nikolaevna's origins, which, according to him, he heard from the poet's half-sister Elizaveta Alexandrovna Fokht (Nekrasova)-Ryumling: "She was from a house of pleasure on Ofitserskaya Street. I remember that house; there was a locksmith's workshop there, and above the workshop hung a key —instead of a sign— and the locksmith's wife had 3 or 4 wards, whom guests visited — sometimes the girls went to the guests. Their place was called Under the Key. When men went there, they were saying: let's go under the key. Zina was from that place".[18] Doctor of philological sciences Mikhail Makeev attributed the information about the girl's "shameful profession" to Lazarevsky's diary, which, in his opinion, Lazarevsky could have heard from the poet himself. At the same time, Makeev wrote that this was disinformation, as there were no traces (vulgarity, brazenness) of a "shameful profession" in the girl's appearance or behavior. The researcher himself suggested that she came from the burgher class, was an orphan, a servant of one of the poet's wealthy acquaintances, who presumably used her as a concubine and gave her or even "sold" her to Nekrasov.[19] Doctors of historical sciences Natalia Lebina and Mikhail Shkarovsky wrote in the book Prostitution in Petersburg (1840s–1940s), that for a prostitute, the opportunity to lead an "honest life" came through marriage, while noting that marriages of men from "society" to prostitutes "rarely ended happily." Such events were infrequent: the Saint Petersburg Medical-Police Committee recorded only 4 marriages between 1901 and 1910. As earlier examples of such events, the authors of the monograph cited the marriages of Pyotr Schmidt and Nikolay Nekrasov: "In his later years, N. A. Nekrasov married the public woman Fyokla Onisimovna Viktorova from the house of pleasure known as Under the Key on Ofitserskaya Street".[20] This version of Zinaida's origins is also mentioned in the book Nekrasov and His Circle. Reference Edition, specifying that it "was mentioned in certain specialized (Lebina, Shkarovsky) and literary studies as unproven and slanderous (Loman) or as based on information shared in private conversation".[10]

The Nekrasova's biographer, Vladislav Evgenyev-Maksimov, published a notice in 1915 in the newspaper Den: "There is no information in the literature about Zinaida Nikolaevna's life before meeting Nekrasov or the circumstances under which they met. The author of this article… would be extremely grateful for any information on this matter".[21] His request for help in gathering information went unanswered. Zinaida Nekrasova's passport, stored at the Institute of Russian Literature, provides no information on the issue.[16] No correspondence between the spouses exists, as they were never apart for the rest of the poet's life.[16][22] Olga Loman only speculated that Fyokla Viktorova was "of simple status, orphaned early, and did not receive a systematic education. It is unlikely that she was born in Karabikha or Chudovo: judging by Nekrasov's letters, she first visited these places with him. Nor could her homeland have been places near Greshnevo, as confirmed by the absence of legends or stories about her in Greshnevo. The old residents of Greshnevo, contemporaries of the poet, did not know her".[16]

Life with Nikolay Nekrasov

Friedrich Gunther Moebius, Zinaida Nikolayevna Nekrasova, 1870

The curator of the N. A. Nekrasov Apartment Museum Olga Loman wrote, that after the breakup with Avdotya Panaeva in 1863, Nikolay Nekrasov found himself lonely. Neither his relationship with the French actress of the Mikhailovsky Theatre Selina Pottshe-Lefren nor with the Yaroslavl widow Praskovya Nikolaevna Meishen (in the fall of 1869 and winter of 1869–1870) brought him family happiness or domestic comfort. In letters to his brother Fyodor, the poet mentioned the latter solely in connection with money ("give her 150 rubles," "pay the interest from my money," "send at my expense," "give her money").[23] These personal problems were compounded by disappointment in friends, health issues, and censorship obstacles in publishing each new issue of the literary journal Otechestvennye Zapiski. Olga Loman cited as evidence of these problems the fact that in 1869, Nikolay Nekrasov "did not write a single poem".[24]

In the spring of 1870, Nikolay Nekrasov met the 23 year-old Fyokla Anisimovna Viktorova (she herself claimed in her memoirs that she was only 19 years old)[25]. Olga Loman described her as "beautiful and modest, kind and warm-hearted, a cheerful singer and a laugher".[25] At that time, the poet was already 48 years old. The literary scholar believed that Nekrasov initially did not take his relationship with the girl seriously. He settled Fyokla Viktorova in an apartment rented specifically for her (located in the city center in Povarskoy Lane),[15] but later offered her to move into the half of his own apartment that had been vacant since the death of Ivan Panaev and the departure of his wife in 1863.[11][14] The staircase on the floor ended at a landing; the door to the right led to the poet's rooms, and to the left — to Fyokla Viktorova's rooms, while the rooms were connected internally.[26][11] Zinaida Nikolaevna lived in these rooms until the poet's death.[27] The first mentions of the girl appear in Nekrasov's letters in May 1870. For example, in a letter from early May to Vasily Lazarevsky, with whom the poet planned to go hunting, Nekrasov writes that he did not make it to Chudovo because "something came up, due to which I need to stay here a few more days". Opposite this fragment, Lazarevsky made a note in the margin: "Zina" ([Zinaida Nikolaevna], as the poet was already calling Fyokla Viktorova at that time).[28][13][15] On May 7, 1870, Lazarevsky mentioned in his diary a trip with Nekrasov to Chudovo "for the first time together with Zina".[28][15]

N.A. Nekrasov House-Museum in Chudovo

Fyokla Viktorova told the Saratov journalist Nikolai Arkhangelsky about the appearance of her new name and patronymic: "Nikolay Alekseevich started calling me Zina, adding his patronymic. Following him, all our acquaintances began calling me Zinaida Nikolaevna, so that in the end, I became so accustomed to it that I seem to have forgotten that my name is Fyokla Anisimovna".[11] Some Soviet and Russian literary scholars considered the reason for the name change to be the dissonant sound of the girl's birth name and patronymic.[12][29] Candidate of philological sciences Irina Abramovskaya and senior researcher at the poet's house-museum in Chudovo Irina Smirnova believed that in the name Zinaida, Nekrasov reflected meanings that corresponded both to Fyokla's character and her relationship with the poet. In translation from Greek Ζηναΐς, the name means "Belonging to Zeus", "…of the lineage of Zeus" or "divine daughter", and the patronymic, in this interpretation, points to the girl's patron — Nikolay Nekrasov himself. In translation from Arabic, the same name means "beautiful," and from Latin — "caring". According to Abramovskaya and Smirnova, these were the qualities the poet had in mind when giving the girl her new name.[30]

Olga Loman noted that already in the first year of living together with Zinaida, the poet wrote to his relatives without separating himself from her: "we are sending," "we are leaving," "we will head to Dieppe," "come to us in Petersburg… we will be glad," "Zina and I," "We arrived in Petersburg safely… moved to the Chudovo house".[28] At the same time, Nekrasov did not take the girl to receptions where unfamiliar people might be present. Most often, when the poet left, Zinaida stayed at home. If she accompanied Nekrasov on a trip, she waited for him in the carriage.[31]

Krayevsky's house in Saint Petersburg, where Nikolay Nekrasov and Fyokla Viktorova lived

From the very beginning of their life together, the poet sought to provide his beloved with a good and comprehensive education. Informing his brother that he would not come to Karabikha alone, he asked to rent a piano in Yaroslavl.[32][33][29] Zinaida had a pleasant voice and musical ear, and she sang. Initially, the girl wrote very slowly and made numerous spelling mistakes ("I cannot convince her to write, as she is afraid of the spelling mistakes she makes", — Nekrasov claimed).[34][33] After Nekrasov's death, while living in Saratov, Zinaida herself taught literacy to children and adult women.[33] At the poet's insistence, Zinaida took French lessons, which were given to her by Maria Naksariy.[33][29][35] She later recalled that "Z. N. studied French diligently and with great success".[33] An opposing testimony comes from the wife of the poet's brother Fyodor, Natalia Pavlovna: "In the summer of 1873, Nikolay Alekseevich traveled abroad, was in Paris, and complained comically that foreign languages were not coming easily to Zinaida Nikolaevna and that the money spent on teachers was wasted".[26][36] Mikhail Makeev argued that the girl likely lacked not so much education as development.[19]

Nekrasov's house in Karabikha

However, Zinaida Nikolaevna herself, in her 1914 memoirs, presented a different version: "Nikolay Alekseevich loved me very much, spoiled me; he treated me like a doll. Dresses, theaters, joint hunting, all sorts of pleasures — that's what my life consisted of. Life was good then because I was young and carefree, but now I deeply regret that Nikolay Alekseevich did not develop me.[25][22] That's the only reproach I can make to him".[25]

