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Google Translate

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Google Translate
Google Translate website homepage
Type of site
Neural machine translation
Available in133 languages; see below
OwnerGoogle
Websitetranslate.google.com
CommercialYes
RegistrationOptional
UsersOver 500 million people daily
LaunchedApril 28, 2006; 18 years ago (2006-04-28) (as statistical machine translation)[1]
November 15, 2016; 7 years ago (2016-11-15) (as neural machine translation)[2]
Current statusActive

Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, and an API that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications.[3] As of April 2024, Google Translate supports 133 languages at various levels,[4] and as of April 2016, claimed over 500 million total users, with more than 100 billion words translated daily,[5] after the company stated in May 2013 that it served over 200 million people daily.[6]

Launched in April 2006 as a statistical machine translation service, it used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts to gather linguistic data. Rather than translating languages directly, it first translates text to English and then pivots to the target language in most of the language combinations it posits in its grid,[7] with a few exceptions including Catalan-Spanish.[8] During a translation, it looks for patterns in millions of documents to help decide which words to choose and how to arrange them in the target language. Its accuracy, which has been criticized and ridiculed on several occasions,[9] has been measured to vary greatly across languages.[10] In November 2016, Google announced that Google Translate would switch to a neural machine translation engine – Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) – which translates "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar".[2] Originally only enabled for a few languages in 2016, GNMT is now used in all 133 languages in the Google Translate roster as of April 2024.[4]

History[edit]

Google Translate is a complementary translation service developed by Google in April 2006.[11] It translates multiple forms of texts and media such as words, phrases and webpages.

Originally, Google Translate was released as a statistical machine translation service.[11] The input text had to be translated into English first before being translated into the selected language.[11] Since SMT uses predictive algorithms to translate text, it had poor grammatical accuracy. Despite this, Google initially did not hire experts to resolve this limitation due to the ever-evolving nature of language.[11]

In January 2010, Google introduced an Android app and iOS version in February 2011 to serve as a portable personal interpreter.[11] As of February 2010, it was integrated into browsers such as Chrome and was able to pronounce the translated text, automatically recognize words in a picture and spot unfamiliar text and languages.[11]

In May 2014, Google acquired Word Lens to improve the quality of visual and voice translation.[12] It is able to scan text or a picture using the device and have it translated instantly. Moreover, the system automatically identifies foreign languages and translates speech without requiring individuals to tap the microphone button whenever speech translation is needed.[12]

In November 2016, Google transitioned its translating method to a system called neural machine translation.[13] It uses deep learning techniques to translate whole sentences at a time, which has been measured to be more accurate between English and French, German, Spanish, and Chinese.[14] No measurement results have been provided by Google researchers for GNMT from English to other languages, other languages to English, or between language pairs that do not include English. As of 2018, it translates more than 100 billion words a day.[13]

In 2017, Google Translate was used during a court hearing when court officials at Teesside Magistrates' Court failed to book an interpreter for the Chinese defendant.[15]

Functions[edit]

Google Translate can translate multiple forms of text and media, which includes text, speech, and text within still or moving images.[16][17] Specifically, its functions include:

  • Written Words Translation: a function that translates written words or text to a foreign language.[18]
  • Website Translation: a function that translates a whole webpage to selected languages.[19]
  • Document Translation: a function that translates a document uploaded by the users to selected languages. The documents should be in the form of: .doc, .docx, .odf, .pdf, .ppt, .pptx, .ps, .rtf, .txt, .xls, .xlsx.[19]
  • Speech Translation: a function that instantly translates spoken language into the selected foreign language.[20]
  • Mobile App Translation: in 2018, Google Translate has introduced its new feature called "Tap to Translate", which made instant translation accessible inside any app without exiting or switching it.[21]
  • Image Translation: a function that identifies text in a picture taken by the users and translates text on the screen instantly by images.[22]
  • Handwritten Translation: a function that translates language that are handwritten on the phone screen or drawn on a virtual keyboard without the support of a keyboard.[23]
  • Bilingual Conversation Translation: a function that translates conversations in multiple languages.[24]
  • Transcription: a function that transcribes speech in different languages.[25]

