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Bengali language in Arabic script

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Bangla writing in Arabic script[1][2] or Bangla's Arabicization or Islamization of Bengali or Pak-Bangla language[3][4] refers to Bangla language writing method through Arabic or Urdu letters perceiving it as "Hurful Quran" [3] or as the letter of the Quran. In Nawabi period Bangla, this method of writing was prevalent in a limited form. After the partition of India, in East Bengal or East Pakistan, this writing system was again discussed politically.[5]

History

Perso-Arabic script

Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in the east to Meherpur in the west.[6][7][8] The 14th-century court scholar of Bengal, Nur Qutb Alam, composed Bengali poetry using the Persian alphabet.[9][10] After the Partition of India in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement.[11]

In Nawabi Bengal

Main article: Dobhashi

During the Nawabi period of Bengal, the style of writing was prevalent among Muslim puthi writers, almost all Muslim Bengali puthi writers followed the style of writing, including some Hindu writers. [12] And 72 puthis have been found written following the contemporary style, including Alaol's Padmavati,[13], Yusuf-Zulekha of Shah Muhammad Sagir[14], Hayrat al-Fiqh by Muhammad Ali[15], Muhammad Fasih[16] etc. Some of these specimens are also preserved in Gallery-33 (Manuscripts and Documents) of the Bangladesh National Museum including Sheikh Muttalib's "Kefayatul Musallin".[17] (1559) and "Maqtul Husain" (1645) by Muhammad Khan.[18] Sheikh Muttalib made this statement in the preface to his book Kefayat al-Musallin: I am aware of the fact that I am committing an infinite sin in writing about Islam in Bengali.[19][20]

After 1947, during the rule of New Pakistan

Ever since the formation of Pakistan, the introduction of Arabic script in Bengali language in the new Pakistan had religious sentiments on the one hand and state unity on the other. It was said that apart from Urdu, Pashto, Sindhi, Punjabi language as the Arabic alphabet is being used — Solidarity will be strong. The main initiator was the Union Education Secretary or Education Minister Fazlur Rahman.[21] In this regard, he tried to get the cooperation of the educators of East Bengal. The proposal was made by the Education Secretary at the All Pakistan Education Conference in Karachi in 1948. A meeting of the Central Education Advisory Board in Peshawar in 1949 also strongly recommended that Arabic be the only alphabet in Pakistani languages. Fazlur Rahman, speaking at the second session of the Pakistan Education Advisory Board in Peshawar on 12 February 1949, said that one of the difficulties in developing the same national vision was the problem of different fonts. In this context, he described the usefulness of the Arabic alphabet. Although the language movement of March 1948 came to a standstill, the reaction and resistance in East Pakistan against the introduction of Government of Pakistan continued. In the last week of February 1949, the students of Bangla Department of Dhaka University protested against the attempt to introduce Arabic alphabet in a meeting. It was presided over by Mustafa Nurul Islam. At this meeting a parliament was formed with the students of Bangla department. Md. Nurul Islam was elected president and Ila Dasgupta and Ashraf Siddiqui joint-general secretaries. Besides, alphabet sub-committee was formed with Nazrul Islam, Mumtaz Begum, Rizia Khatun, Khalilur Rahman and others. Meanwhile, on the second day of the budget session on March 12, 1949, a protest march of the student federation was stopped by the police when they tried to march in front of the council building and police arrested Afzal Hossain, Mrinalkanti Barri, Bahauddin Chowdhury, Iqbal Ansari Khan, Abdus Salam and AKM Moniruzzaman Chowdhury. They were held captive without bail. In the first week of April 1949, Naimuddin Ahmed, on behalf of the Language Committee of the East Pakistan Muslim Chhatra League, said in a statement to the press: "The literacy rate in East Pakistan is 12 to 15 per cent. Attempts are being made to turn the educated into illiterate with the stroke of a pen. As a result, the entire education system of East Pakistan will be ruined."[22] In the 1950s, the East Bengal Language Committee was formed under the leadership of Maulana Akram Khan to get a detailed explanation of the language problem from the East Bengal government and was asked to prepare a report on the subject. As part of the project, in 1950 they set up 20 centers for teaching Bengali in Arabic script in different districts of East Bengal.[23] The committee prepared their report by December 6, 1950. However, it was not published before 1958. Here an effective measure is proposed by the government to solve the language problem. Where they recommended writing Bengali in Arabic script.[24] When the proposal to write Bangla in Arabic script was tabled in the Constituent Assembly in 1950, Dhirendranath Datta protested and proposed to give Bengali language equal status with other languages of the Pak-assembly.[25]

