Chronology of the repression of the Catalan language

You Are encouraged to help add information and review the translation.

The bandalization will be denounced to the corresponding authorities with the Spanish law of historical memory, protection of minorities.

Information from both the same page in Catalan and in Spanish. World class references and government documents and official countries. for example: The deplorable history of the Catalans, from their first engaging in the war, to the time of their reduction. With the motives, declarations, and engagements, on which they first took arms. The letters, treaties, &c. relating thereto ..

Modern age

The fifth point of the New Plant Decree on the Principality says: "5. The causes at the Royal Hearing will be substantiated in the Castilian language [...] »banning the use of the Catalan language in the new administration of justice and government of Catalonia.]] Modern age in Catalonia New Plant Decrees

The New Plant Decree, promoted by Philip V of Spain

• 1482 The suppression and burning of the Valencian Bible begins to the point that for years its existence has been doubted.
• 1539 The king of France Francis I, publishes an edict (the so-called Edict of Villers-Cotterêts) by which it is mandatory that all administrative text that edited in the Kingdom of France must be written in French.

1560 Tribunal of the Holy Office calls it in the business of faith everything will come in Castilian tongue.

The fifth point of the New Plant Decree on the Principality states: «5. Things in the Real Audiencia en lengua Castellana be substantiated [...] "prohibiting the use of the Catalan language in the new administration of justice and the government of Catalonia.

• 1561 The Tribunal of the Holy Office requires that the processes in Catalan are not written .
• 1624 In the memorial of Duke of Count Olivares to Philip IV of Spain He tells her to "work and think with worldly and secret advice to reduce these kingdoms which Spain composes for the style and laws of Castile without any difference."
• 1661 Louis XIV grants the Collège de Jésuites , in perpetuity, grammar classes to the University of Perpignan, through of which the French is introduced between the nobility, the clergy and the bourgeoisie.
• 1672 Ordinance to promote schools for teaching in French.
• 1682 An order that requires the French language of the Rossellones to obtain public office and to obtain honorary titles and gives six months to learn it
• 1683 Prohibition on Rossellones to study in the Principality.
• 1700 Edict by which Louis XIV promulgates that all judicial proceedings, deliberations of municipal magistrates, notarial acts and all manner of public acts be in French under penalty of nullity.
• 1700 Louis XIV of France writes that "the use of Catalan is repugnant and contrary to the honor of the French nation."
• 1707 - 1719 New Plant Decrees of Valencia (1707), Mallorca (1715), Catalonia (1) (1716) and Sardinia (1719). The official use of Catalan is prohibited. Philip V of Bourbon was the grandson of Louis XIV of France.
• 1707, the Castilianization, replacement or elimination of place names in the Valencian Country begins. On December 6, Macanaz makes a public ban in Valencia with the order of Felipe V to build at the place where Xàtiva was, a new town called "Ciudad de San Felipe" (in Spanish). See Extermination of Xàtiva.
• 1707, or surroundings, disappearance of the place name Isla de Xàtiva on the later maps of America.
• 1712, February 20 - Secret instructions are given to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: It will put the greatest number in entering the Castilian language, in order to give the most temperate and dissimilar providences so that it is get the effect, without noticing the question.
• 1714 Felipe V de Borbon leaves written that "it is tried strangely to introduce the Castilian language to those people where they do not speak it".

1715 The Consultative Council of Castile writes that in the classroom there should be no book in Catalan, where neither speak nor write the language and where Christian doctrine is taught and learned in Spanish . He adds that "we must not choose weak and less effective means, but the most robust and safe, removing from the memory of the Catalans everything that can be satisfied with their abolished constitutions, uses, furs and customs."