For most of its features, Google Translate provides the pronunciation, dictionary, and listening to translation. Additionally, Google Translate has introduced its own Translate app, so translation is available with a mobile phone in offline mode.[16][17]

Features[edit]

File:Google translate webpage.png
English Wikipedia's homepage translated into Portuguese

Web interface[edit]

Google Translate produces approximations across languages of multiple forms of text and media, including text, speech, websites, or text on display in still or live video images.[16][17] For some languages, Google Translate can synthesize speech from text,[18] and in certain pairs it is possible to highlight specific corresponding words and phrases between the source and target text. Results are sometimes shown with dictional information below the translation box, but it is not a dictionary[26] and has been shown to invent translations in all languages for words it does not recognize.[27] If "Detect language" is selected, text in an unknown language can be automatically identified. In the web interface, users can suggest alternate translations, such as for technical terms, or correct mistakes. These suggestions may be included in future updates to the translation process. If a user enters a URL in the source text, Google Translate will produce a hyperlink to a machine translation of the website.[19] Users can save translation proposals in a "phrasebook" for later use, and a shareable URL is generated for each translation.[28][29] For some languages, text can be entered via an on-screen keyboard, through handwriting recognition, or speech recognition.[23][20] It is possible to enter searches in a source language that are first translated to a destination language allowing one to browse and interpret results from the selected destination language in the source language.

Texts written in the Arabic, Cyrillic, Devanagari and Greek scripts can be transliterated automatically from phonetic equivalents written in the Latin alphabet. The browser version of Google Translate provides the option to show phonetic equivalents of text translated from Japanese to English. The same option is not available on the paid API version.

Accent of English that the "text-to-speech" audio of Google Translate of each country uses:
  British (Received Pronunciation) (female)
  General American (female)
  General Australian (female)
  Indian (female)
  No Google translate service

Many of the more popular languages have a "text-to-speech" audio function that is able to read back a text in that language, up to a few dozen words or so. In the case of pluricentric languages, the accent depends on the region: for English, in the Americas, most of the Asia-Pacific and Western Asia, the audio uses a female General American accent, whereas in Europe, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Guyana and all other parts of the world, a female British (Received Pronunciation) accent is used, except for a special General Australian accent used in Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island, and an Indian English accent used in India; for Spanish, in the Americas, a Latin American accent is used, while in the other parts of the world, a Castilian accent is used; for Portuguese, a São Paulo accent is used around the world, except in Portugal, where their native accent is used instead; for French, a Quebec accent is used in Canada, while in the other parts of the world, a standard European accent is used; for Bengali, a male Bangladeshi accent is used, except in India, where a special female Indian Bengali accent is used instead. Some less widely spoken languages use the open-source eSpeak synthesizer for their speech; producing a robotic, awkward voice that may be difficult to understand.

Browser integration[edit]

Google Translate is available in some web browsers as an optional downloadable extension that can run the translation engine, which allow right-click command access to the translation service.[30][31][32] In February 2010, Google Translate was integrated into the Google Chrome browser by default, for optional automatic webpage translation.[33][34][35]

Mobile app[edit]

Google Translate
Screenshot
A screenshot of the iOS app of Google Translate, showing an English translation of "Coffee" to Simplified Chinese "咖啡" or "Kāfēi"
A screenshot of the iOS app of Google Translate, showing an English translation of "Coffee" to Simplified Chinese "咖啡" or "Kāfēi"
Developer(s)Google
Initial releaseJanuary 1, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-01-01) (for Android)
February 8, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-02-08) (for iOS)
Engine
    Platform
    Size31.58 MB (Android)
    123.7 MB (iOS)
    Available in133 languages; see below
    TypeNeural machine translation
    Websitetranslate.google.com/m?hl=en

    Search Google Translate on Amazon.

