Albanian Resistance in Yugoslavia
| Albanian Resistance in Yugoslavia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Albanian–Yugoslav conflict, the Cold War, the 1981 protests in Kosovo, the Breakup of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo War | |||||||
.jpg) Albanian Border Changes (Plan of Enver Hoxha) after a Yugoslav Civil War for a creation of Greater Albania | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Albania(until 1990) Kosovo Albanian Rebels |
 Yugoslavia | ||||||
 Kosovo Liberation Army (from 1992) |
 FR Yugoslavia (from 1992) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Enver Hoxha Mehmet Shehu Beqir Balluku Ramiz Alia (from 1990) Nuhi Berisha Avni Klinaku Bahri Fazliu |
Josip Broz Tito Aleksandar Ranković Vladimir Popović | ||||||
| Political support | |||||||
 Party of Labour of Albania (until 1990)People's Movement of Kosovo National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo |
 League of Communists of Yugoslavia | ||||||
The Albanian Resistance in Yugoslavia (Albanian: Rezistenca shqiptare në Jugosllavi) was a long-term conflict that began during the Hoxha regime. The goals were to form Kosovo Albanian guerrilla groups to separate Kosovo from Yugoslavia and unite it with Albania.[1][2][3]
Background[edit]
After World War II, Kosovo became part of Yugoslavia again under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito. In August 1945, Kosovo was also considered an autonomous republic.[4] However, many of the Kosovar Albanians did not agree, they wanted to reunite with Albania, which is why in 1945 too many Albanian left-nationalist organizations came up and made an uprising in Yugoslavia.[5][page needed]
Albanian-Yugoslav Conflict[edit]
In 1948 after the Tito-Stalin split, Enver Hoxha also broke all relations with Yugoslavia.[6] So, after many border incidents by Albanian soldiers between Yugoslav soldiers, it broke out into an armed conflict.[7][page needed] From now on, the Kosovar Albanians were once again regarded as “dangerous foreign bodies” within Yugoslavia. The borders with Albania were closed in 1948 and control of the region was ceded to the secret police under Yugoslav Vice President and Chief of Yugoslav Intelligence Aleksandar Ranković. The secret police used drastic and indiscriminate methods of persecution against broad sections of the population.
Albania relationship with Kosovo Albanians in Yugoslavia[edit]
During the conflict, Enver Hoxha supported many links Albanian Nationalist Organization and he also founded guerrilla groups aiming to secede Kosovo from Yugoslavia.[8][9]
Enver Hoxha's plan to invade Yugoslavia[edit]
In the years 1970-1980 Enver Hoxha planned to invade Yugoslavia together with the Albanian military generals. The aim was to found Greater Albania again by conquering Kosovo and parts of Macedonia and Montenegro.[10] Hoxha wanted to implement this plan after Tito's death, according to Hoxha there should be a civil war between pro-Russian and pro-American after Tito's death.
We have been supporting Kosovars (Kosovo Albanians) with all our might, whenever and to the extent to which the circumstances allowed. And we are in favor of them uniting with Albania because that would ensure national unity
- Kadri Hazbiu
There is evidence in the Russian archives that Enver Hoxha made special efforts to restore Kosovo, which was also proven at the 1975 Helsinki summit, where Albania refused to sign the document on the basis of which the borders of Europe were defined were post war.[11]
Protests and Demonstrations in Kosovo[edit]
In 1981 one of the biggest protests in Kosovo started where several Kosovar Albanians wanted more autonomy in Kosovo.[12][13] The demonstrations started on 11 March 1981, originally as a spontaneous small-scale protest for better food in the school cafeteria and improved living conditions in the dormitories.[14] Tired of being made to wait in line, for hours, for poor quality food, students began demonstrating under Gani Koci's command, who later was arrested. Two to four thousand demonstrators were dispersed by police, with around a hundred arrests made. The demand that Kosovo become the seventh republic of Yugoslavia was politically unacceptable to Serbia and the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Some Serbs (and possibly some Albanian nationalists as well) saw the demands as being a prelude to a "Greater Albania" which could encompass parts of Montenegro, the North Macedonia and Kosovo itself.[15] Albania was very supportive of the Albanian protesters during the Uprising.[16] Enver Hoxha made a speech in 1982 against the Yugoslavs and made threats that "the whole of Yugoslavia would burn."[17] During the Uprising, the Albanian demonstrators went out and shouted "We are Hoxhas soldiers".[18]
Rebellion led by Albanian left nationalist[edit]
In 1981 Nuhi Berisha and Rexhep Mala formed a revolutionary group called Movement for an Albanian republic in Yugoslavia to Serve the Albanian Liberation Movement.[19] Berisha attempted to lay the foundations for a liberation movement that would operate continuously.[20][21] They started a rebellion and killed Serbian policemen and soldiers from ambush. Both were well known during the protests and resistance against the Yugoslav regime
Insurgency in Kosovo[edit]
From 1991 to 1992, Adem Jashari and about 100 other ethnic Albanians wishing to fight for the independence of Kosovo underwent military training in the municipality of Labinot-Mal in Albania.[22] Afterwards, Jashari and other ethnic Albanians committed several acts of sabotage aimed at the Serbian administrative apparatus in Kosovo. Attempting to capture or kill him, Serbian police surrounded Jashari and his older brother, Hamëz, at their home in Prekaz on 30 December 1991. In the ensuing siege, large numbers of Kosovo Albanians flocked to Prekaz, forcing the Serbs to withdraw from the village.[23] Between 1991 and 1997, mostly in 1996–97, 39 people were killed by the KLA.[24] Attacks between 1996 and February 1998 led to the deaths of 10 policemen and 24 civilians. The KLA launched 31 attacks in 1996, 55 in 1997, and 66 in January and February 1998.[25] After the KLA killed four policemen in early March 1998, special Serbian police units retaliated and attacked three villages in Drenica.[25] The total number of attacks by the KLA in 1998 was 1,470, compared to 66 the year before.[25] After the attacks against the Yugoslav police intensified in 1998, security increased as did the presence of Yugoslav Army personnel, which led to the Kosovo War.