• 1716 Order that in Perpignan is preached only in French.
• 1755 In article 10 of the Provincial Escolapis Visit Decree, all the monks of the order are instructed to speak only in Spanish and Latin, both with each other and with the rest of the population. The grief to speak in Catalan is to live in a system of bread and water.
• 1768 The count of Aranda promotes a royal decree prohibiting the teaching of Catalan in first-letter schools, latinity and rhetoric; the Catalan of all the courts is forgotten, and it is recommended that they also do the diocesan curia.
• June 23 of 1768 - Real S.M. at the request of the Council, reducing the tariff of procedural rights to royal wool in the whole of the Crown of Aragon, and for the whole Kingdom to act and teach in Spanish, with other things that are expressed.
• 1772 Royal certificate that commands that all the merchant merchant s wholesalers and often bring accounting books to Spanish.
• 1776 The bishop of Mallorca forces to use Castilian in the parishes and in the teaching of catechism.
• 1780 José Moñino y Redondo, comte de Floridablanca, promulgates a royal provision forcing all schools to teach the grammar of the Spanish Royal Academy
• 1794 The French National Convention decreed the widespread education of French, spoken by 10% of the French population at that time, for "to annihilate the fateful and to universalize the use of French." The great linguistic genocide in France begins.
• 1799 Royal certificate prohibiting "to represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in the Castilian language ".

Contemporary history

See also: Contemporary History of Catalonia

"Speak in French, be cleansed", enroll in a French school, in Aiguatèbia i Talau, which prohibits children from speaking Catalan.

• 1801 Manuel de Godoy requires that no plays be represented in any theater that is not in Spanish.
• 1802 When the fall of Menorca under the jurisdiction of the Spanish State due to the abandonment of the English, the general captain of the island immediately orders that the schools only teach Spanish.

1821 Plan Quintana forced to use the Spanish school system. 1825 Plan Colomarde try to establish uniform teaching Spanish official: prohibits the use of Catalan in schools.

• 1828 The bishop of Girona requires that the parochial books be made in Spanish.
• 1834 The Moscoso de Altamira Instruction obliges the Spanish to use the school system.
• 1837 A royal edict imposes infamous punishments on children who speak Catalan at school. At the same time the instruction of the Higher Polytechnic Government of the Balearic Islands is punishable for students who speak Catalan through the students' giving.
• 1838 The Vallgornera Regulation requires that Spanish be used in the school system.
• 1838 The epitaphs of cemeteries are prohibited in Catalan.
• 1843 Ordinary Regulations of the Normal Schools of Primary Education of the Kingdom (of Spain) include between the obligatory curriculum the Castilian Grammar, as well as history of Spain, notions of Spanish Literature, etc.
• 1846 Circular of the Supreme Board of Health that requires medical prescriptions only in Spanish or Latin.
• 1857 Moyano Law of public instruction, which only authorizes Spanish in schools.
• 1862 Notarial law prohibiting public deeds in Catalan.
• 1867 Prohibition that theatrical pieces be written exclusively "" in the dialects of the provinces of Spain, "by the Spanish Minister of Interior [González Bravo].
• 1870 Law of Civil Registry that deprives the use of Catalan.
• 1881 Law of civil prosecution that prohibits the use of Catalan in court.
• 1898 The General Department of Post and Telegraph prohibits speaking in Catalan by telephone throughout Spain.
• 1900 A pastoral by the bishop Josep Morgades on the need for catechism and preaching in the Catalan language was controversial in the senate and the parliament and the press in Madrid and even by the Secretary of State of the Pope, Mariano Rampolla.
• 1902 Royal decree of Romanones that obliges the teaching of catechism in Spanish.
  • 15 December - Menéndez Pidal publishes the article "Cataluña bilingüe" at El Imparcial de Madrid, where he defends the Romanones decree, stating, for example, that " Catalan courts]] never had the official Catalan language ".
  • Prohibition of the Jocs Florals de Barcelona in Barcelona by military order.
  • Prohibition also in Palma.

1914 - 1918, during the First World War, Catalans who went to defend the French in the trenches received complaints from the French because they spoke Catalan among themselves. The reasons, according to them, were because, without a good foundation, they were thought to laugh at them.

1916 The deputy Morera and Galicia upholds a proposal to guarantee the free use of Catalan in all areas. Romanones responds that co-officiality is unacceptable and the Catalan MP's proposal is defeated in Congress by 120 votes to 13.

• 1917 Regulation of the Notary Law that prohibits the use of Catalan.
• 1923 Circular forcing the teaching of Spanish.
• 1923 Royal Decree banning the use of Catalan in official events and obliging to keep all the books and official records in Spanish.
• 1924 Royal Decree preferentially listing the prospectuses of medicines in "español".
• 1924 The Lossada General is appointed acting president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia and implemented teaching in Spanish in the schools of the Commonwealth
• 1924 The Floral Games of Barcelona must be celebrated in Toulouse due to the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera.
• 1924 Antoni Gaudí, at the age of 72 is detained and beaten for refusing to speak Spanish in front of police.

