COVID-19 vaccine side effects
Several mild and serious adverse events of COVID-19 vaccines have been reported and are being researched.[1]
According to public health authorities, most side effects are mild and subside within a week, and reports of serious side effects to COVID-19 vaccines are rare.[2][3][4]
Serious adverse events (AEs) associated with receipt of new vaccines targeting COVID‑19 are of high interest to the public.[5] The official databases of reported adverse events include the World Health Organization's Vigibase, the United States Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) and the United Kingdom's Yellow Card system. WHO's Vigibase registered over 3.3 Million reported AEs as of 1 March 2022. This represents approximately 70% of all AEs reported for all vaccines since reporting began in 1964.[6] The increase in reports is in part due to the increased reporting requirements of emergency authorization.[7]
Conspiracy theories and other misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines have spread on social media, but are not supported by scientific evidence and the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines while varying by brand, are largely agreed to prevent severe illness death and hospitalization caused by infection.
Background[edit]
All vaccines that are administered via intramuscular injection, including COVID‑19 vaccines, have side effects related to the mild trauma associated with the procedure and introduction of a foreign substance into the body.[8] These include soreness, redness, rash, and inflammation at the injection site. Other common side effects include fatigue, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and arthralgia (joint pain) which generally resolve within a few days.[9][10]
By symptom[edit]
Embolic and thrombotic events[edit]
Post-vaccination embolic and thrombotic events, termed vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT),[11][12][13][14][15] vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VIPIT),[16] thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS),[17][14][15] vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT),[15] or vaccine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VATT),[15] are rare types of blood clotting syndromes that were initially observed in a number of people who had previously received the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine (AZD1222)[lower-alpha 1] during the COVID‑19 pandemic.[16][22] It was subsequently also described in the Janssen COVID‑19 vaccine (Johnson & Johnson) leading to suspension of its use until its safety had been reassessed.[23]
Myocarditis[edit]
A study published in JAMA Cardiology suggested that mRNA vaccines may incur a low risk of myocarditis.[24]
Tinnitus[edit]
There have been several reports of tinnitus as a rare side effect of COVID-19 and its vaccines.[25][26][27][28] One study surveying VAERS data found neurological side effects (including tinnitus) were 617 times more likely to result from COVID-19 infection than vaccination.[29]
Hearing loss[edit]
In its pharmaceutical newsletter, the World Health Organization said it was becoming aware of sudden hearing loss potentially associated with Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.[30] Studies have been published that did not find an association between vaccination and hearing loss.[1][2] Another study found an association but the "effect size was very small."[3] Some authors of these studies call for further investigation but the studies provide evidence that the “many benefits of COVID-19 vaccines substantially outweigh the rare risks associated with vaccination.”[4]
Menstrual changes[edit]
Increased menstrual disturbances in women age 18-30 have been reported. From a US control group of 2403 vaccinated participants, 10.6% had a change in cycle length of more than 8 days, which is deemed as clinically significant. Cycle lengths returned to normal after 2 full cycles post vaccination. A Norwegian study asking 5688 participants had 37.8% noting at least one change, with heavier than normal bleeding being the change most related to vaccination.[31][32]
Anaphylaxis[edit]
One less-frequent side effect (that generally occurs in less than 1 in 1,000 people) is hypersensitivity (allergy) to one or more of the vaccine's ingredients, which in some rare cases may cause anaphylaxis.[33][34][35][36]
Anaphylaxis has occurred in approximately 2 to 5 people per million vaccinated in the United States.[37] An increased risk of rare and potentially fatal thrombosis events have been associated following the administration of the Janssen (Johnson and Johnson)[38][39] and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccines,[39][40][41][42] with the highest reported rate among females in their 30s and 40s. The rate of thrombosis events following vaccination with the Johnson and Johnson and AstraZeneca vaccines has been estimated at 1 case per 100,000 vaccinations compared to between 0.22 and 1.57 cases per 100,000 per year in the general population.[39] There is no increased risk for thrombotic events after vaccination with mRNA COVID‑19 vaccines like Pfizer and Moderna.[37]
Misinformation[edit]
Several conspiracy theories and other misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines have spread on social media, often based on misunderstood or misrepresented science, religion, and exaggerated claims about side effects, such as the claims that vaccines can alter DNA or cause infertility in women. These claims are not supported by scientific evidence and the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines while varying by brand, largely prevent severe illness death and hospitalization caused by infection.