Nikolay Nekrasov spent a lot of time with his future wife, telling her about himself, his work, his plans, and his childhood. At the same time, she did not always understand her husband's concerns, worries, and sorrows. Olga Loman wrote that Zinaida Nikolaevna "with feminine intuition sensed how she could ease his life". Zinaida accompanied the poet to the censorship office and waited for him to come out to calm him.[33] The Nekrasovs together attended theater, concerts, and exhibitions, went for walks to the islands or around the city, and shopped in stores.[37] Another version was expressed — Zinaida Nekrasova preferred to spend time at home, while Nekrasov enjoyed playing cards at the club. When the poet gave the girl a ticket to the theater or a concert for her to attend alone, Zinaida would sit for only about a quarter of an hour to justify the money spent and then leave. The next day, she could not tell Nikolay Alekseevich about her impressions, as she was not good at making things up. She explained her actions as follows: "How can I sit calmly in the theater or at a concert when all my thoughts are about you… I am most at peace alone. At least no one interferes with my thoughts about you." As a result, Nekrasov began attending such events with the girl himself.[38] Local peasants recalled Zinaida: "She never let him get angry, and always looked after him. If he was nervous or worried, she would immediately calm him down, soothe him. She was a nice one!"[39]

Zinaida accompanied the poet everywhere. In 1873, Nekrasov and Zinaida Nikolaevna, together with the poet's sister Anna Alekseevna, traveled abroad: to Kissingen, Paris, and Dieppe.[40][41] The companion of the poet's final years accompanied Nekrasov on all his trips across Russia — to Karabikha, Chudovskaya Luka, and Crimea.[40] Writer and literary critic Vladimir Botsyanovsky in his 1921 essay Vlas claimed that Nekrasov was jealous of Zinaida Nikolaevna. She complained about the poet's jealousy to her French teacher, Maria Naksariy. According to Botsyanovsky, Zinaida was ready to take her own life several times. Once, she told Nekrasov that she was ready to throw herself out of a window. The poet quickly approached the window, opened it, and said, that she was welcome to do it. Botsyanovsky wrote that Nekrasov considered jealousy one of his main flaws[35].

Grave of Nikolay Nekrasov's pointer Kado in Chudovo
External image
Pyotr Krivorutsky. Monument to Nekrasov hunting with a dog

Zinaida assisted her husband in reading proofs:[37][29][42][43] she followed the original when he edited prints, and sometimes she herself checked them against the originals if the poet was occupied with something else.[37][43]

External video
Zinaida Nekrasova's room in Chudovskaya Luka. Excerpt from a tour of the Nikolai Nekrasov House-Museum in Chudovo, 2024

On May 2, 1875, Zinaida Nikolaevna accidentally shot Kado — Nekrasov's beloved dog.[44][45][46] During a hunt in Chudovskaya Luka, Zinaida Nekrasova separated from the poet and headed to the swamp to shoot ducks. The dog ran after her. A shot rang out, followed by the dog's barking. Nekrasov ran toward the sound through the swamp, tearing his clothes and scratching his hands and face. Upon reaching the spot, he saw Zinaida sitting on the bank, holding the bloodied Kado on her lap.[47] According to the account of the incident's eyewitness, hunter Mironov, the events unfolded somewhat differently: "We were at the roosts, sitting in a hut, at about two in the morning. Zinaida Nikolaevna came out of the hut, and a grouse flew out of the bushes. She fired, and Kado was sneaking right there. The dog yelped and tumbled".[48]

Zinaida Nekrasova was inconsolable: she cried and begged her husband to forgive her. In response, according to Soviet literary scholar Vladimir Zhdanov and doctor of philological sciences Nikolay Skatov, the poet said: "What are you talking about, why are you grieving? You killed this dog accidentally, but every day somewhere in the world people are killed deliberately." In memory of his beloved dog, Nekrasov placed a granite slab near the estate house.[45][49] According to literary critic Nikolay Ashukin, a dark gray marble slab was placed over the grave.[50] After this incident, Zinaida completely stopped hunting.[48]

Vladislav Evgenyev-Maksimov believed that a poem, cited as allegedly authored by the poet (though preserved only in the record of an anonymous Kazan student born in Yaroslavl), mentioned in the unpublished book by literary scholar Nikolay Panov about the life and work of Nikolay Alekseevich, could indeed belong to Nekrasov. This poem is dedicated to Kado's death. It contains lines pointing to the unintentional killer of the dog: "Not killed by an enemy's hand, But by the hand of a sincere friend".[51]

Ivan Kramskoy. N. A. Nekrasov during the Period of Last Songs, 1877–1878

Contemporaries noted the closest bond between the spouses in the poet's final years, during his severe illness. Writer Nikolay Panov recalled: Nekrasov "called Zinaida Nikolaevna, sat her beside him, and held heartfelt conversations with her. His face, stern just minutes before, transformed: his eyes shone with gentle sadness".[39] The wife bandaged her husband.[52] It was difficult for Zinaida to hide her worries and exhaustion, especially since the poet himself asked her: "Laugh, sing, as you sang in the spring". Later, Nekrasova recalled: "To cheer him up amid inhuman suffering, I sang cheerful songs. My soul was breaking with pity, but I held myself together, singing and singing…" She said: "I had to endure so much then that in five or six months, I became several years more serious and older".[52]

Before his death, the poet decided to enter into a legal marriage with Zinaida (initially discussing this matter with his valet Nikanor Butylin).[53] It is known that Zinaida tried to refuse the wedding. Olga Loman suggested that the poet's persistence was driven by the fear of leaving her without any legal rights. Nekrasov was too weak to be married in a church, and priests one after another refused to perform the wedding at home, "and didn't want to risk their position or invite trouble".[54] According to archival documents found by Olga Loman, permission for a home marriage was never obtained,[55] as home weddings were prohibited. Lawyer Alexei Unkovsky approached the Metropolitan of Novgorod, Saint Petersburg, and Finland, a leading member of the Holy Governing Synod Isidor. Citing church regulations and refusing a home wedding, he noted that the military clergy had field churches: "Where they set up a tent — there is their church, and any sacrament can be performed". After this, Unkovsky turned to the military clergy.[56] A tent-church was set up.[56][57] The wedding took place on April 4, 1877, in the large dining hall of the poet's apartment on Liteyny Prospekt[57][55]. Supported under her arms, the wife was led three times around the analogion. Nekrasov walked barefoot, wearing only a shirt. The witnesses to the marriage were Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin and engineer Alexander Erakov.[57][56] The reference edition Chronicle of the Life and Work of N.A. Nekrasov in 3 Volumes, published in 2009, also names a third witness — E.A. Romanovsky.[58]

The priest of the Saint Petersburg Admiralty Saint Spyridon of Trimythous Cathedral, Mikhail Vasilyevich Kutnevich, performed the wedding ceremony at his own risk, for which he received 500 rubles. For this, he was disciplined by the Holy Governing Synod. A church investigation into other marriages performed by Kutnevich was launched. As a result, he was stripped of his priestly rank, and in 1885, he was entirely excluded from the clergy.[55] However, the Nekrasovs' marriage, after a lengthy review of the circumstances of its performance and questioning of witnesses, was recognized as legal.[59]

On December 27, 1877, at 8:50 p.m., Nekrasov died. His wife was by his side until the last moment.[60] Memoirist Pavel Kovalevsky described the care of the poet's sister and wife for the dying poet: "They competed in self-torment: each refused to sleep to hear his first groan and be the first to rush to his bedside. For this, Zinochka, who was younger and struggled more with sleep, would sit on the floor and stare at a lit candle… she turned from a young, fair, and rosy-cheeked woman into an old woman with a yellow face, and remained so".[61]

Later, Nekrasova recounted: "When he died, I was like a madwoman…"[60] A testimony, passed down orally for a long time (recorded only in 1949), survives about her presence at her husband's funeral: "Zinaida Nikolaevna held herself very steadfastly and courageously throughout. But when the coffin was carried out of the apartment, she felt faint, and I [Nekrasov's hunting friend, Privy Councillor Nikolay Vasilyevich Kholchevnikov] supported her, or she would have fallen. But she recovered and followed the coffin. I led her by the arm. I wanted to seat her in a carriage (there were many), but she refused and walked the entire way on foot with the crowd behind her husband's coffin." On the same day, Zinaida Nikolaevna purchased a plot at the Voskresenskoye Novodevichy Cemetery next to her husband's grave. The receipt for the purchase is stored in the archive of the Pushkin House.[62][53] There are testimonies that after the poet's death, Zinaida Nikolaevna intended to enter a monastery.[63]

After the poet's death

According to the will (at that time, Zinaida Nikolaevna officially held the status of housekeeper[64]), Nekrasov divided his property among relatives and close ones[66]. To his wife, he bequeathed ownership of everything in his Petersburg apartment, except for the rifles, which were bequeathed to his brother, Konstantin Nekrasov. Zinaida Nekrasova also received the "Luka" estate near Chudovo, but she was to transfer half of it to Konstantin Nekrasov[67][52][68][65][64]. The part of the Luka estate bequeathed to her, Zinaida Nekrasova sold to the poet's sister Anna (according to Nikolay Skatov, she transferred it to Konstantin Nekrasov free of charge[69])[65][70]. On February 23, 1878, Nekrasova formally renounced her rights as Nekrasov's wife to the estate of Anna Birar (the poet's mother's sister), who died at that time, in Kherson Governorate, valued at 60000 rubles[71].