    The Google Translate app for Android and iOS supports 133 languages and can propose translations for 37 languages via photo, 32 via voice in "conversation mode", and 27 via live video imagery in "augmented reality mode".[36][37]

    The Android app was released in January 2010, and for iOS on February 8, 2011,[38] after an HTML5 web application was released for iOS users in August 2008.[39] The Android app is compatible with devices running at least Android 2.1, while the iOS app is compatible with iPod Touches, iPads, and iPhones updated to iOS 7.0+.[40]

    A January 2011 Android version experimented with a "Conversation Mode" that aims to allow users to communicate fluidly with a nearby person in another language.[41] Originally limited to English and Spanish, the feature received support for 12 new languages, still in testing, the following October.[42][43]

    The 'Camera input' functionality allows users to take a photograph of a document, signboard, etc. Google Translate recognises the text from the image using optical character recognition (OCR) technology and gives the translation. Camera input is not available for all languages.

    In January 2015, the apps gained the ability to propose translations of physical signs in real time using the device's camera, as a result of Google's acquisition of the Word Lens app.[44][45][12] The original January launch only supported seven languages, but a July update added support for 20 new languages, with the release of a new implementation that utilizes convolutional neural networks, and also enhanced the speed and quality of Conversation Mode translations (augmented reality).[36][37][46][47][48] The feature was subsequently renamed Instant Camera. The technology underlying Instant Camera combines image processing and optical character recognition, then attempts to produce cross-language equivalents using standard Google Translate estimations for the text as it is perceived.[49]

    On May 11, 2016, Google introduced Tap to Translate for Google Translate for Android. Upon highlighting text in an app that is in a foreign language, Translate will pop up inside of the app and offer translations.[50]

    API[edit]

    On May 26, 2011, Google announced that the Google Translate API for software developers had been deprecated and would cease functioning.[51][52][53] The Translate API page stated the reason as "substantial economic burden caused by extensive abuse" with an end date set for December 1, 2011.[54] In response to public pressure, Google announced in June 2011 that the API would continue to be available as a paid service.[51][52][55]

    Because the API was used in numerous third-party websites and apps, the original decision to deprecate it led some developers to criticize Google and question the viability of using Google APIs in their products.[56][57]

    Google Assistant[edit]

    Google Translate also provides translations for Google Assistant and the devices that Google Assistant runs on such as Google Nest and Pixel Buds.

    Supported languages[edit]

    As of April 2024, the following 133 languages are supported by Google Translate.[4]

