Bengali Muslims
Bengali Muslims (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; bn)[1][2] are adherents of Islam who ethnically, linguistically and genealogically identify as Bengalis. Comprising over 70% of the global Bengali population, they are the second-largest ethnic group among Muslims after Arabs.[3][4] Bengali Muslims make up the majority of Bangladesh's citizens, and are the largest minority in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam.[5]
They speak or identify the Bengali language as their mother tongue. The majority of Bengali Muslims are Sunnis who follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence.
Identity
A Bengali is a person of ethnic and linguistic heritage from the Bengal region in South Asia speaking the Indo-Aryan Bengali language. Islam arrived in the first millennium and influenced the native Bengali culture. The influx of Persian, Turkic, Arab and Mughal settlers contributed further diversity to the cultural development of the region.[6] The Muslim population in Bengal further rose with the agricultural and administrative reforms during the Mughal period, particularly in eastern Bengal.[6][7][8] Today, most Bengali Muslims live in the modern country of Bangladesh, the world's fourth largest Muslim-majority country, along with the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam.[5]
The majority of Bengali Muslims are Sunnis who follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence. There are also minorities of Shias and Ahmadiyas, as well as people who identify as non-denominational (or "just a Muslim").[9]
1947 Partition and Bangladesh
An important moment in the history of Bengali self-determination was the Lahore Resolution in 1940, which was promoted by politician A. K. Fazlul Huq. The resolution initially called for the creation of a sovereign state in the "Eastern Zone" of British India.[10] However, its text was later changed by the top leadership of the Muslim League. The Prime Minister of Bengal Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy proposed an independent, undivided, sovereign "Free State of Bengal" in 1947.[11] Despite calls from liberal Bengali Muslim League leaders for an independent United Bengal, the British government moved forward with the Partition of Bengal in 1947. The Radcliffe Line made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan. It was later renamed as East Pakistan, with Dhaka as its capital.
The East Pakistan Awami Muslim League was formed in Dhaka in 1949.[12] The organisation's name was later secularised as the Awami League in 1955 with the support o Maulana Bhasani.[13] The party was supported by the Bengali bourgeoisie, agriculturalists, the middle class, and the intelligentsia.[14]
Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Mohammad Ali of Bogra, and H. S. Suhrawardy, all of whom were Bengali Muslims, each served as Pakistan's prime minister during the 1950s; however, all three were deposed by the military-industrial complex in West Pakistan. The Bengali Language Movement in 1952 received strong support from Islamic groups, including the Tamaddun Majlish. Bengali nationalism increased in East Pakistan during the 1960s, particularly with the Six point movement for autonomy. The rise of pro-democracy and pro-independence movements in East Pakistan, with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the principal leader, led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.
Bangladesh was founded as a secular Muslim majority nation.[15] In 1977, however, President Ziaur Rahman, trying to consolidate his power under martial law, removed secularism from the constitution and replaced it with "a commitment to the values of Islam."[16] In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution.[17]
See also
Other Bengali religious groups
References
Notes
Citation
- ↑ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (April 1941). "Bengali Culture as a System of Mutual Acculturations". Calcutta Review. Vol. LXXIX no. 1. p. 10. [Mussalman also used in this work.]
- ↑ Choudhury, A. K. (1984). The Independence of East Bengal: A Historical Process. A.K. Choudhury. Search this book on
[Mussalman also used in this work.]
- ↑ Richard Eaton (2009). "Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal". In Barbara D. Metcalf. Islam in South Asia in Practice. Princeton University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-4008-3138-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Meghna Guhathakurta; Willem van Schendel (2013). The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822353188. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2016. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Andre, Aletta; Kumar, Abhimanyu (23 December 2016). "Protest poetry: Assam's Bengali Muslims take a stand". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520205079. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2016 – via Google Books. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ Ali, Mohammad Mohar (1988). History of the Muslims of Bengal, Vol 1 (PDF) (2 ed.). Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University. pp. 683, 404. ISBN 9840690248. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2016. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namednfb13May2005 - ↑ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". Pewforum.org. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Do we know anything about Lahore Resolution?". Al Arabiya. 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Why did British prime minister Attlee think Bengal was going to be an independent country in 1947?". scroll.in. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2022. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Molla, Gyasuddin (2004). "The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party". In Mitra, Subrata K.; Enskat, Mike; Spiess, Clement. Political Parties in South Asia. Praeger. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-275-96832-8. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ Harun-or-Rashid (2012). "Bangladesh Awami League". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ Molla, Gyasuddin (2004). "The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party". In Mitra, Subrata K.; Enskat, Mike; Spiess, Clement. Political Parties in South Asia. Praeger. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-275-96832-8. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2016. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ Craig Baxter (2018). Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State. Taylor & Francis. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-429-98176-0. Search this book on
- ↑ Lewis, David (2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75, 83. ISBN 978-0-521-71377-1. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2016. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ "Bangladesh" (PDF). U.S. State Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2016. Unknown parameter
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