Immediately after the poet's death, his relatives stopped considering Zinaida Nikolaevna: the Nekrasov brothers sold a significant portion of the property from the Petersburg apartment at an auction, some items were moved to Karabikha, the manuscripts bequeathed to the widow were handled by the poet's sister, who also removed the dedication to Zinaida Nikolaevna in the poem "Grandfather" in a new publication and did not provide commentary on the poems addressed to Nekrasova in the cycle "Last Songs." Fyodor Nekrasov refused to allow Zinaida Nikolaevna into the Karabikha estate. The poet's widow lacked the means to maintain the apartment in Saint Petersburg, and she was forced to terminate the lease agreement. The money received from the sale of the property, Zinaida Nikolaevna deposited in a bank and lived off the interest. Olga Loman suggested that the widow initially planned to settle in Petersburg and changed "several apartments or rooms" there. At that time, Zinaida Nikolaevna's sister and her daughter also lived in Petersburg[72].

For some time, Zinaida Nikolaevna lived in Crimea and Ukraine — in Kyiv and Odesa. There, she witnessed Jewish pogroms. Testimonies survive that she fearlessly protected Jewish children from pogromists. When a crowd approached the house where she and several Jewish families lived, Zinaida Nikolaevna locked the gates and confronted the mob. Standing at the open wicket gate, she shouted: "Where are you going? Come to your senses! I live here, I, the widow of the poet Nekrasov." The crowd dispersed[69][73][74].

External image
House in Saratov where Zinaida Nekrasova died in January 1915. Photograph from 1961

From the south, the poet's widow returned to Saint Petersburg but did not maintain contact with her husband's old acquaintances. Many of them were convinced (including the publicist and ideologue of Narodnikism Nikolay Mikhailovsky, actor and art critic Modest Pisarev, and the Nekrasovs' coachman Fyodor) that she had already died. Historian Vasily Bilbasov concluded that the poet's widow had died based on the fact that the once well-kept grave of Nikolay Alekseevich had fallen into neglect for five years. Her surviving passport indicates that, while living at various addresses in the capital, the poet's widow made trips during this time to Sevastopol, Kyiv, and Staraya Russa[75].

Zinaida Nekrasova's house in Saratov in January 1913

From 1898, Zinaida Nikolaevna settled in Saratov and lived there for 17 years, only occasionally leaving to visit her relatives or her husband's grave. She lived modestly "in a wooden house, in a small, clean, and cozy room," helping the poor whenever possible.[76] While living in Kyiv, the poet's widow had joined a Baptist community. Her association with the Baptists continued in Saratov.[77] A Saratov journalist, hiding behind the initials "V. D-v," published a short note in January 1913 in the newspaper Saratovsky List. He decided to visit the poet's widow, but the address bureau could not provide any information. He then went to the prayer house of the Baptists on Groshevaya Street, which Nekrasova regularly attended. It turned out that she was ill and rarely left her home. One of the Baptists escorted the journalist to her house. Communication with Nekrasova herself proved impossible. A Baptist preacher, Grigory Semyonovich, who was on duty at the house, allowed D-v first into the yard of the "shack" where Nekrasova lived (from where only "old knitted curtains" in the widow's room window and flowers behind them could be seen), and then into her vestibule, and promised to convey to the widow the journalist's desire to talk with her and "photograph her little room". From the vestibule, the journalist heard the poet's widow trying to get out of bed, but the preacher, coming out to the vestibule, reported that Nekrasova refused personal communication with D-v due to her heart and leg ailments. A photograph of the elderly Zinaida Nekrasova was published alongside the note.[78]

Local Baptists extorted money from the poet's widow, and when Zinaida Nikolaevna found herself in extreme financial hardship and asked for the return of the money taken from her, they excommunicated her from the community and banned her from attending the prayer house. When a scandal erupted over this, the Baptists approached Zinaida Nikolaevna with a request for reconciliation, but they did not return the money. One of the Baptists, engaged in pork trading, who had taken the last three thousand rubles from Nekrasova, offered the poet's widow a place behind the counter of his sausage shop as compensation.[56] The monogrammist M.S. reports that for some time, Zinaida Nikolaevna indeed worked at Kirillov's sausage shop on Nemetskaya Street.[74]

Mikhail Grudistov. Voskresenskaya Cemetery Church in Saratov, 1877

The newspaper Saratovsky Vestnik and the Literary Fund began collecting money for Zinaida Nekrasova, with contributions coming from private individuals, but for a long time, the poet's widow refused to accept the money, viewing it as charity. Moreover, she had become distrustful of people. In one of the few interviews from this period, Nekrasova spoke about herself: "Like a snail, I withdrew into my shell and live quietly… I hardly see anyone… God be with them, with people. I had to endure so much from them. Oh, there are cruel, cruel people. So much time has passed, but the wound in my soul does not heal…"[79][69] The only form of receiving the collected funds that she agreed to was a monthly pension from the Literary Fund in the amount of 50 rubles.[77]

Zinaida Nekrasova in her coffin, January 25, 1915

The people of Saratov remembered Zinaida Nekrasova's selfless help to needy families, her love for children, flowers, animals, and birds. She often went to the city slums and gave children mittens, socks, scarves, and books with Nekrasov's poems that she had knitted herself, and treated them to sweets. Zinaida Nekrasova read to children, taught them literacy, sang children's songs with them, and told them about her husband.[80] "She had a clear mind and a pure, deeply believing soul… I was drawn to her precisely by this crystal-clear soul and a kind of special integrity that spoke of great moral strength," said the editor of Saratovsky Vestnik Nikolay Arkhangelsky.[81]

At the end of 1914, rheumatism, diagnosed by doctors in Zinaida, caused complications to her heart.[82] The Parish register, issued by the Saratov Spiritual Consistory to the Voskresenskoye Cemetery Church in the city of Saratov for recording births, marriages, and deaths for the year 1915", lists the cause of her death as myocarditis.[6] Possibly, a cold she caught while feeding birds in the frost played a role. The illness took an "acute and painful" form. During her illness, Nekrasova often recalled her husband and recited his poems by heart. Zinaida Nikolaevna bequeathed to be buried according to the rites of the Orthodox Church and died at her home at Malaya Tsaritsynskaya, house 70 (the State Catalogue of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation lists a different house number — 60),[83] in Ozolina's apartment, at 4:30 a.m. on January 25, 1915.[80] At the funeral (January 27)[6], only a few friends, neighbors, and employees of Saratov newspapers were present. The funeral service took place at the Voskresenskaya Cemetery Church. Priest Sergiy Troitsky, in accordance with the deceased's wishes, repeatedly proclaimed "for the repose of the newly departed Fyokla," but, according to those present, added barely audibly: "also known as Zinaida".[80] In a special supplement to the newspaper Saratovsky Vestnik dedicated to Zinaida Nikolaevna on the occasion of her death, a photograph of her in her coffin was published.[84] Nekrasova was buried at the Voskresenskoye Cemetery in Saratov.[85]

Zinaida Nekrasova's appearance

Ivan Pozhalostin. Portraits of N. A. Nekrasov, V. G. Belinsky, and Z. N. Nekrasova (engraving), 1878

In the reference publication Nikolay Alekseevich Nekrasov. Bibliographic Index of Literature, a photograph of Zinaida Nikolaevna is mentioned, taken by the well-known Moscow photographer Friedrich Günther Möbius in the 1870s.[86] A preserved photographic portrait of Zinaida, created in the studio of the photographer of His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolaevich the Elder, a member of Karl Bergamasco, has also survived. It depicts "a charming, modestly dressed young woman with fluffy hair gathered in a hairnet, with a soft oval face and kind eyes".[87] On May 30, 1872, the Nekrasov couple gifted this portrait to Alexander Pleshcheev—the son of their friend, the poet Aleksei Pleshcheev—along with a paired portrait of the poet himself. This was attested by Pleshcheev the Younger: "Zinaida, Zinaida Nikolaevna, also gave me her portrait on the same day. They had just been photographed by Bergamasco".[88][87] According to contemporaries, Nikolay Nekrasov cherished this portrait of his wife. Zinaida Nikolaevna later allowed it to be rephotographed but forbade its publication in print until after her death.[87] In April 1878, the Russian engraver, creator of an entire gallery of images of Russian cultural figures of his time, Ivan Pozhalostin, made a "remark" in the lower margin of one of the prints of an engraving of Nekrasov based on a portrait by the realist artist Ivan Kramskoi. There, Pozhalostin also included a portrait of the art critic and publicist Vissarion Belinsky.[89][87] The Saratov photographer Sergei Grishnyakov rephotographed Karl Bergamasco's photograph for an oval frame in the 1870s.[90]