    1. Afrikaans
    2. Albanian
    3. Amharic
    4. Arabic
    5. Armenian
    6. Assamese
    7. Aymara
    8. Azerbaijani
    9. Bambara
    10. Basque
    11. Belarusian
    12. Bengali
    13. Bhojpuri
    14. Bosnian
    15. Bulgarian
    16. Burmese (Myanmar)
    17. Catalan
    18. Cebuano
    19. Chewa (Chichewa)
    20. Chinese (Simplified)
    21. Chinese (Traditional)
    22. Corsican
    23. Croatian
    24. Czech
    25. Danish
    26. Dogri
    27. Dutch
    28. English
    29. Esperanto
    30. Estonian
    31. Ewe
    32. Finnish
    33. French
    34. Galician
    35. Georgian
    36. German
    37. Greek
    38. Guarani
    39. Gujarati
    40. Haitian Creole
    41. Hausa
    42. Hawaiian
    43. Hebrew
    44. Hindi
    45. Hmong
    46. Hungarian
    47. Icelandic
    48. Igbo
    49. Ilocano
    50. Indonesian
    51. Irish
    52. Italian
    53. Japanese
    54. Javanese
    55. Kannada
    56. Kazakh
    57. Khmer
    58. Kinyarwanda
    59. Konkani
    60. Korean
    61. Krio
    62. Kurdish (Kurmanji)
    63. Kurdish (Sorani)
    64. Kyrgyz
    65. Lao
    66. Latin
    67. Latvian
    68. Lingala
    69. Lithuanian
    70. Luganda
    71. Luxembourgish
    72. Macedonian
    73. Maithili
    74. Malagasy
    75. Malay
    76. Malayalam
    77. Maldivian (Dhivehi)
    78. Maltese
    79. Māori (Maori)
    80. Marathi
    81. Meitei (Manipuri, Meiteilon)
    82. Mizo
    83. Mongolian
    84. Nepali
    85. Northern Sotho (Sepedi)
    86. Norwegian
    87. Odia (Oriya)
    88. Oromo
    89. Pashto
    90. Persian
    91. Polish
    92. Portuguese
    93. Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
    94. Quechua
    95. Romanian
    96. Russian
    97. Samoan
    98. Sanskrit
    99. Scottish Gaelic (Scots Gaelic)
    100. Serbian
    101. Sesotho
    102. Shona
    103. Sindhi
    104. Sinhala
    105. Slovak
    106. Slovenian
    107. Somali
    108. Spanish
    109. Sundanese
    110. Swahili
    111. Swedish
    112. Tagalog (Filipino)
    113. Tajik
    114. Tamil
    115. Tatar
    116. Telugu
    117. Thai
    118. Tigrinya
    119. Tsonga
    120. Turkish
    121. Turkmen
    122. Twi
    123. Ukrainian
    124. Urdu
    125. Uyghur
    126. Uzbek
    127. Vietnamese
    128. Welsh
    129. West Frisian (Frisian)
    130. Xhosa
    131. Yiddish
    132. Yoruba
    133. Zulu

    Stages[edit]

    History

    (by chronological order of introduction)