1924 By Royal Order of Spain, is sanctioned teachers who teach in Catalan.

• 1926 Royal decree that criminalizes who passively resists using Castilian and punishes "greater arrest for correctional detention" for those who use a language other than Spanish "
• 1926. Order by which the teaching of Catalan is sanctioned with the transfer of the teacher.

Civil War and Francoism

See also: Civil war in Catalonia and Franco's regime in Catalonia

During the Francoist period (1939-1975), the Catalan was subjected to brutal aggression and was reduced to family use. The Spanish became the only language of teaching, administration and the media. Both in Catalonia and in exile, there were several initiatives such as books ("Mystic Rose" by Mossèn Geis), magazines (such as " Dau al set , directed by Brossa) and campaigns to replace the silence imposed by the regime, for example, Pío Daví and Maria Vila perform vernacular theater campaigns, releasing "The hostel of glory", by Josep Maria de Sagarra.

In contrast to what happened with immigration received in the 1920's and 1930's, during most of Franco's dictatorship, the total exclusion of the Catalan language from the education system was promoted (it was relegated to the family sphere), where methods were used in which the students themselves had to denounce the student who spoke Catalan by giving him a bullet. The Catalan language was also banned on tombstones in the postwar period. Until 1951, Rafael Aracil, Joan Oliver and Antoni Segura considered the persecution of the language to be "total".

In the second [Franco], a certain opening of the regime allowed a timid change in the marginalization of the native language, which gave rise to a series of steps against this tendency like the broadcast in 1964 of the first TVE program in Catalan by TVE ( Teatre catalana ). Both the New Song (1961) - with limitations, as highlighted by the Joan Manuel Serrat prohibition to sing in Catalan at the Eurovision 1968 - Like the creation in 1971 of the Assembly of Catalonia, in which the anti-Franco forces came together, these are phenomena that have been considered as examples of maintaining the use of the Catalan language during the dictatorship. In 1970 Franco's last educational law opened the door to the use of languages other than primary education, via which it would be developed by a decree 5 years later. Also in 1975, shortly after the death of Franco, another decree allowed the use of other native Spanish languages in councils other than Spanish.

Overall, the almost complete exclusion of Catalan from the education system and the severe limitations of its use in the mass media over all these years had long-lasting consequences that would be present for years after the end of the dictatorship. 'note the high rates of illiteracy in Catalan that occurs between the generations of schooled in these years: in 1996 only one-third of the age range between 40 and 44 was able to write in Catalan, spoken by 67% of those registered, down from 22% of those over 80 able to write in Catalan with 65% of speakers.

See also: Francoist repression

Sign of the Franco era in Spanish in the Alt-Empordà municipality of Rabós.

1936 Prohibition governmental Mallorca to use Catalan in schools and public life, under the slogan "If you are Spanish, speak Spanish," signed by Matthew Zaforteza Musoles.