The poet's coachman described Zinaida Nikolaevna's appearance as follows: "She was a hunter too… She'd put on this riding habit, tight trousers like leggings of hussars, tucking her hair under the hat — you couldn't tell she was a woman. Nikolay Alekseevich was passionately fond of her in this outfit".[37] The hunter Mironov described Zinaida similarly: "Zinaida was always with him… She'd arrive from St. Petersburg as a lady, but for hunting, she'd go as a gentleman: she'd put on trousers, a jacket, and boots. She was cheerful, beautiful. Sometimes, if Mikolai Lekseich got angry about something, she'd embrace him, kiss him, and cheer him up, oh how she'd cheer him up".[48]

Kornei Chukovsky, based on the accounts of the poet's relatives, provided the following description of Zinaida Nekrasova: "Zina was rosy, slender, and most resembled a pampered, pretty, well-fed maid from a wealthy noble household". She was a blonde with dimples on her cheeks, loved words like "muzzle" and "cutie," and the Gostiny Dvor was for her the greatest source of joy.[17] Elizaveta Nekrasova-Ryumling described Zinaida Nekrasova as follows: "In her appearance, she was not attractive: a fair blonde with small gray eyes and almost white eyelashes. Her face was very long and extremely cold".[91]

Zinaida Nekrasova in 1913
Photographic portrait of Zinaida Nekrasova from the magazine Niva, 191

Two photographs of Zinaida Nekrasova were published in print in the early 20th century. One appeared in the newspaper Saratovsky Listok in January 1913,[78] and the second in the magazine Niva in May 1918.[92] At the time of Zinaida's death, among her belongings was a certain portrait labeled "Z. N-na". It was taken by the owners of the apartment where she lived, the Ozolins. Nothing more is known about it.[6]

Alexander Pleshcheev left a verbal portrait of Zinaida Nekrasova: "Zinaida Nikolaevna, in my opinion, was a beauty, captivating with both her gentle gaze and her always welcoming smile. Her hair was light, her profile remarkably regular, Roman, I would say. The soul of the kindest Russian woman was felt in her from the first acquaintance".[93] Nekrasov's nephew, Alexander Fyodorovich, recalled Zinaida: "I clearly remember Zinaida Nikolaevna, this blue-eyed blonde with a charming complexion, beautifully shaped mouth, and pearly teeth. She was gracefully built, agile, resourceful, a good shot, and rode horseback, so sometimes N. A. took her hunting with him".[94] A French language teacher recalled Zinaida: "very charming, simple, like a modiste, but an intelligent woman".[94]

Accounts of Zinaida Nikolaevna's appearance during her time in Saratov are contradictory. Some contemporaries wrote of her: "Stately, rosy, with beautiful gray hair, with lively blue eyes". Saratov resident Ivan Sokolov provided the following description after interacting with the poet's widow: "She was animated, talked a lot, and laughed. She seemed to me talkative, kind, and cheerful".[95] Antonina Arkhangelskaya wrote: "To me, a young girl, she always made a pleasant impression: tall, beautiful, modest, and welcoming. By then, she was already elderly and often unwell".[96] However, art critic Pavel Kovalevsky claimed that after Nekrasov's death, his widow "turned into an old woman with a yellow face and remained so".[95] Nekrasova herself began noting changes in her appearance while caring for her dying husband. She wrote that for two years, she had to go without proper sleep, walked as if in a dream, and began to "swell".[97] In Saratov, Zinaida Nikolaevna was seen only in mourning, but she bequeathed to be buried in all white.[80]

Relationship with her husband and his relatives

Characterizing the relationship between Nekrasov and Zinaida Nikolaevna, Doctor of Philological Sciences Mikhail Makeev wrote that the young woman had neither wealth nor high social status, so the fact that she made no attempts to formalize her relationship with the poet for a long time speaks to her trust in him. According to the researcher, it was this trust, combined with her "complete dependence" on the poet, that bound Nekrasov to his future wife.[98][42] Mikhail Makeev considered it natural that Nekrasov treated his wife "somewhat condescendingly, with playful irony," but attributed this to their age difference rather than her lower social status. Makeev particularly emphasized that Zinaida Nikolaevna attracted the poet with her desire for self-improvement. This was precisely what he found lacking in his previous lover, Praskovya Meishen. Combined with her cheerful and kind disposition and her enthusiasm for Nekrasov's favorite pastimes —hunting and playing billiards— this quality transformed Zinaida Nekrasova into the poet's life companion.[99]

The poet's coachman described Zinaida Nekrasova's attitude toward her husband as follows: "Zinaida Nikolaevna looked at Nikolay Alekseevich not just as a husband, but as an kind of foreign being; she knew all his poems by heart. Those poems had captivated her completely. Even from childhood, she recited all his songs. And when they met, and he warmed her with his affection, Nikolay Alekseevich became her only light".[94][29] While living in Saratov, Zinaida Nekrasova constantly recalled her late husband, and "she often looked with tears at his portrait hanging in her room".[80] Zinaida easily connected with local peasants and their children, helped the sick,[94] and frequently gave gifts: money, calico, and candies.[37]

The poet's close friends treated Zinaida with respect and felt genuine affection for her.[100] Russian public figure and publicist Aleksei Golovachyov mentioned in a letter dated October 11, 1876, his desire to play piquet with her "on the seashore". Writer, poet, translator, and literary and theater critic Aleksei Pleshcheev wrote about Zinaida Nekrasova on June 15, 1871: "She promised my [son] Sashka so many fun things that he was dreaming of getting to Karabikha even in when sleeping". A year later, he introduced Zinaida Nikolaevna to his common-law wife, Ekaterina Danilova.[87] Memoirist Pyotr Boborykin, hinting at the poet's reluctance to introduce his friends to Zinaida Nikolaevna, notes that he managed to meet her only in the second year after learning of her existence, but immediately adds that he was already playing billiards with her.[101][42]

Writer Anna Alekseevna Butkevich, Nekrasov's sister and wife of Alexander Erakov, 1869

However, Zinaida Nekrasova failed to establish good relations with her husband's family. Deep antipathy toward Zinaida was harbored by his brother Fyodor's wife, Natalya Pavlovna, and Nekrasov's sister, Anna Alekseevna.[49][94][22][102] The contents of Letter 1084, sent to Anna Butkevich in October 1874, indicate that the poet long tried to keep Zinaida Nikolaevna unaware of the negative emotions his relatives felt toward her. "I didn't even hint to her about how you view her, and I felt sorry and ashamed to suddenly confront her with someone whose true feelings toward her she had no idea about," Nekrasov wrote in the letter to his sister.[103] Anna Alekseevna's hostility eventually manifested in certain actions and gestures that irritated the poet, which only ceased after a direct conversation between the poet and his sister about them.[104] Abramovskaya and Smirnova, along with some other researchers,[49][13] explained the negative attitude of the poet's relatives toward his beloved by the fact that the young woman lacked the culture and proper upbringing customary in the poet's family, and Anna Alekseevna was also jealous of her, as Zinaida Nikolaevna could overshadow her among those closest to Nekrasov.[13] Anna Alekseevna even wrote about the poet's lack of interest in mundane matters before his death and suggested that Zinaida herself forced him to marry her.[105]

Nikolay Alekseevich's half-sister, Elizaveta Nekrasova-Ryumling, wrote about Zinaida Nekrasova's lack of interest in anyone or anything, her lack of education, and her attitude toward the poet as "somewhat strained," lacking "openness and truth".[106][107] Zinaida Nikolaevna was allegedly unwelcoming to the poet's acquaintances, had no knowledge of theater, art, or science, and showed no interest even in the fashionable clothing and hats purchased for her. She disliked life abroad and preferred Russian potatoes fried in fat over French delicacies. The only thing that attracted her was primitive games, primarily card games. After an incident with Kado, according to Nekrasova-Ryumling, the poet "did not want to see Zinaida Nikolaevna at all. A break between them was imminent, but somehow Z. N. managed to stay, as they say, at her post".[91] The most hostile attitude toward Zinaida Nikolaevna came from the second wife of the poet's brother Fyodor, Natalya Pavlovna.[107]

Ilya Repin. Portrait of Kornei Ivanovich Chukovsky, 1910

According to Kornei Chukovsky, who devoted numerous articles to Nikolay Alekseevich's work and biography, Zinaida Nekrasova only feigned love for the poet. She memorized his poems, kissed his hands, and tried never to leave him alone for this purpose. In the article "The Poet's Companions," Chukovsky claims that the pretense failed. Nekrasov did not believe in the girl's sincerity. To the question "Why was the pretense necessary?" Chukovsky gave a definitive answer: to "become Nekrasova. That's what she was cautiously, carefully aiming for"[17]. Chukovsky found confirmation of his opinion in the widow's behavior after the poet's death. Those who knew her in Saratov could not believe that Zinaida Nikolaevna had once been Zinaida: a "crude bourgeois woman" refused to discuss Nekrasov with literary scholars, recalled her husband "sparingly" and "confusedly," and his prominent friends "passed by her like shadows". Chukovsky's conclusion: Zinaida Nikolaevna took every measure to distance herself from Nekrasov, severing all ties connecting her biography to the poet.[108]