Kosovo War[edit]
Finally, in 1998, war broke out in Kosovo. Serbian soldiers in Kosovo were reinforced and the KLA began to ambush and attack many Serbian soldiers in villages.The KLA fights for reunification with Albania. After the withdrawal of Yugoslav troops, the Kosovo war ended and in 2008 Kosovo gained independence.[26]
References[edit]
- ↑ admin (2015-04-13). "James Pettifer: Diktatori Enver Hoxha i formoi celulat e para të UÇK-së". PrizrenPress - Portal informativ (in shqip). Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ↑ Myrtaj, Mrika Limani (2021-09-01). "The Ideology and Agency of Kosovar Albanian Marxist Groups in the Demonstrations of 1981". Comparative Southeast European Studies. 69 (2–3): 183–203. doi:10.1515/soeu-2021-0026. ISSN 2701-8202.
- ↑ "Roots of the Insurgency in Kosovo" (PDF). Land Warfare Publication: 7.
- ↑ Wolfgang Petritsch, Robert Pichler (2004), Kosovo – Kosova – Der lange Weg zum Frieden, Klagenfurt u. a.: Wieser, pp. 37f, ISBN 3-85129-430-0
- ↑ Džuverović, Nemanja (2022). PEACE AND SECURITY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS a local perspective. Věra Stojarová. [S.l.]: ROUTLEDGE. ISBN 978-1-000-62870-8. OCLC 1321899162. Search this book on
- ↑ "Enver Hoxha: the lunatic who took over the asylum". openDemocracy. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ↑ Smith, W. Thomas (2003). Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-1-4381-3018-7. OCLC 586163250. Search this book on
- ↑ Ceku, Ethem (2014). "KOSOVO DURING THE TENSE RELATIONS BETWEEN ALBANIA AND YUGOSLAVIA IN SIXTIES AND SEVENTIES OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY" (PDF). International relations quarterly. 20.
- ↑ Shqip, Lajmi (2021-04-25). "James Pettifer: Enver Hoxha i formoi celulat e para të UÇK-së!". Lajmishqip. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ↑ ""Albanian communist leader planned to attack Yugoslavia"". B92.net. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ↑ thano (2022-07-09). "Historiani rus: Enver Hoxha planifikoi operacion ushtarak në Jugosllavi pas vdekjes së Titos". Gazeta Dita (in shqip). Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ↑ Vatovci, Xhorxhina Bami, Isa (2021-03-11). "Kosovo Exhibition Commemorates Historic 1981 Student Protests". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ↑ Hetemi, Atdhe (2020-02-11). "Kosovo 1981 Demonstrations - Registry - Courage – Connecting collections". cultural-opposition.eu. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ↑ Arhsien, Patrick F. R.; Howells, R. A. (1981). "Yugoslavia, Albania and the Kosovo Riots". The World Today. 37 (11): 419–427. ISSN 0043-9134.
- ↑ Çeku, Ethem (2017-04-03). "The Kosovo Demonstrations of 1981 and the Redefining of the Albanian Question". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 28 (2): 277–295. doi:10.1080/09592296.2017.1309888. ISSN 0959-2296.
- ↑ Mertus, Julie (1999). Kosovo : how myths and truths started a war. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20962-1. OCLC 40707095. Search this book on
- ↑ "From Comrade Enver Hoxha's Speech of November 10, 1982". Selected Writings. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ↑ Mertus 1999, p. 38.
- ↑ "Tribunë Shkencore me temë: "Nuhi Berisha-Jeta dhe veprimtaria atdhetare në Lëvizjen ilegale shqiptare në Kosovë (1961 – 1984)"". 2LONLINE (in shqip). 2017-09-30. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
- ↑ Veliu, Fazli. "ZËRI I KOSOVËS" (PDF). Zëri I Kosovës: 57.
- ↑ Berisha, Nuhi. Pranvere e luleve te kuqe (in shqip). Zeri i Kosoves: Zeri i Kosoves. Search this book on
- ↑ Judah, Tim (2000). Kosovo : war and revenge. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Nota Bene. ISBN 978-0-300-23766-5. OCLC 1019738627. Search this book on
- ↑ Bartrop, Paul R. (2012). A biographical encyclopedia of contemporary genocide portraits of evil and good. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38678-7. OCLC 768800354. Search this book on
- ↑ James Ron (19 April 2003). Frontiers and Ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel. University of California Press. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-0-520-93690-4. Search this book on
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Carrie Booth Walling (1 July 2013). All Necessary Measures: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 156–. ISBN 978-0-8122-0847-4. Search this book on
- ↑ Understanding the war in Kosovo. Florian Bieber, Židas Daskalovski. London: Frank Cass. 2003. ISBN 0-203-50073-3. OCLC 252701826. Search this book on
This article "Albanian Resistance in Yugoslavia" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Albanian Resistance in Yugoslavia. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