• 1938: April 5 the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia is repealed, so the Catalan is no longer official in Catalonia.
  • Juan Merida is fined by the Delegate of Internal Security and Public Order of Seville and his Province, for "his lack of patriotism and politeness in speaking in the Catalan dialect in the dining room of the Hotel Italica".
  • On entering Lleida, the Francoist troops shoot those plaques of the cemetery that are written in Catalan.
• 1939: Franco says " We want absolute unity, one language, Spanish and one personality, Spanish. '" ". As a result of this policy, many actions are undertaken, such as the repeal of the Statute of Catalonia, the fight against labels, advertisements and papers in Catalan, circular about Catalan in Catalan. 'school, starting with the toughest minorization in history against Catalan.
  • Order of the Spanish Ministry of Education National Education which removes any related Catalan culture. The teaching of Catalan philology, modern history of Catalonia, geography of Catalonia, Catalan Civil Law, the history of Catalan medieval art is abolished.
  • Signs are installed in the factories where workers are not allowed to speak in Catalan.
  • The Institut d'Estudis Catalans, a regulatory body of Catalan, becomes the " Instituto de la Hispanidad de Barcelona ".
  • The house of Pompeu Fabra, normative of Catalan, Carrer de la Mercè of Barcelona is stormed and its immense personal library burned down in the middle of the street.
  • A large sign was installed in the occupied area recently of the city of Lleida: " If you are a patriot speak in Spanish".
  • 4 February plates editing and publishing the remnants of General Dictionary of the Catalan Language are destroyed by the Spanish army.
  • February 16: The use of Catalan language as a second language is prohibited by decree.
  • February 25 Ban by the accidental mayor of Olot, which prohibits the presence of Catalan in all areas.
  • 4 March Ban the mayor Mollet del Vallès which is obliged to write in Spanish all signs written in Catalan.
  • March 28 The Palau de la Música Catalana is renamed the 'Palau de la Música'.
  • March 31 The city council of Hospitalet de Llobregat agrees to remove all the indicators in the streets in Catalan.
  • April 18 The civil governor of Tarragona, Mateo Torres, bans Catalan labels on establishments and on public roads.
  • May 3 Order of the Spanish military commander of Bellver de Cerdanya to remove all "regional language" signs or advertisements.
  • May 7 The General-in-Chief of Catalonia fined M. Casanovas Guillen with 2,000 pesetas for directing an instance in Catalan.
  • May 20 The Spanish military commander Granollers gives eight days deadline to replace all signs and announcements Catalan Spanish.
  • May 27 The city council of Lleida agrees that all its services be done in Spanish.
  • June 7 The city council of Breda necessary to change all plates signs of the streets of the Catalan Spanish.
  • June 16 The Spanish military command of San Hipolito de Voltrega orders in 48 hours are replaced by all signs in Catalan Spanish.
  • June 24 The mayor of Olot orders all public signs in Catalan to be closed or erased.
  • August 9 A ban on the town council of Sant Feliu de Llobregat prohibits speaking in Catalan to officials inside or outside official buildings.
  • August 10 The UAB professor Bel·larmí Rodríguez i Arias is arrested for teaching in Catalan.
  • September 7 The Center Excursionista de Catalunya is required to translate its name into Spanish.
  • September 12 The shield F.C.Barcelona is modified and the four bars are eliminated by two.
  • October 17 The cinema Euterpe by Sabadell has been fined and closed for fifteen years because of its director, Tomàs Pasarisas, in Catalan.
  • October 28 Letter from the Spanish Minister of Interior, Ramon Serrano Suner, sent to all the bishops Catalan to communicate the new rules of language use in communication with the Church parishioners "hasta tanto the spanish language entendido sea por todos (be it with a tenacious work logrará school)."
  • December 25 The theatrical performance of Els Pastorets in la Garriga is required to be performed in Spanish.
• 1940 Circular on the "" "Use of the National Language in all public services" "" by which Catalan is prohibited. Ministerial order banning Catalan from trademarks. Prohibition of Catalan in cinema.
• 1941 The Floral Games of Barcelona are banned and are held underground until 1970.
• 1941 The "Decree of the National Sports Council" which required to change the name of clubs came into force
• 1944 Decree approving the new Notarial Regulation, according to which the writings in Spanish must be made.
• 1945 Ministerial order forcing baptize the ship s in Spanish. Nueva elementary education law that only teaches in Spanish.
• 1947 Supeses the editions of Marià Manent for being in Catalan.
• 1948, December 25, Spanish censorship forbids reporting [Pompeu Fabra] 's death, and skeletons are not accepted in newspapers.
• 1952 Magazine is kidnapped Aplec. Barcelona's governor, Felipe Acedo, tells publishers: Do you think we have waged a war so that Catalan can be used again? "
• 1953 The magazine Esclat) is banned in Valencia for being in Catalan, but it ended up being published clandestinely.
  • The publication of a novel by Miquel Llor is prohibited for being in Catalan.
• 1955, September 2. Preliminary stage of the segregation of the Bishopric of Lleida: The Decree of the Consistorial Congregation Cesaraugustanae et aliarum adds the Catalan-speaking municipalities of Mequinensa and Faió to the archdiocese of link=Special:FilePath/Rètol a Rabós.JPG. The segregation would be completed during the so-called " democratic transition". The persistence of the Spanish episcopate, accompanied by the passivity and indifference of the people and Catalan authorities, managed to break 800 years of homogeneity of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lleida, separating Western Strip of its territory and forcing historical and cultural -To join a new bishopric located outside the Catalan cultural sphere.
• 1956 Regulations prisons: Prisoners can only speak in Spanish.
• 1957 In the Civil Registry the names will only be in Spanish.
• 1961:
  • New Regulation on Telegraphs) for which Catalan is banned.
  • The board of the Catalan Federation of Mountaineering is dismissed by the Delegation of Physical Education and Sport in Spanish learn that their assemblies were made in Catalan.
• 1968 Prohibition on Joan Manuel Serrat from singing in Catalan at Eurovisión.