In a joint statement in May 2022, the International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Authorities and the World Health Organization addressed how public health professionals and authorities should respond amidst an unprecedented level of public interest in vaccines.[43]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/2/e050278.long
- ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/expect/after.html
- ↑ https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/coronavirus-vaccination/safety-and-side-effects/
- ↑ https://doh.gov.ph/Vaccines/Possible-Side-Effects-after-Getting-the-COVID-19-Vaccine
- ↑ Montgomery J, Ryan M, Engler R, Hoffman D, McClenathan B, Collins L, et al. (October 2021). "Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military". JAMA Cardiology. 6 (10): 1202–06. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833. PMC 8243257 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34185045 Check|pmid=value (help) //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8243257|PMC=missing title (help). Unknown parameter|pmc-embargo-date=ignored (help) - ↑ VigiAccess.com
- ↑ McDonald, Jessica (23 December 2021). "Increase in COVID-19 VAERS Reports Due To Reporting Requirements, Intense Scrutiny of Widely Given Vaccines". FactCheck.org. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ↑ Polania Gutierrez JJ, Munakomi S (January 2020). "Intramuscular Injection". StatPearls. PMID 32310581 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Background document on the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) against COVID-19 (Report). World Health Organization (WHO). February 2021. hdl:10665/339218. WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/mRNA-1273/background/2021.1.
- ↑ "Background document on the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) against COVID-19". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 23 January 2022.
- ↑ Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, Weisser K, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S (June 2021). "Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (22): 2092–101. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2104840. PMC 8095372 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33835769 Check|pmid=value (help) //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8095372|PMC=missing title (help). - ↑ Cines DB, Bussel JB (June 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (23): 2254–2256. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2106315. PMC 8063912 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33861524 Check|pmid=value (help) //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8063912|PMC=missing title (help). - ↑ Liu Y, Shao Z, Wang H (December 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia". Thrombosis Research. 209: 75–79. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2021.12.002. PMC 8647389 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34894531 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 14.0 14.1 Klok FA, Pai M, Huisman MV, Makris M (November 2021). "Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia". The Lancet. Haematology. 9 (1): e73–e80. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00306-9. PMC 8585488 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34774202 Check|pmid=value (help).Although initially several terms were used to describe the syndrome … the term that has gained widespread use is vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome has also been used, but it is a more general term that can be caused by other conditions
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Warkentin TE, Pai M (October 2021). "Editorial on Thaler et al. long-term follow-up after successful treatment of vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 2021 in press". Thrombosis Research. 207: 158–160. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2021.10.007. PMID 34757250 Check
|pmid=value (help).We believe the name "VITT" works well … the term clearly denotes the key features of the disorder … provides a useful mnemonic for disease recognition in the usual sequence of events … need not mandate that thrombosis be present … "TTS" … has limited clinical utility, since many conditions … present with the duad of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia
Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Use of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine in younger adults" (Press release). Health Canada. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ↑ Long B, Bridwell R, Gottlieb M (November 2021). "Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccines". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 49: 58–61. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.05.054. PMC 8143907 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34062319 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (AZD1222)" (PDF). ACIP COVID-19 Emergency Meeting. AstraZeneca. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ↑ "Vaxzevria (previously COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca) EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Retrieved 16 April 2021.
The name of the vaccine was changed to Vaxzevria on 25 March 2021.
Vaxzevria (COVID‑19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1-S recombinant) EMA/182334/2021 Text was copied from this source which is ©️ European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. - ↑ "ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccine (Recombinant) - Covishield". Serum Institute Of India. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ↑ "AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S/nCoV-19 [recombinant], COVID-19 vaccine". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ↑ "COVID-19 vaccine safety update: Vaxzevria" (PDF). European Medicines Agency (EMA). 28 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ↑ Marks P. "Joint CDC and FDA Statement on Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine". Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ↑ "News & Perspective".