At the same time, Kornei Chukovsky blamed the poet himself for the situation: "Women for him were not lovers but rather hired wives". Nekrasov did not bother courting them; he simply moved them into his apartment and became their "temporary husband". The foundation of his relationships with each of them, he "consciously and openly based on money," while "all power [over them] was in his hands". The researcher noted that the poet often called his father an "old libertine," but in his old age, he repeated his father's relationships with women, albeit in more refined forms.[109] In women, the poet did not seek a rich inner world. All his lovers after Avdotya Panaeva, in Chukovsky's view, were bourgeois women with whom there was nothing to talk about.[110]

However, the researcher urged against oversimplifying the situation: "Much that was ugly in him [the poet] only further highlighted his spiritual beauty".[111] At the end of his life, as Chukovsky suggests, Nekrasov may have been gripped by an illusion of ideological unity with Zinaida Nikolaevna—he dedicated the poem Grandfather to her, and inscribed his Last Songs to her, ultimately "turning his most cherished dying thoughts to her",[112] although his wife was unable to share or appreciate his revolutionary Narodnik views.[113] In Nekrasov's generosity toward his companions, Chukovsky saw "not so much payment for their purchased love as a typical expression of kinship, closeness, and tenderness in his daily life." As an example of such generosity, the researcher cited the poet's financial support for his "drunken and lazy wastrel" brother Konstantin or his "greyhound keeper and savage father," who had nothing in common with the poet spiritually. The complexity and depth of his own personality made him lonely, and therefore "he gave these people money, demanding neither gratitude, understanding, love, nor attachment from them", — Chukovsky concluded.[114] Nekrasov's loneliness, according to Chukovsky, was fatal, as he was simultaneously a gambler and a leader of youth, an esthetician and a fighter for freedom, a nobleman and a raznochinets.[115]

Historiography

Memoirs of Zinaida Nekrasova herself were collected by Vladislav Evgenyev-Maximov in 1914 and published in a retold form in issue No. 2 of the monthly illustrated popular science and literary New Journal for All, issued in St. Petersburg in 1915, and later republished with commentary in the collection N. A. Nekrasov in the Memoirs of Contemporaries, published in 1971.[116] In the Nekrasov Collection of 1983, these memoirs were supplemented with fragments in which Evgenyev-Maximov himself recounts his attempts to establish contact with the poet's widow. For instance, he writes that he initially tried to arrange a meeting with Zinaida Nikolaevna through the authoritative figure in her eyes, the leader of the All-Russian Union of Evangelical Christians Ivan Prokhanov, but at that time, the widow refused the literary scholar. The first meeting, which took place some time later, was brief. Zinaida Nikolaevna only requested to review Evgenyev-Maximov's book about Nekrasov. During the second meeting, the poet's widow shared stories about her husband and even promised to later dictate her memoirs, but she was unable to fulfill this promise. Six months later, she passed away.[117]

In 1927, the memoirs of Alexander Pleshcheev were published, including episodes dedicated to Zinaida. In 1971, they were also included in the collection N. A. Nekrasov in the Memoirs of Contemporaries.[118] Among other similar memoirs is an unpublished manuscript by the editor of the Saratovsky Vestnik, Nikolay Arkhangelsky, titled "Z. N. Nekrasova (Based on Personal Memoirs)," stored in the N. A. Nekrasov Apartment Museum.[11] Memoirs about Zinaida were also left by jurist and public figure Anatoly Koni, memoirist Pavel Kovalevsky, and some other less prominent contemporaries.[119]

Soviet literary scholar Kornei Chukovsky published the article The Poet's Companions in the illustrated historical almanac The Bygone Days in 1928, in which he gave a sharply negative characterization of Zinaida Nekrasova. However, he noted that this assessment was entirely based on conversations with the poet's sister and could be subjective.[17][119] According to Chukovsky, the accounts of other contemporaries were no less biased. For example, publicist Maksim Antonovych, who worked with Nekrasov at Sovremennik in the mid-1860s, "during Nekrasov's meetings with Zina, took binoculars and peered into the poet's window, watching him embrace her, and later shamelessly shared his observations in literary circles".[115]

Researcher of the poet's work and co-chair of the Nekrasov Committee of the Union of Soviet Writers Nikolay Nekrasov published an article titled The Fate of Zinaida Nekrasova in the popular science magazine Nauka i Zhizn in December 1971, providing a brief overview of Zinaida Nekrasova's biography. In particular, he discussed the Nekrasovs' wedding and the circumstances of Zinaida Nikolaevna's life in Saratov.[120] The researcher elaborated on Zinaida Nekrasova in greater detail in chapters titled "Help Me Work, Zina!" in the books Following Their Tracks, Along Their Roads (1979)[121] and Sow the Rational…(1989).[122] In another book, Nekrasov's Places in Russia, the author details only two events in the life of Zinaida: the accidental killing of Nekrasov's beloved dog Kado and her care for the dying Nekrasov during his final illness.[123]

The goals of Olga Loman's article "Nekrasova Zinaida Nikolaevna, Wife and Friend of the Great Poet N. A. Nekrasov" in the Nekrasov Collection of 1978 were to systematize already published sources and introduce some new materials from archives in Moscow, Leningrad, and Saratov into scholarly circulation. Loman identified the main shortcoming of previously published works on Zinaida as inaccuracies stemming from researchers' insufficient knowledge and reliance on the same printed sources, which were "taken as truth once and for all"[23]. Among the new sources were conversations recorded by Loman herself in 1961 with people who knew Zinaida Nikolaevna closely in Saratov.[124] In 2021, the article was republished in the collection of Olga Loman's works Nekrasov in Our Time.[125] Olga Loman also authored the article Zinaida Nekrasova in Saratov (1988) in the magazine Volga.[126] This article includes some facts absent from her other works. For example, Loman recounts that the upcoming screening of a film about Russian writers at the Saratov cinema The Life Mirror unexpectedly excited the poet's widow. She exclaimed to her landlady: "Let's go meet Nikolay Alekseevich!" Zinaida Nikolaevna and the landlady's entire family went to the cinema, but the film disappointed Nekrasova. She sadly remarked: "Not like him at all!"[127]

In 2017, candidate of cultural studies Vyacheslav Lyotin published the article "Z. N. Nekrasova — cultural myth in the context of the poet's life-creation: semantics of the name." In the article, he called Zinaida Nekrasova one of the most "unread" figures of Russian culture in the second half of the 19th century. Her life outside her marriage to the poet, according to Lyotin, is mythologized, particularly before her acquaintance with Nekrasov more so than during her widowhood. Her relationship with her husband is perceived by researchers as a variation of the archetypal plot of Pygmalion and Galatea. Educational, excursion, and "populist" practices, from the researcher's perspective, exploit what seems to researchers an exhausted love story about an aging genius who met a simple girl and found a second youth with her.[128] In his article, Lyotin focused only on the issue of the poet's choice of name for his beloved. He linked the name Zinaida to the interest Nekrasov had in the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, particularly in the works of Alexander Pushkin and the Decembrist uprising. The poet's attention was drawn to Evpraksiya Nikolaevna Vrevskaya (Wulf) — Pushkin's neighbor at his estate and friend, known in close circles as Zizi (under this name, she is mentioned, for instance, in the verse novel Eugene Onegin). According to Lyotin, the name Zinaida, in connection with Vrevskaya, was associated in Nekrasov's mind more with a child than with an object of "tender passion." A certain feminine attractiveness in such a "child" combines with purity of soul and naturalness.[129]

Another figure undoubtedly associated by Nekrasov with this name, according to the researcher, was the hostess of a literary salon Zinaida Alexandrovna Volkonskaya. The poet likely considered her most important traits to be independence and aristocratic opposition to the emperor, as well as her close connection to artistic creation. Volkonskaya's service to art, in the poet's view, became a spiritual feat. In snowy Moscow, she appeared as a source of spiritual light, opposing not only physical but also social cold.[130] However, Lyotin also named among the Zinaidas significant to the poet in choosing a name for Fyokla Viktorova, related to the Nicholas era, a contemporary of Nekrasov—socialite Zinaida Ivanovna Yusupova, who, by circumstance, was Nekrasov's neighbor on Liteyny Prospekt. According to Lyotin, she symbolized physical beauty and spiritual aristocracy for the poet.[131]

  • Three Zinaidas who inspired Nekrasov's name choice for Fyokla Viktorova
  • Unknown artist. Evpraksiya Wulf
    Unknown artist. Evpraksiya Wulf
  • Orest Kiprensky. Portrait of Z. A. Volkonskaya, 1830
    Orest Kiprensky. Portrait of Z. A. Volkonskaya, 1830
  • Christina Robertson. Zinaida Yusupova, 1840s
    Christina Robertson. Zinaida Yusupova, 1840s