    1. 1st stage
      1. English to and from French
      2. English to and from German
      3. English to and from Spanish
    2. 2nd stage
      1. English to and from Portuguese
    3. 3rd stage
      1. English to and from Italian
    4. 4th stage
      1. English to and from Chinese (Simplified)
      2. English to and from Japanese
      3. English to and from Korean
    5. 5th stage (launched April 28, 2006)[1]
      1. English to and from Arabic
    6. 6th stage (launched December 16, 2006)
      1. English to and from Russian
    7. 7th stage (launched February 9, 2007)
      1. English to and from Chinese (Traditional)
      2. Chinese ((Simplified) to and from Traditional)
    8. 8th stage (all 25 language pairs use Google's machine translation system) (launched October 22, 2007)
      1. English to and from Dutch
      2. English to and from Greek
    9. 9th stage
      1. English to and from Hindi
    10. 10th stage (as of this stage, translation can be done between any two languages, using English as an intermediate step, if needed) (launched May 8, 2008)
      1. Bulgarian
      2. Croatian
      3. Czech
      4. Danish
      5. Finnish
      6. Norwegian (Bokmål)
      7. Polish
      8. Romanian
      9. Swedish
    11. 11th stage (launched September 25, 2008)
      1. Catalan
      2. Filipino (Tagalog)
      3. Hebrew
      4. Indonesian
      5. Latvian
      6. Lithuanian
      7. Serbian
      8. Slovak
      9. Slovene
      10. Ukrainian
      11. Vietnamese
    12. 12th stage (launched January 30, 2009)
      1. Albanian
      2. Estonian
      3. Galician
      4. Hungarian
      5. Maltese
      6. Thai
      7. Turkish
    13. 13th stage (launched June 19, 2009)
      1. Persian
    14. 14th stage (launched August 24, 2009)
      1. Afrikaans
      2. Belarusian
      3. Icelandic
      4. Irish
      5. Macedonian
      6. Malay
      7. Swahili
      8. Welsh
      9. Yiddish
    15. 15th stage (launched November 19, 2009)
      1. The Beta stage is finished. Users can now choose to have the romanization written for Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Greek, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Thai and Ukrainian. For translations from Arabic, Hindi and Persian, the user can enter a Latin transliteration of the text and the text will be transliterated to the native script for these languages as the user is typing. The text can now be read by a text-to-speech program in English, French, German and Italian.
    16. 16th stage (launched January 30, 2010)
      1. Haitian Creole
    17. 17th stage (launched April 2010)
      1. Speech program launched in Hindi and Spanish.
    18. 18th stage (launched May 5, 2010)
      1. Speech program launched in Afrikaans, Albanian, Catalan, Chinese (Mandarin), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Latvian, Macedonian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Swahili, Swedish, Turkish, Vietnamese and Welsh (based on eSpeak)[58]
    19. 19th stage (launched May 13, 2010)[59]
      1. Armenian
      2. Azerbaijani
      3. Basque
      4. Georgian
      5. Urdu
    20. 20th stage (launched June 2010)
      1. Provides romanization for Arabic.
    21. 21st stage (launched September 2010)
      1. Allows phonetic typing for Arabic, Greek, Hindi, Persian, Russian, Serbian and Urdu.
      2. Latin[60][61]
    22. 22nd stage (launched December 2010)
      1. Romanization of Arabic removed.
      2. Spell check added.
      3. For some languages, Google replaced text-to-speech synthesizers from eSpeak's robot voice to native speaker's nature voice technologies made by SVOX[62] (Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish and Turkish), and also the old versions of French, German, Italian and Spanish; Latin uses the same synthesizer as Italian.
      4. Speech program launched in Arabic, Japanese and Korean.
    23. 23rd stage (launched January 2011)
      1. Choice of different translations for a word.
    24. 24th stage (launched June 2011)
      1. 5 new Indic languages (in alpha) and a transliterated input method:[63]
      2. Bengali
      3. Gujarati
      4. Kannada
      5. Tamil
      6. Telugu
    25. 25th stage (launched July 2011)
      1. Translation rating introduced.
    26. 26th stage (launched January 2012)
      1. Dutch male voice synthesizer replaced with female.
      2. Elena by SVOX replaced the Slovak eSpeak voice.
      3. Transliteration of Yiddish added.
    27. 27th stage (launched February 2012)
      1. Speech program launched in Thai.
      2. Esperanto[64]
    28. 28th stage (launched September 2012)
      1. Lao
    29. 29th stage (launched October 2012)
      1. Transliteration of Lao added. (alpha status)[65][66]
    30. 30th stage (launched October 2012)
      1. New speech program launched in English.
    31. 31st stage (launched November 2012)
      1. New speech program in French, German, Italian, Latin and Spanish.
    32. 32nd stage (launched March 2013)
      1. Phrasebook added.
    33. 33rd stage (launched April 2013)
      1. Khmer[67]
    34. 34th stage (launched May 2013)
      1. Bosnian
      2. Cebuano[68]
      3. Hmong
      4. Javanese
      5. Marathi
    35. 35th stage (launched May 2013)
      1. 16 additional languages can be used with camera-input: Bulgarian, Catalan, Croatian, Danish, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Indonesian, Icelandic, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian and Swedish.
    36. 36th stage (launched December 2013)
      1. Hausa
      2. Igbo
      3. Maori
      4. Mongolian
      5. Nepali
      6. Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
      7. Somali
      8. Yoruba
      9. Zulu
    37. 37th stage (launched June 2014)
      1. Definition of words added.
    38. 38th stage (launched December 2014)
      1. Burmese
      2. Chewa
      3. Kazakh
      4. Malagasy
      5. Malayalam
      6. Sinhala[69]
      7. Sotho
      8. Sundanese
      9. Tajik
      10. Uzbek
    39. 39th stage (launched October 2015)
      1. Transliteration of Arabic restored.
    40. 40th stage (launched November 2015)
      1. Aurebesh
    41. 41st stage (launched February 2016)
      1. Aurebesh removed.
      2. Speech program launched in Bengali.[70][71][72][73][74]
      3. Amharic
      4. Corsican
      5. Hawaiian
      6. Kurdish (Kurmanji)
      7. Kyrgyz
      8. Luxembourgish
      9. Pashto
      10. Samoan
      11. Scottish Gaelic
      12. Shona
      13. Sindhi[75]
      14. West Frisian
      15. Xhosa
    42. 42nd stage (launched September 2016)
      1. Speech program launched in Ukrainian.
    43. 43rd stage (launched December 2016)
      1. Speech program launched in Khmer and Sinhala.
    44. 44th stage (launched June 2018)
      1. Speech program launched in Burmese, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali and Telugu.
    45. 45th stage (launched September 2019)
      1. Speech program launched in Gujarati, Kannada and Urdu.
    46. 46th stage (launched February 2020)[76]
      1. Kinyarwanda
      2. Odia
      3. Tatar
      4. Turkmen
      5. Uyghur
    47. 47th stage (launched February 2021)
      1. Speech program launched in Afrikaans, Bulgarian, Catalan, Icelandic, Latvian, and Serbian (changed from eSpeak to a natural voice).
      2. New speech system (WaveNet) for several languages.
    48. 48th stage (launched January 2022)
      1. Speech program launched in Hebrew.
    49. 49th stage (launched May 2022)[77]
      1. Assamese
      2. Aymara
      3. Bambara
      4. Bhojpuri
      5. Dogri
      6. Ewe
      7. Guarani
      8. Ilocano
      9. Konkani
      10. Krio
      11. Kurdish (Sorani)
      12. Lingala
      13. Luganda
      14. Maithili
      15. Maldivian
      16. Meitei
      17. Mizo
      18. Sepedi
      19. Oromo
      20. Quechua
      21. Sanskrit
      22. Tigrinya
      23. Tsonga
      24. Twi
      25. eSpeak voice synthesizer removed from Armenian, Esperanto, Macedonian and Welsh.

