Albanian–Greek Border War
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The Albanian-Greek Border War also known as the provocations of August 49[1] was a military conflict between the People's Socialist Republic of Albania and the Kingdom of Greece that took place during the Cold War-era.[2][3] As incidents increased on the Albanian-Greek border, the First Border War finally broke out on August 2, 1949 between the Albanian People's Army (UPSh) and the Greek National Army (GNA) which lasted until September 5.[4]
| Albanian–Greek Border War (1949) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Cold War and the Greek Civil War | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Albania |
 Kingdom of GreeceSupported by:  United States[5][6] United Kingdom[5] Yugoslavia[7] | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Enver Hoxha (First Secratary of the Party of Labour of Albania) Mehmet Shehu (Ministry of Internal Affairs) Beqir Balluku (Minister of People's Defence) |
Konstantinos Tsaldaris (Prime Minister of Kingdom of Greece)[8] General James Van Fleet[9] | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
 Albanian People's Army Air Force of the Albanian People's Army |
 Hellenic Army Hellenic Air ForceSupported by:  US Navy[9] | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
10,000 troops[10][11] 30,000 reservists[nb 1][11][10] |
70,000 troops[10][12] 50 aircraft[10] 80 tanks[10] 400 artillery[10] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
29-100+ killed[11] 89 wounded[citation needed] |
350 killed[13] 500 wounded[14] 270 POW | ||||||||
Background[edit]
At the beginning of the year, the number of provocations increased rapidly. Albania was repeatedly attacked by land, air and sea.[12] The area along the border, from Vidohova in Devolli to Konispol in Sarandë, was at risk. It was clear that the Kingdom of Greece had a clear war plan. In 1949, Yugoslavia, United States, and United Kingdom became a supporters of the idea.[15][16][17]
Road to the border war[edit]
First Battles[edit]
On August 2, 1949, a group together from 3 battalions of Greek soldiers violated the border area in Albania.[18][19] The National Army initiated artillery bombardment on the Albanian border area of Vidohovë.[20][21] The Albanian government, led by Enver Hoxha, accused the Greeks of being war advocates and said that the Greeks' aim was to annex southern Albania.[22]
Notes[edit]
- ↑ kept in reserve near the Greek attack line
Bibliography[edit]
- Xholi, Zija; Vejsiu, Ylli; Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, eds. (2009). N - Zh. Fjalor enciklopedik shqiptar / [recensentë, Zija Xholi, Ylli Vejsiu] (Botim i ri ed.). Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë. ISBN 978-99956-10-32-6. Search this book on
- Për popullin, me popullin (in French). Albania: botim i Ministrisë së Punëve të Brendshme të Republikës Popullore të Shqipërisë. 1973. p. 26.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- B. Bare, Themi (1966). Provokacione dhe komplote kundër Republikës Popullore të Shqipërisë (in Albanian). Albania: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Fakulteti Histori-Filologji. p. 94.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
References[edit]
- ↑ Për popullin, me popullin (in French). Albania: botim i Ministrisë së Punëve të Brendshme të Republikës Popullore të Shqipërisë. 1973. p. 26.
Des décorations sont decernés aux soldats, auteurs de hauts faits pour pour la défense de la patrie lors des provocations monarcho-fascistes de 1949 (French) Decorations are awarded to soldiers, authors of high deeds for the defense of the fatherland during the monarcho-fascist provocations of 1949 (English)
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- ↑ Konferenca Kombëtare e Studimeve Shoqërore (in Albanian). Albania: Shtëpia Botuese "Naim Frashëri". 1970. p. 95.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- ↑ B. Bare, Themi (1966). Provokacione dhe komplote kundër Republikës Popullore të Shqipërisë (in Albanian). Albania: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Fakulteti Histori-Filologji. p. 94.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- ↑ Zotaj, Bernard (2021). "August 1949: Provocation or military aggression?" (PDF). Central Publication of the Ministry of Defense. 16 (9): 9.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Konferenca Kombëtare e Studimeve Shoqërore 1970, p. 95.
