Enemy of the people (Albania)
Enemy of the people (Albania) (Alb: Armiku i popullit) was the enemy typology of the Communist Albanian regime used to denounce political or class opponents. The term is today considered totalitarian, derogatory and hostile. There are still some politicians who use the term on political opponents with the intention of dehumanization.[1]
After the communist take over in, many who were labeled with this term were executed or imprisoned.[2] Enver Hoxha declared religious leaders, landowners, disloyal party officials, clerics and clan leaders as "enemies of the people". This is said to led to the death of 6000 people.[3] Thousands were sentenced to death.[4] From 1945 to 1991, around 5000 men and women were executed and close to 100,00 were sent to prison as they were labeled enemies of the people.[5] Many who were targeted held important leadership positions in the party and state structures of the regime.[6] Hoxha also used the term against the Soviet union and the US when he spoke: "as to ’Albania being only one mouthful’, watch out, gentlemen, for socialist Albania is a hard bone that will stick in your throat and choke you!".[7] On June 1, 1945, The Albanian Central Commission for the Discovery of Crimes, of War Criminals and Enemies of the People requested the International Commission for the Discovery of Crimes and War Criminals to hand over a number of Albanian war criminals found in concentration camps in Italy such as Bari, Lecce, Salerno and others.[8] In 1954, Hoxha condemned the American and British liberation of Albania calling them "enemies of the people".[9] In the 1960s, many Albanian migrants returned from Austria and Italy after having fled in the 1940s, and despite having been promised not to be punished, were immediately arrested as "enemies of the people".[10] In 1990, Ismail Kadare applied for political asylum in France, which was granted, resulting in him being condemned by Albanian officials as an "enemy of the people".[11]
References[edit]
- ↑ ENEMIES OF THE PEOPLE, HISTORY, IDEOLOGY BEHIND THE. Remarks by Head of Presence, Ambassador Bernd Borchardt, at the international scientific conference “The portrait of ‘people’s enemy’ during the dictatorship of proletariat in Albania (1944-1990) 17 May 2019. 2019. Search this book on
.
- ↑ Elsie, Robert (2013). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781780764313. Retrieved 10 November 2019. Search this book on .
- ↑ "Gendered legacies of Communist Albania: a paradox of progress". openDemocracy..
- ↑ "Enver Hoxha's personality cult lives on in today's Albania". New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly news magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European affairs. 5 October 2018..
- ↑ "Arct - Denial of Memory: It is Time for Albania to Confront Its Communist Past". www.arct.org..
- ↑ Meta., Beqir (2018). FRAMEWORK STUDY On prison system, internment and forced labor during communist regime in Albania with a focus on establishing a museum of memory in the former internment camp in Tepelena (PDF). Retrieved 10 November 2019. Search this book on .
- ↑ "Regarding China's Withdrawl of Aid from Albania". www.marxists.org..
- ↑ "Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, Europe, Volume IV - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov..
- ↑ (Central Intelligence Agency), CIA (1954). "TIRANA SPY TRIAL PROCEEDINGS CONTINUED Tirana, Albanian Home Service, Apr. 12, 1954, 2000 GMT-41 (Recordings of Prosecutor's summation) (Text)" (PDF) (OFFICIAL USE ONLY LL 1 - ALBANIA Apr. 15, 1954). Retrieved 10 November 2019..
- ↑ Woodcock, Shannon (7 August 2014). "'Against a Wall': Albania's Women Political Prisoners' Struggle to be Heard". Cultural Studies Review. pp. 39–65–39–65. doi:10.5130/csr.v20i2.4093..
- ↑ "Albania Condemns Writer's Defection as "Ugly Act". AP NEWS. Retrieved 10 November 2019..
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