In Zia's regime

In his regime after assassination of Sheikh Mujib, Ziaur Rahman was driven by the anxiety to invoke a 'national personality' free of the cultural association with the neighbouring Bengal towards adopting certain hegemonic measures. To remould the language, history and culture of Bangladesh, particularly so in language, efforts were made to revive the Do-bhasha containing a substantial Perso-Arabic vocabulary in contrast to heavily Sanskritised standard developed under British rule. Thus, the slogan 'Joy Bangla'- linguistically of Bengali origin was replaced with the more Persianised "Bangladesh Zindabad".[26]

Sample

Bangla language in Bengali script

ধারা ১: সমস্ত মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা এবং অধিকার নিয়ে জন্মগ্রহণ করে। তাঁদের বিবেক এবং বুদ্ধি আছে; সুতরাং সকলেরই একে অপরের প্রতি ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ মনোভাব নিয়ে আচরণ করা উচিত।

Romanization of Bengali (etymological)

Dhara êk: Sômôstô manush swadhinbhabe sôman môrzada ebông ôdhikar niye jônmôgrôhôn kôre. Tãder bibek ebông buddhi achhe; sutôrang sôkôleri êke ôpôrer prôti bhratritbôsulôbh mônobhab niye achôrôn kôra uchit.

Bangla language in Shahmukhi script (etymological spelling)

دھارا ۱: سمست مانش سوادھینبھابے سمان مریادا ایبں ادھِکار نِیے جنْم گْرہݨ کرے۔ تاںدیر وِویک ایبں بُدّھِ آچھے؛ سُتراں سکلیرئ ایکے اپریر پْرتِ بھْراتِْرتب سُلبھ منوبھاب نیے آچرݨ کرا اُچِت۔

Bengali in Shahmukhi script (phonetic spelling)

دھارا ۱: شوموستو مانش شادھینبھابے شومان مورجادا ایبوں اودھکر نئے جونموگروہون کورے۔ تاںدیر ببیک ایبوں بدّھِ آچھے؛ شتوراں شکلیری ایکے اوپوریر پروتی بھراترِتّوشلوبھ مونوبھاب نئے آچورون کورا اچت۔

Do-bhasa Bengali language with Perso-Arabic vocabulary.

জুয ১: তামাম ইনসান/মর্দ আযাদভাবে বরাবর ওকার/কারামত/ইহতিরাম/তাউজু/ইনতিবাহ আর হক লয়ে পয়দা হয়। তাদের দমীর ও আকল আছে; তো সবারই একে অপরের মোতাবেক বেরাদরি/ইখোয়ানি আখলাকের সাথে রোয়া/সুলুক করা চাই।

Do-bhasa Bengali language in Shahmukhi script

جز ۱: تمام انسان/مرد آزادبھابے بَورابَور اوکار/کرامت/احترام/تاوزُ/انتباہ آر حق لوئے پیدا ہَوے۔ تادیر دومیر او عقل آچھے؛ تو شوباری اَیکے اوپوریر موتابیک بیرادوری/اخوانی اخلاقیر شاتھے روا/سلوک کَورا چای

Transliteration: Juz 1: Tamām inasān/marda azadbhabe barabara ökāra/karāmāt/ihatirāma/tā'uju/ inatibāha āra haka layē payadā haya. Tādēra damīra ō ākala achē; tō sabara'i ēkē aparēra mōtābēka bērādari/ikha'oyani ākhalākēra sāthē röyā/suluka karā cā'i.