- ↑ Mara, Hekuran (1963). Periudha e kalimit dhe veçoritë e ndërtimit socialist në R.P.SH (in Albanian). University of California: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Fakulteti i Ekonomisë. p. 55.
me provokacionet e vitit 1949, te organizuara kunder vendit tone nga imperializmi amerikano-englez dhe monarko fashistêt greke (Albanian) with the provocations of 1949, organized against our country from American-British imperialists and fascist monarchs greek (English)
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- ↑ Themi 1966, p. 94.
- ↑ ""A Greek plane flying in the villages of Hoxhaj and Markat, was shot down by Albanian forces in the area of Finiq and the". Memorie.al. 2021-09-06. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Third Blue Book on the Anglo-American Intervention on the Monarcho-fascist Regime on the People's Struggle for Liberty. Democratic Organisations of Greece. 1950. p. 39. Search this book on
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 "Gusht 1949, Greqia sulmoi ushtarakisht Shqipërinë". fishmedia (in shqip). 29 December 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Besnik Danaj: Kufitari nga Progonati që ra heroikisht në 2 gusht 1949". telegraf.al (in shqip). August 5, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Kujtojmë Agresionin , 2 Gusht '49". 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
- ↑ Lalaj, Ana (2019). "The Implications of the Albanian State in the Civil Warn in Greece 1946-1949" (PDF). Studime Historike. 27: 215. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023.
- ↑ "Gazeta Ushtria". Ministry of Defence (Albania). 2015.
- ↑ "Studies in the history of the Greek Civil War, 1945-1949". www.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ↑ Mara, Hekuran (1963). Periudha e kalimit dhe veçoritë e ndërtimit socialist në R.P.SH (in shqip). Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Fakulteti i Ekonomisë. Search this book on
- ↑ Konferenca Kombëtare e Studimeve Shoqërore. 1970. p. 95. Search this book on
- ↑ Mourelos, Iōannēs; Michaēlidēs, Iakōbos D., eds. (2007). O Ellēnikos Emphylios Polemos: mia apotimēsē: politikes, ideologikes, istoriographikes proektaseis (2. ekd ed.). Athēna: Ellēnika Grammata. ISBN 978-960-442-961-5.
Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση έδωσε μάλιστα η αλβανική πλευρά στο επεισόδιο της 2ας Αυγούστου . Όπως είναι γνωστό , στις αρχές Αυγούστου , μία ομάδα Ελλήνων στρατιωτών παραβίασε τα ελληνοαλβανικά σύνορα και εισήλθε στο εσωτερικό της χώρας (Greek) The Albanian side put particular emphasis on the episode of August 2nd. As is known, at the beginning of August, a group of Greek soldiers violated the Greek-Albanian border and entered the interior of the country. (English)
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- ↑ Bernard Zotaj, p. 9.
- ↑ Xholi, Zija; Vejsiu, Ylli; Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, eds. (2009). N - Zh. Fjalor enciklopedik shqiptar / [recensentë, Zija Xholi, Ylli Vejsiu] (Botim i ri ed.). Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë. ISBN 978-99956-10-32-6. Search this book on
- ↑ New Times. Newspaper "Trud". 1949. p. 14. Search this book on
- ↑ Dalianēs, Menelaos V. (2008). To megalo anoigma (in Greek). Greece: Polytypo. p. 13. ISBN 9789608740297.
Από τη δική της πλευρά η αλβανική κυβέρνηση απαντά με τα ίδια μέσα . Κατηγορεί την ελληνική κυβέρνηση ως φιλοπόλεμη , ότι βάζει σε κίνδυνο την ειρήνη στα Βαλκάνια , ότι οι διεκδική- σεις της για προσάρτηση της Νότιας Αλβανίας , που αυτή ... (Greek) For its part, the Albanian government responds with the same means. He accuses the Greek government of being pro-war, of endangering peace in the Balkans, of its claims for the annexation of Southern Albania, which it... (English)
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