- ↑ "Is tinnitus a rare side effect of Covid vaccines?". NBC News.
- ↑ "Vaccine Researcher Who Developed Tinnitus After COVID Shot Calls for Further Study". 9 March 2022.
- ↑ "COVID-19 could be causing your ears to ring. Here's what we know. | Globalnews.ca".
- ↑ https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0317167121000639/type/journal_article
- ↑ Frontera, Jennifer A.; Tamborska, Arina A.; Doheim, Mohamed F.; Garcia‐Azorin, David; Gezegen, Hasim; Guekht, Alla; Yusof Khan, Abdul Hanif Khan; Santacatterina, Michele; Sejvar, James; Thakur, Kiran T.; Westenberg, Erica; Winkler, Andrea S.; Beghi, Ettore; Allegri, Ricardo; Baykan, Betül; Blinc, Lana; Boruah, Abhilasha; Bresjanac, Maja; Bryzgalova, Yuliya; Calandri, Ismael; Delgado‐Garcia, Guillermo; Devaraj, Rashmi; Faissner, Simon; Hoo, Fan Kee; Hunter, Jessica; James, Jeyanthan Charles; Kyei‐Frimpong, Nana Yaa; Lant, Suzannah; Mulchan, Nicholas; Netravathi, M; Pikovskaya, Svetlana; Rasheed, Nihara Abdul; Safwat, Ahmed; Satishchandra, Parthasarthy; Shalash, Ali S.; Singh, Nina; Spatola, Marianna; Ssonko, Vivian; Tetreault, Lindsay; Vidali, Gaja Cvejic; Weng, Jonathan; Warburton, Elyce; Welte, Tamara; Wijeratne, Tissa; Xia, Doris; Zhuravlev, Dmitry; Zinchuk, Mikhail (June 2022). "Neurological Events Reported after COVID‐19 Vaccines: An Analysis of Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System". Annals of Neurology. 91 (6): 756–771. doi:10.1002/ana.26339. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ↑ https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/351326/9789240042452-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- ↑ Male V (January 2022). "Menstruation and covid-19 vaccination". BMJ. 376: o142. doi:10.1136/bmj.o142. PMID 35082132 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Trogstad, Lill (1 January 2022). "Increased Occurrence of Menstrual Disturbances in 18- to 30-Year-Old Women after COVID-19 Vaccination". SSRN 3998180 Check
|ssrn=value (help). - ↑ "COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. - ↑ "Information about the J&J/Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 31 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help)
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ CDC COVID-19 Response Team (January 2021). "Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine – United States, December 14–23, 2020". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (PDF). 70 (2): 46–51. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7002e1. PMC 7808711 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33444297 Check|pmid=value (help) https://web.archive.org/web/20210124080614/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/pdfs/mm7002e1-H.pdf|archive-url=missing title (help). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021. Unknown parameter|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "COVID-19 vaccine safety update: Comirnaty" (PDF). European Medicines Agency (EMA). 28 January 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Selected Adverse Events Reported after COVID-19 Vaccination". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC. 16 November 2021.
- ↑ "EUA fact sheet for healthcare providers administering vaccine" (PDF). Janssen Therapeutics. 27 August 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Cines DB, Bussel JB (June 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (23): 2254–56. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2106315. PMC 8063912 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33861524 Check|pmid=value (help) //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8063912|PMC=missing title (help). - ↑ Lai CC, Ko WC, Chen CJ, Chen PY, Huang YC, Lee PI, Hsueh PR (August 2021). "COVID-19 vaccines and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome". Expert Review of Vaccines. 20 (8): 1027–35. doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1949294. PMID 34176415 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, Weisser K, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S (June 2021). "Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (22): 2092–2101. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2104840. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 8095372 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33835769 Check|pmid=value (help) //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8095372|PMC=missing title (help). - ↑ "Use of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine in younger adults". Public Health Agency of Canada. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ↑
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