See also: Francoist repression

End of the twentieth century

• 1978. The Spanish Constitution relegated to a secondary role in territories where the Catalan language is, as the Spanish established itself as the official language of all the state and the only which Spaniards have the obligation to know (art. 3.1), although it allows the autonomous statutes to recognize other languages as co-official in the respective communities autonomous (art. 3.2), but reaching a secondary rank of "right" and not of "obligation", although the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia says that "the citizens of Catalonia have the right and their duty" to know Catalan (art.6.2).
• 1976 - 2008. At least 149 Royal Decrees and other regulations are published to guarantee the mandatory labeling of food products and others in Spanish against the only law that exists, for example, in Catalonia.
• 1986. Law of patents that requires Spanish in the documentation provided.
• 1986 Resolution 83/1986 of the Constitutional Court against the Law of Linguistic Normalization of Catalonia.
• 1988 Sentence 123/1988 of the Constitutional Court against the Law of Linguistic Normalization of the Balearic Islands
• 1989. Royal decree approving the Regulation of the Mercantile Registry. It requires records to be made exclusively in Spanish.
• 1995. Law 30/1995 on the organization and supervision of private insurances. It requires that the policies be in Spanish.
• 1995, September 17. The final phase of segregation of the Bishopric of Lleida with the decree "Ilerdensis et Barbastrensis de finum mutatione", 84 cultural and traditionally Catalan parishes of the Bishopric of Lleida in Ribagorça, La Llitera, and Baix Cinca were to be immediately transferred to the Barbastro-Montsó Bishopric.
• 1998, June 15. Definitive segregation of the Bisbat de Lleida. The last 27 Catalan-speaking parishes in the Franja de Ponent pass to the bishopric of Barbastro-Monzón.

21st Century

• 2007, April 23, the new Statute of Autonomy of Aragon which does not recognize the Català officiality in the Franja de Ponent], enters into force.
• 2008 Declaration of the Académie Française against the recognition of regional languages in the Constitution.
• 2010, July 9, the judgment of the TC with respect to the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006, which, among others, provides that the Catalan language is not the preferred language of administration in Catalonia nor the language of the educational system.
• 2011, March 15, the TSJC suspends parts of the language regulation of the Girona Provincial Council which states that the internal labels, forms and performances of the institution must be in english.

• 2012, June 26 the Supreme Court of Spain denies that Catalan is the only language used in the education system of Catalonia also forcing that Spanish is the language of work.
• 2016, the French government is preparing a reform of the National Education Law to reduce classroom hours of Catalan and other languages that it considers "regional" to be 25% to 50%.

References

• Ferrer i Gironés, Francesc (1985). La persecució política de la llengua catalana : història de les mesures preses contra el seu ús des de la Nova Planta fins avui (1st ed.). Barcelona: Edicions 62. ISBN 8429723633. Search this book on
• Solé i Sabaté, Josep; Villarroya, Joan (1994). Cronologia de la repressió de la llengua i la cultura catalanes 1936-1975. Barcelona: Curial. Search this book on
• Aracil, R.; Oliver, J.; Segura, A. (1998). El mundo actual. De la Segunda Guerra Mundial a nuestros días. Universitat de Barcelona. Search this book on

This article "Chronology of the repression of the Catalan language" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Chronology of the repression of the Catalan language. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

📰 Article(s) of the same category(ies)

• Super straight (term)
• Democratic Republic of the Congo–Egypt relations
• Asegi Stories
• Rape in Nigeria
• Israel United in Christ
• The Stone Independent School
• Greek folklore

---