Senior researcher at the Chudovo branch of the Novgorod Museum-Reserve Tatyana Grigorieva published an article in 2018 titled F. A. Nekrasova: Known and Unknown Pages of Life in the popular science local history journal Chudovo Local History,[132] Candidate of Philological Sciences Irina Abramovskaya and senior researcher at the Chudovo branch of the Novgorod Museum-Reserve Irina Smirnova, in the book Hunter and Poet: the Life and Work of N. A. Nekrasov in Chudovskaya Luka, published in 2021, included a detailed account of Zinaida Nekrasova's stay at the poet's house in Chudovo, her relationships with Nikolay Nekrasov, and his relatives.[133]

Fairly detailed accounts of Zinaida Nekrasova are found in Russian monographs that include the poet's biography and an overview of his work: by Soviet and Russian literary scholar Vladimir Zhdanov,[134] Doctors of Philological Sciences Nikolay Skatov,[135] and Mikhail Makeev.[136]

Legacy

External image
Grave of Zinaida Nekrasova in 2019

In 1961, during a trip to Saratov to collect testimonies about Zinaida, Olga Loman managed to locate Zinaida Nekrasova's neglected grave. With the assistance of the cemetery administration, a mound was created, and a metal plaque with an inscription was installed. In 1965, marking the fiftieth anniversary of Zinaida Nekrasova's death, the grave was enclosed with a fence, and a monument featuring a portrait and the inscription "Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova, wife and friend of the great Russian poet" was ceremoniously unveiled.[137] The situation was clarified in an article about Zinaida by the poet's grandnephew, Nikolay Nekrasov: the collection of materials about Zinaida Nekrasova was undertaken by Saratov artist Boris Protoklitov. In March 1965, at the Voskresenskoye Cemetery, near the grave of Nikolay Chernyshevsky, he discovered a mound with a "metal plaque bearing a stenciled inscription". At that time, there was neither a monument nor a fence at the grave. Thanks to the efforts of Protoklitov and his friends, a monument with the inscription noted by Loman was erected.[85]

In the Nikolay Nekrasov House-Museum in Chudovo, the interior of Zinaida Nikolaevna's room has been restored. Visitors can see a sofa, a dresser with a mirror, tabletop kerosene lamps, a table, an armchair, chairs, a sewing table, and a carved wooden chest for clothing.[138] The memory of Zinaida is also preserved in the N. A. Nekrasov Apartment Museum in St. Petersburg. In the bedroom where she cared for her dying husband, a photographic portrait of Zinaida Nikolaevna, cherished by her husband, hangs on the wall, and on the table lies an autograph of a poem dedicated to her.[139]

Soviet writer Valentin Pikul dedicated a novella titled Zina — Daughter of the Drummer to Zinaida Nekrasova, included in the collection Historical Miniatures. Drawing on Pozhalostin's engraving and a photograph of Zinaida Nekrasova lying in her coffin, Pikul reflects on the role of women in Nekrasov's life, the hatred of his relatives toward Zinaida Nikolaevna, the poet's love for his wife, her tender care for her dying husband, the circumstances of the Nekrasovs' marriage, and the events of Zinaida Nikolaevna's life after her husband's death.[140] Soviet children's writer Ninel Maksimenko dedicated a story titled Bajushki-baju. 1877 to the care provided by Zinaida Nikolaevna and Anna Butkevich for the dying poet, included in the collection Holidays and Weekdays of the Poet Nikolay Nekrasov.[141] Member of the Union of Writers of Russia Elena Oboymina authored an essay titled The Fire of Selfless Love. Zinaida Nekrasova" in the collection Poets and Their Muses (2009).[142]

In 1998, in the combined issue 1–2 of the illustrated almanac of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments Monuments of the Fatherland, Saratov local historian Gennady Mishin published an article titled Dear and Only Friend, dedicated to Zinaida Nekrasova.[143] The idea of searching for facts about Zinaida's life in a provincial city was suggested to the author decades before the article's publication by Soviet poet and publisher Alexander Tvardovsky shortly before his death. The article mentions the fact that Zinaida published inexpensive pamphlets with Nikolay Nekrasov's works in Saratov in 1913–1914.[144] The author of the article claimed that due to Nekrasova's hermitic lifestyle in Saratov, many city residents mistook her for an impostor, merely claiming closeness to the poet.[145] Mishin wrote that in 1911, Nekrasova was visited by Kornei Chukovsky, who was then gathering material for the poet's biography, but Zinaida Nikolaevna received him "coldly, spoke little, and very generally". Nevertheless, she showed Chukovsky several documents and draft sketches of some of her husband's poems.[145] The author of the article described the circumstances of several meetings between the poet's widow and Evgenyev-Maximov, noting that her bedside book in her final years was a Bible "in a leather embossed binding with copper clasps".[146][147][69] Another carefully treasured book in Nekrasova's home was an edition of Last Songs with a dedication: "To my dear and only friend Zina. February 12, 1874".[146][148][149] Earlier, in 1990, Mishin published a more complete version of this essay in his book The Interweaving of Events and Fates, published in Saratov.[150] In particular, he recounts a chance encounter between the poet's widow and Leo Tolstoy and his daughter Tatyana Lvovna on a train. The writer asked her about her late husband, but the conversation ended in a heated dispute about religion.[151]

Gennady Mishin believed that Zinaida Nekrasova's birth date should be clarified based on the church calendar. In Orthodox families, newborns were typically named according to the saints' calendar. The name day of Fyokla falls on September 24. This name was given to girls born on that day, or a week earlier or later. Accordingly, Zinaida Nekrasova could well have been born in the second half of September 1846.[148]

Several times, the fate of Zinaida Nekrasova attracted the attention of print and electronic tabloids: in 2010, the newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets published an article titled The Eyes of the Wife Are Sternly Tender. Nekrasov's Widow Lived in Saratov for 20 Years,[152] and the online publication Express Gazeta featured an article titled Noblewoman-Peasant: What the Young Wife of Nikolay Nekrasov Had to Endure.[153]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In Abramovskaya and Smirnova's book, she is first described as the daughter of a soldier from Vyshny Volochok. Two pages later, she is described as the daughter of an Oberoffizier from the same town.