References

  1. ↑ Ahsan, Syed Badrul (7 February 2011). "Get Bangla in Arabic script". The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  2. ↑ Ahsan, Syed Badrul (2 February 2012). "Bangla in Arabic script". The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hossain, Mokerrom (21 February 2010). From Protest to Freedom: A Book for the New Generation: the Birth of Bangladesh. Mokerrom. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-615-48695-6. Retrieved 25 February 2022. Search this book on
  4. ↑ রহিম, মোঃ আব্দুর (2 February 2020). "রাজনৈতিক ও জাতিগত বিভাজনের ভাষা উর্দু". Samakal. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (28 September 2004). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. Anthem Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-84331-149-2. Retrieved 16 April 2022. Search this book on
  6. ↑ Chatterji (1926), pp. 228-233.
  7. ↑ Khan Sahib, Maulavi Abdul Wali (2 November 1925). A Bengali Book written in Persian Script. Search this book on
  8. ↑ Ahmad, Qeyamuddin (20 March 2020). The Wahhabi Movement in India. Routledge. Search this book on
  9. ↑ "The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule" (PDF). Blogs.edgehill.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Shahidullah, Muhammad (February 1963). "হযরত নূরুদ্দীন নূরুল হক নূর কুতবুল আলম (রহঃ)". ইসলাম প্রসঙ্গ (in Bengali) (1 ed.). Dacca: Mawla Brothers. p. 99. Search this book on
  11. ↑ Kurzon, Dennis (2010). "Romanisation of Bengali and Other Indian Scripts". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 20 (1): 71–73. ISSN 1356-1863. JSTOR 27756124. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Journal of the Asiatic Society. Asiatic Society. 1961. It is noticed that a good number of manuscripts of Bengali texts are written in the Arabic script . Among the scribes there are a number of Hindus . We have records here showing that Muislim authors writing on Islamic topics were patronized by Hindu landlords . The dates of copying given in the manuscripts refer to different eras and are indicated in the traditional Hindu fashion with word numerals... Search this book on
  13. ↑ Haq, Muhammad Enamul (1957). Muslim Bengali Literature. Pakistan Publications. p. 40. Retrieved 3 May 2022. Though we have no evidence of any Bengali book in Arabic script until 1852 , it is a well - known fact that the manuscript of Alaol's Padmavati which is in the Arabic script is about one hundred and fifty years old . Search this book on
  14. ↑ "1948 | আরবি হরফে বাংলা লেখার ষড়যন্ত্র". সংগ্রামের নোটবুক. Songramer notebook. 24 March 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  15. ↑ Roy, Asim (14 July 2014). The Islamic Syncretistic Tradition in Bengal. Princeton University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4008-5670-1. Retrieved 3 May 2022. Search this book on
  16. ↑ Khan, Akbar Ali (1996). Discovery of Bangladesh: Explorations Into Dynamics of a Hidden Nation. University Press Limited. p. 18. ISBN 978-984-05-1371-0. Retrieved 3 May 2022. Finally, a few writers like Muhammad Fasih (17th century) wrote Bengali in the Arabic script hoping that this would be more acceptable to Allah (Hoq, 1957, p.215) Search this book on
  17. ↑ Ekāḍemī (Bangladesh), Bāṃlā (1995). Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī pun̐thi paricaẏa (in Bengali). Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī. p. 199. ISBN 978-984-07-3173-2. Retrieved 3 May 2022. Search this book on
  18. ↑ Eaton, Richard Maxwell; Eaton, Professor Richard M. (1993). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-520-08077-5. The Dhaka Museum has a manuscript work composed in 1645 entitled Maqtul Husain-a tract treating the death of Husain at Karbala written in Bengali but using the Arabic, and not the Bengali, script." Al though subsequent writers made similar such literary attempts, it is sig nificant that the effort never took hold, with the result that Bengali Mus lims remain today the world's largest body of Muslims who, despite Islamization, have retained both their language and their script." Search this book on
  19. ↑ Roy, Asim (14 July 2014). The Islamic Syncretistic Tradition in Bengal. Princeton University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4008-5670-1. Retrieved 23 December 2023. Search this book on
  20. ↑ Kopf, David (1977). Reflections on the Bengal Renaissance. Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University. p. 53. Retrieved 23 December 2023. Search this book on
  21. ↑ Alam, S. M. Shamsul (29 April 2016). Governmentality and Counter-Hegemony in Bangladesh. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-52603-8. Retrieved 16 April 2022. Search this book on
  22. ↑ "আরবি হরফ চালুর মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল জাতিকে পঙ্গু করে দেওয়া". The Daily Ittefaq. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  23. ↑ "বাংলা হরফের ওপর শয়তানি আছর". banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 20 February 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  24. ↑ "আরবি হরফে বাংলা লেখার সুপারিশ ভাষা কমিটির". Bhorer Kagoj. 9 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ "ভাষা আন্দোলনের সেকাল একাল". jagonews24.com (in Bengali). 2 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  26. ↑ Sharma, S. L.; Oommen, T. K. (2000). Nation and National Identity in South Asia. Orient Blackswan. p. 194. ISBN 978-81-250-1924-4. Retrieved 15 April 2022. Search this book on

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