Batrachochytrium
| Batrachochytrium | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Chytridiomycota |
| Class: | Chytridiomycetes |
| Order: | Rhizophydiales |
| Family: | Batrachochytriaceae |
| Genus: | Batrachochytrium Longcore, Pessier & D.K. Nichols, 1999 |
Batrachochytrium is a genus of fungi that causes chytridiomycosis in amphibians. Two species are known: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ("Bd", type, described 1999) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans ("Bsal", described 2013).[1] The two species of fungi, spread by trade, may have devastating effects on the populations of amphibians outside of their native range.[2][3][4] Bd, which causes death by cardiac arrest, is believed to have originated on the Korean peninsula.[5] It was spread by the African clawed frog trade, once a part of human pregnancy testing.[3] Bsal, which causes loss of osmoregulation and sepsis,[6] also has its origin in East Asia.[7] It was imported by illegal pet trade involving species such as fire belly newts. The two diverged in Late Cretaceous or early Paleogene, i.e. 67.3 (95% CI, 115.3–30.3) million years ago.[8]
Trade restrictions have been established in the US to try and limit the spread of Bsal.[9] Options for helping the hosts survive chytridiomycosis are being continually looked for.[10][11] Over-focus on this genus of pathogens may have taken away from identification of other factors of amphibian decline.[12]
References
- ↑ "Batrachochytrium Longcore, Pessier & D.K.Nichols". Gbif.org.
- ↑ Lips KR (1999). "Mass mortality and population declines of anurans at an upland site in western Panama". Conservation Biology. 13 (1): 117–125. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97185.x. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Weldon C, du Preez LH, Hyatt AD, Muller R, Spears R (December 2004). "Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus". Emerging Infect. Dis. 10 (12): 2100–5. doi:10.3201/eid1012.030804. PMC 3323396. PMID 15663845.
- ↑ Stokstad, E. (2014). "The coming salamander plague". Science. 346 (6209): 530–531. Bibcode:2014Sci...346..530S. doi:10.1126/science.346.6209.530. PMID 25359941.
- ↑ "Frog-Killing Fungus Found to Have Origins on Korean Peninsula". The New York Times. 2018-05-10. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-20.
- ↑ Bletz, Molly C.; Kelly, Moira; Sabino-Pinto, Joana; Bales, Emma; Van Praet, Sarah; Bert, Wim; Boyen, Filip; Vences, Miguel; Steinfartz, Sebastian; Pasmans, Frank; Martel, An (2018). "Disruption of skin microbiota contributes to salamander disease". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 285 (1885): 20180758. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0758. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6125908. PMID 30135150.
- ↑ Laking, Alexandra E.; Ngo, Hai Ngoc; Pasmans, Frank; Martel, An; Nguyen, Tao Thien (2017). "Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans is the predominant chytrid fungus in Vietnamese salamanders". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 44443. Bibcode:2017NatSR...744443L. doi:10.1038/srep44443. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5347381. PMID 28287614.
- ↑ Martel, A.; Blooi, M.; Adriaensen, C.; Van Rooij, P.; Beukema, W.; Fisher, M. C.; Farrer, R. A.; Schmidt, B. R.; Tobler, U.; Goka, K.; Lips, K. R.; Muletz, C.; Zamudio, K. R.; Bosch, J.; Lotters, S.; Wombwell, E.; Garner, T. W. J.; Cunningham, A. A.; Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A.; Salvidio, S.; Ducatelle, R.; Nishikawa, K.; Nguyen, T. T.; Kolby, J. E.; Van Bocxlaer, I.; Bossuyt, F.; Pasmans, F. (2014). "Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers Western Palearctic salamanders". Science. 346 (6209): 630–631. Bibcode:2014Sci...346..630M. doi:10.1126/science.1258268. PMC 5769814. PMID 25359973.
- ↑ "Listing Salamanders as Injurious Due to Risk of Salamander Chytrid Fungus". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. January 12, 2016.
- ↑ Abarca, Juan G.; Whitfield, Steven M.; Zuniga-Chaves, Ibrahim; Alvarado, Gilbert; Kerby, Jacob; Murillo-Cruz, Catalina; Pinto-Tomás, Adrián A. (2021). "Genotyping and differential bacterial inhibition of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in threatened amphibians in Costa Rica". Microbiology. 167 (3). doi:10.1099/mic.0.001017. PMID 33529150 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Holden, Whitney M.; Ebert, Alexander R.; Canning, Peter F.; Rollins-Smith, Louise A.; Brakhage, A. A. (2014). "Evaluation of Amphotericin B and Chloramphenicol as Alternative Drugs for Treatment of Chytridiomycosis and Their Impacts on Innate Skin Defenses". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (13): 4034–4041. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80.4034H. doi:10.1128/AEM.04171-13. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4054225. PMID 24771024.
- ↑ Heard M, Smith KF, Ripp K (2011). "Examining the Evidence for Chytridiomycosis in Threatened Amphibian Species". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23150. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623150H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023150. PMC 3149636. PMID 21826233.
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