References

  1. ↑ Mishin (1998, p. 160)
  2. ↑ Loman (1978, p. 83)
  3. ↑ Loman (1978, p. 61)
  4. ↑ Zhdanov (1971, p. 464)
  5. ↑ Abramovskaya I. S., Smirnova I. V. (2021, pp. 24, 26)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Loman 1978, p. 83.
  7. ↑ Abramovskaya, Smirnova 2021, p. 24.
  8. ↑ Grigoryeva 2018, p. 101.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Loman 1978, p. 61–62.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 M. S. 2021, p. 269.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Loman 1978, p. 61.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Zhdanov 1971, p. 464.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Abramovskaya, Smirnova 2021, p. 26.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Skatov 2004, p. 407.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 M. S. 2021, p. 270.
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 Loman 1978, p. 62.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Chukovsky 1928, p. 17.
  18. ↑ Chukovsky 1991, p. 330.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Makeev 2017, p. 397.
  20. ↑ Lebina, Shkarovsky 1994.
  21. ↑ Yevgenyev-Maksimov (1956, pp. 495—497)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Skatov 2004, p. 410.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Loman 1978, p. 60.
  24. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 60–61.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Nekrasova 1971, p. 453.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Nekrasova N. P. 1971, p. 401.
  27. ↑ Loman 1970, p. 11.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Loman 1978, p. 63.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Skatov 2004, p. 409.
  30. ↑ Abramovskaya, Smirnova 2021, p. 25.
  31. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 63–64.
  32. ↑ Zhdanov 1971, p. 464–465.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Loman 1978, p. 66.
  34. ↑ Nekrasov, T. XV, Book 2. Letter 1054 2000, p. 80.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 & Botsyanovsky 1921, p. 22.
  36. ↑ M. S. 2021, p. 271.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Loman 1978, p. 67.
  38. ↑ Bibikov 1892, p. 644.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Loman 1978, p. 68.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Zhdanov 1971, p. 465–466.
  41. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 414.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Abramovskaya, Smirnova 2021, p. 27.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 M. S. 2021, p. 270–271.
  44. ↑ Teplinsky 1956, p. 307.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Skatov 2004, p. 411.
  46. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 436.
  47. ↑ Zhdanov 1971, p. 466–467.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Mironov 1902.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Zhdanov 1971, p. 467.
  50. ↑ Ashukin 1927.
  51. ↑ Evgenyev-Maksimov 1956, p. 495–497.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Loman 1978, p. 71.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 M. S. 2021, p. 274.
  54. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 72.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Loman 1978, p. 73.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Nekrasov 1971, p. 71.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Zhdanov 1971, p. 480.
  58. ↑ Melgunov 2009, p. 571.
  59. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 447.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Loman 1978, p. 74.
  61. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 444.
  62. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 75.
  63. ↑ Abramovskaya, Smirnova 2021, p. 32.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 M. S. 2021, p. 273.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Abramovskaya, Smirnova 2021, p. 28.
  66. ↑ Rumors circulated that Zinaida Nekrasova allegedly forced her husband to rewrite the already written will in her favor, but these are unsubstantiated. The poet's will was never rewritten or changed[65].
  67. ↑ Zhdanov 1971, p. 473.
  68. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 446.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 Skatov 2004, p. 415.
  70. ↑ M. S. 2021, p. 274–275.
  71. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 76.
  72. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 77.
  73. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 77–78.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 M. S. 2021, p. 275.
  75. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 78.
  76. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 78–79.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Loman 1978, p. 79–80.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 V. D—v 1913.
  79. ↑ Nekrasova 1971, p. 454–455.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 Loman 1978, p. 82.
  81. ↑ Evgenyev-Maksimov 1983, p. 182.
  82. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 80, 82.
  83. ↑ "Photograph in an album". State Catalogue of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-22. Retrieved 2024-02-28. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) The house where the wife of the poet N.A. Nekrasov, Zinaida Nikolaevna, lived and died. Pushkinsky Lane, 60 (formerly Malaya Tsaritsynskaya Street). From album No. 15.  Kozlov-Svobodin P. A.
  84. ↑ In Memory of Z. N. Nekrasova 1915, p. 2.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Nekrasov 1971, p. 72.
  86. ↑ Bibliographic Index of Literature 2016, p. 13.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 Loman 1978, p. 64.
  88. ↑ Pleshcheev 1971, p. 380.
  89. ↑ "Pozhalostin Ivan Petrovich "Portraits of N. A. Nekrasov, V. G. Belinsky, and Z. N. Nekrasova."". State Catalog of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-22. Retrieved 2024-02-28. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  90. ↑ "S. A. Grishnyakov from Bergamasco's photograph. Portrait of Z. N. Nekrasova". State Catalog of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-22. Retrieved 2024-02-28. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Nekrasova-Ryumling 1971, p. 419, 221.
  92. ↑ Evgenyev-Maximov 1918, p. 324.
  93. ↑ Pleshcheev 1971, p. 378.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 Loman 1978, p. 65.
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Loman 1978, p. 79.
  96. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 80.
  97. ↑ Skatov 2004, p. 414.
  98. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 398—399.
  99. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 397—398.
  100. ↑ Skatov 2004, p. 408.
  101. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 398.
  102. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 398, 413, 424.
  103. ↑ Nekrasov, T. XV, Book 2. Letter 1084 2000, p. 96.
  104. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 424—426.
  105. ↑ Abramovskaya, Smirnova 2021, p. 31.
  106. ↑ Nekrasova-Ryumling 1971, p. 419.
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 Abramovskaya, Smirnova 2021, p. 28—29.
  108. ↑ Chukovsky 1928, p. 18.
  109. ↑ Chukovsky 1928, p. 19.
  110. ↑ Chukovsky 1928, p. 20.
  111. ↑ Chukovsky 1928, p. 21.
  112. ↑ Chukovsky 1928, p. 22.
  113. ↑ Chukovsky 1928, p. 23.
  114. ↑ Chukovsky 1928, p. 25—26.
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Chukovsky 1928, p. 26.
  116. ↑ Nekrasova 1971, p. 453—455, 555.
  117. ↑ Evgenyev-Maximov 1983, p. 178—182.
  118. ↑ Pleshcheev 1971, p. 377—381.
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 Loman 1978, p. 81.
  120. ↑ Nekrasov 1971, p. 70—72.
  121. ↑ Nekrasov 1979, p. 101—144.
  122. ↑ Nekrasov 1989, p. 96—134.
  123. ↑ Nekrasov 1989, p. 152—158.
  124. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 62, 84—85.
  125. ↑ Loman 2021, p. 247—289.
  126. ↑ Loman 1988, p. 158—165.
  127. ↑ Loman 1988, p. 164.
  128. ↑ Lyotin 2017, p. 54—55.
  129. ↑ Lyotin 2017, p. 55—56.
  130. ↑ Lyotin 2017, p. 56—57.
  131. ↑ Lyotin 2017, p. 57.
  132. ↑ Grigorieva 2018, p. 100—107.
  133. ↑ Abramovskaya, Smirnova 2021, p. 24—32.
  134. ↑ Zhdanov 1971, p. 461—486.
  135. ↑ Skatov 2004, p. 405—423.
  136. ↑ Makeev 2017, p. 389—453.
  137. ↑ Loman 1978, p. 84.
  138. ↑ Tyurin 1982, p. 81—82.
  139. ↑ Loman 1970, p. 67.
  140. ↑ Pikul 1994, p. 340—350.
  141. ↑ Maksimenko 1973, p. 138—146.
  142. ↑ Oboymina 2009, p. 229—235.
  143. ↑ Mishin 1998, p. 156—160.
  144. ↑ Mishin 1998, p. 156.
  145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 Mishin 1998, p. 158.
  146. ↑ 146.0 146.1 Nekrasova 1971, p. 455.
  147. ↑ Mishin 1998, p. 159.
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 Mishin 1998, p. 160.
  149. ↑ Skatov 2004, p. 416.
  150. ↑ Mishin 1990, p. 132—154.
  151. ↑ Mishin 1990, p. 142.
  152. ↑ Gansky 2010.
  153. ↑ Tikhonova, Vera. "Noblewoman-Peasant: What the Young Wife of Nikolai Nekrasov Had to Endure". Express-Gazeta. Archived from the original on 2019-06-22. Retrieved 2024-03-02. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

Bibliography

Poet's contemporaries texts

  • Bibikov, V. I. (1892). Воспоминания о Н. А. Некрасове. Исторический вестник: Журнал [Memories of N. A. Nekrasov] (in русский). Петроград: Издательство А. С. Суворина. pp. 638–645. Search this book on
  • V. D-v. (1913). О Зин. Ник. Некрасовой [On Z. N. Nekrasova] (in русский). Саратов: Газета. Search this book on
  • Воспоминания кучера Некрасова // Н. А. Некрасов в воспоминаниях современников [Nekrasov's coachman memories // N. A. Nekrasov in the memories of contemporariesMemories of N. A. Nekrasov] (in русский). М.: Художественная литература. 1971. pp. 437–443. Search this book on
  • Yevgeniev-Maksimov, V. E. (1983). Из прошлого. Записки некрасоведа (продолжение) // Некрасовский сборник [From the past. Notes of a Nekrasovologist (continued) // Nekrasov Collection] (in русский). VIII. Л.: Наука. Ленинградское отделение. pp. 177–207. Search this book on
  • Mironov, I. V. (1902). Воспоминания о Некрасове. Санкт-Петербургские ведомости: Газета. Search this book on
  • Nekrasova, Z. N. (1971). Н. А. Некрасов в воспоминаниях современников [N. A. Nekrasov in his contemporaries' memoirs] (in русский). М.: Художественная литература. pp. 453–455, 396–402, 418–421. Search this book on
  • Памяти З. Н. Некрасовой. Приложение к № 25 «Саратовского вестника» [N. A. To the Memory of Z. N. Nekrasova. Appendix to No. 25 of “Saratovskiy Vestnik”] (in русский). 1915. pp. 1–4. Search this book on
  • Plescheev, A. A. (1971). Мои встречи с Н. А. Некрасовым / Из записной книжки // Н. А. Некрасов в воспоминаниях современников [My meetings with N. A. Nekrasov / From a notebook // N. A. Nekrasov in the memories of contemporaries] (in русский). М.: Художественная литература. pp. 377–381. Search this book on

Reseaches and non-fiction

  • Abramovskaya I. S., Smirnova I. V. (2021). «Охотник и поэт»: жизнь и творчество Н. А. Некрасова в Чудовской Луке // «Я духом бодр и жив…». Н. А. Некрасов в Новгородском крае. К 200-летию со дня рождения поэта [“Hunter and poet”: the life and work of N. A. Nekrasov in Chudovskaya Luka // “I am vigorous and alive in spirit...”. N. A. Nekrasov in the Novgorod region. To the 200th anniversary of the poet's birth] (in русский). М.: Проспект. pp. 13–44. ISBN 978-5-3923-5746-8. Search this book on
  • Ashukin, N. S. (1927). Некрасов и охота // Красная нива: Журнал [Nekrasov and hunting // Krasnaya Niva: Journal] (in русский). Л.: Известия. Search this book on
  • Botsyanovsky, V. (1921). «Влас» // Некрасов: памятка ко дню столетия рождения [Vlas // Nekrasov: a note to the day of the centenary of his birth] (in русский). Петроград: Государственное издательство. pp. 21–22. Search this book on
  • Grigoryeva, T. G. (2018). Ф. А. Некрасова: известные и неизвестные страницы жизни // Чудовский краевед: Научно-популярный журнал [F. A. Nekrasov: known and unknown pages of life // Chudovsky local historian: Popular science magazine] (in русский). Великий Новгород: Виконт. pp. 100–107. Search this book on
  • Yevgeniev-Maksimov, V. E. (1918). Русская интеллигенция в изображении Н. А. Некрасова [Russian intelligentsia as portrayed by N. A. Nekrasov] (in русский). Петроград: Товарищество издательского и печатного дела А. Ф. Маркс. pp. 324–328. Search this book on
  • Yevgeniev-Maksimov, V. E. (1951). Поэтическое завещание Н. А. Некрасова // Некрасовский сборник [Poetic testament of N. A. Nekrasov // Nekrasov Collection] (in русский). I. Л.: Наука. Ленинградское отделение. pp. 32–50. Search this book on
  • Yevgeniev-Maksimov, V. E. (1956). Невышедшая книга о Н. А. Некрасове // Некрасовский сборник [Unreleased book about N. A. Nekrasov // Nekrasov Collection] (in русский). II. М.—Л.: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 481–500. Search this book on
  • Zhdanov, V. V. (1971). "XV. Последние песни". Некрасов [Nekrasov]. Жизнь замечательных людей (in русский). М.: Молодая гвардия. pp. 461–486. Search this book on
  • Lebina N. B., Shkarovsky M. V. (1994). Свобода и реабилитация // Проституция в Петербурге (40-е гг. XIX в. — 40-е гг. XX в.) [Freedom and Rehabilitation // Prostitution in St. Petersburg (40-ies of the XIX century - 40-ies of the XX century] (in русский). М.: Прогресс-Академия. p. 219. ISBN 5-85864-018-4. Search this book on
  • Lyotin, V. A. (2017). З. Н. Некрасова — культурный миф в контексте жизнетворчества поэта: семантика имени // «Разумное, доброе, вечное…»: проблемы производства, сохранения и распределения культуры в России от некрасовской эпохи до современности (усадьба, литература, музей) [Z. N. Nekrasova - cultural myth in the context of the poet's life work: semantics of the name // “Reasonable, Good, Eternal...”: problems of production, preservation and distribution of culture in Russia from the Nekrasov era to the present (estate, literature, museum)] (in русский). Ярославль: Академия 76. pp. 54–57. ISBN 978-5-9060-4044-2. Search this book on
  • Loman, O. V. (1978). Некрасова Зинаида Николаевна, жена и друг великого поэта Н. А. Некрасова // Некрасовский сборник [Nekrasova Zinaida Nikolaevna, wife and friend of the great poet N. A. Nekrasov // Nekrasov Collection] (in русский). VI. Л.: Наука. Ленинградское отделение. pp. 60–84. ISSN 0132-7291. Search this book on
  • Loman, O. V. (2021). Некрасова Зинаида Николаевна, жена и друг великого поэта Н. А. Некрасова // Некрасов в наши дни. Великая Россия. М.: Мой учебник. pp. 247–289. ISBN 978-5-9873-6076-7. Search this book on
  • Loman, O. V. (1988). Зинаида Некрасова в Саратове // Волга: Журнал [Zinaida Nekrasova in Saratov // Volga: Journal] (in русский). Саратов: Союз писателей РСФСР. pp. 158–165. ISSN 1993-9477. Search this book on
  • Makeev, M. S. (2017). В плену у прошлого / предварительные итоги / Болезнь и смерть // Николай Некрасов [Captured by the past / preliminary results / Illness and death // Nikolai Nekrasov]. Жизнь замечательных людей (in русский). М.: Молодая гвардия. pp. 389–453. ISBN 978-5-9873-6076-7. Search this book on
  • M. S. (2021). Некрасова, Зинаида Николаевна // Некрасов и его окружение. Справочное издание [Nekrasova, Zinaida Nikolaevna // Nekrasov and his environment. Reference edition] (PDF) (in русский). М.: Институт русской литературы. pp. 269–277. Search this book on
  • Nekrasov, N. K. (1979). "Part 1. Chapter V. «Помогай же мне трудиться, Зина»". По их следам, по их дорогам [Following their footsteps, following their paths] (in русский). М.: Советская России. pp. 101–144. Search this book on
  • Nekrasov, N. K. (1989). «Помогай же мне трудиться, Зина» // Сейте разумное… [“Help me to do my job, Zina” // Sow Reasonable....] (in русский). М.: Советская России. pp. 96–134. Search this book on
  • Nekrasov, N. K. (1971). Случай на охоте / Доктор // Некрасовские места в России [An incident on the hunt / Doctor // Nekrasov's places in Russia] (in русский). Ярославль: Верхне-Волжское издательство. pp. 152–158 / 159–164. Search this book on
  • Rozanov, I. N. (1924). Н. А. Некрасов. Жизнь и судьба [N. A. Nekrasov. Life and Destiny] (in русский). Петроград: Колос. p. 112. Search this book on
  • Skatov, N. N. (2004). Фёкла Анисимовна Викторова, она же Зинаида Николаевна Некрасова / …И, только труп его увидя... [Fyokla Anisimovna Viktorova, aka Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova / ...And, only seeing his corpse...]. Жизнь замечательных людей (in русский). М.: Молодая гвардия. pp. 405–415 / 416–423. ISBN 5-2350-2704-3. Search this book on
  • Teplinsky, M. V. (1956). Творческая история поэмы Некрасова «Современники» // Некрасовский сборник [Creative History of Nekrasov's Poem “Contemporaries” // Nekrasov Collection] (in русский). II. М.—Л.: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 297–344. Search this book on
  • Tyurin, V. V. (1982). Новая жизнь дома Некрасова // Некрасов в Чудово [New life of Nekrasov's house // Nekrasov in Chudovo] (in русский). Л.: Лениздат. pp. 75–84. Search this book on
  • Chukovsky, K. I. (1991). 1920 // Дневник (1901—1929) [1920 // Diary (1901-1929)] (in русский). М.: Советский писатель. pp. 135–151. ISBN 5-265-01523-X. Search this book on
  • Chukovsky, K. I. (1928). Подруги поэта // Минувшие дни: Журнал, приложение к вечернему выпуску «Красной газеты» [The poet's friends // Minus days: Magazine, supplement to the evening issue of Krasnaya Gazeta] (in русский). II. Л.: Центральный, губернский, городской комитеты ВКП(б) и Петросовета. pp. 10–29. Search this book on

Reference books, encyclopedias and guides

  • Melgunov, B. V. (2009). Летопись жизни и деятельности Н. А. Некрасова в 3 томах [Chronicle of the life and work of N. A. Nekrasov in 3 volumes] (in русский). 3 (1867—1877). СПб.: Наука. p. 705. ISBN 978-5-0202-5211-0. Search this book on
  • Loman, O. V. (1970). Музей-квартира Н. А. Некрасова [Museum-apartment of N. A. Nekrasov] (in русский). Л.: Лениздат. Search this book on
  • Николай Алексеевич Некрасов. Библиографический указатель литературы [Nikolai Alexeyevich Nekrasov. Bibliographic index.] (in русский). 2. Part 1. Articles (1983—2000). М.: ЦУНБ им. Н. А. Некрасова. 2016. p. 76. Search this book on

Journalism and fiction

  • Maksimenko, N. I. (1973). Горе старой Орины // Праздники и будни поэта Николая Некрасова [Sorrow of old Orina // Holidays and everyday life of poet Nikolai Nekrasov] (in русский). М.: Детская литература. pp. 138–146. Search this book on
  • Mishin, G. A. (1990). Милый и единственный друг // Событий и судеб сплетенье [Sweet and only friend // Events and fates are intertwined] (in русский). Саратов: Приволжское книжное издательство. pp. 132–154. ISBN 5-7633-0305-9. Search this book on
  • Mishin, G. A. (1998). Милый и единственный друг // Памятники Отечества: Альманах [My dear and only friend // Monuments of the Fatherland: Almanac] (PDF) (in русский). М.: Всероссийское общество охраны памятников истории и культуры. pp. 156–160. Search this book on
  • Oboymina, E. N. (2009). Огонь бескорыстной любви. Зинаида Некрасова // Поэты и их музы [Fire of selfless love. Zinaida Nekrasova // Poets and their muses] (in русский). М.: АСТ Пресс. pp. 229–235. ISBN 978-5-4620-0944-0. Search this book on
  • Pikul, V. S. (1994). Зина — дочь барабанщика // Исторические миниатюры: Сборник рассказов [Zina - the Drummer's Daughter // Historical Miniatures: A Collection of Stories] (in русский). Рига: Импакт. pp. 340–350. ISBN 978-5-2350-4000-7. Search this book on

Mass media

Pedagogical and methodological sources

  • Fefilova, G. E. (2016). "Lesson 62". Литература. 10 класс. Планы-конспекты для 105 уроков. Учебно-методическое пособие. Средняя и старшая школы. Лучшие методики обучения (in русский). М.: АСТ. pp. 269–271. ISBN 978-5-1709-9225-6. Search this book on
  • Yakushin, N. I. (2003). "Поэзия Некрасова в 1870-е годы. «Последние песни»". Н. А. Некрасов в жизни и творчестве: учебное пособие для школ, гимназий, лицеев и колледжей [N. A. Nekrasov in life and work: textbook for schools, gymnasiums, lyceums and colleges]. В помощь школе (in русский). М.: Русское слово. pp. 37–43. ISBN 5-9485-3103-1. Search this book on



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