    Languages in development and beta version[edit]

    The following languages are not yet supported by Google Translate, but are available in the Translate Community. As of April 2024, there are 103 languages in development, of which 9 are in beta version.[78]

    The languages in beta version are closer to their public release and have an exclusive extra option to contribute that allows evaluating up to 4 translations of the beta version by translating an English text of up to 50 characters.

    There is currently a petition for Google to add Cree to Google Translate, but as of April 2024, it is not one of the languages in development yet.[79][80]

    1. Acehnese
    2. Adyghe
    3. Afar BETA
    4. Aragonese
    5. Avar (Avaric)
    6. Bagheli
    7. Balochi (Baluchi)
    8. Bangala
    9. Baoulé
    10. Bashkir
    11. Berber (Tamazight) BETA
    12. Betawi
    13. Bodo BETA
    14. Breton
    15. Cantonese
    16. Chechen
    17. Cherokee
    18. Chhattisgarhi
    19. Chittagonian
    20. Chuvash
    21. Deccani
    22. Dholuo
    23. Dyula
    24. Dzongkha
    25. Edo
    26. Efik
    27. Esan
    28. Fon
    29. Fula (Fulah) BETA
    30. Gagauz
    31. Garhwali
    32. Greenlandic (Kalaallisut)
    33. Haryanvi
    34. Hiligaynon
    35. Inuktitut
    36. Isoko
    37. Kamba
    38. Kanuri
    39. Kapampangan (Pampanga)
    40. Karachay-Balkar
    41. Karakalpak (Kara-Kalpak)
    42. Kashmiri
    43. Kedah Malay
    44. Khakas
    45. Khandeshi (Ahirani)
    46. Khorasani Turkic
    47. Kikuyu
    48. Kokborok (Tripuri)
    49. Kumyk
    50. Kʼicheʼ
    51. Lakota
    52. Lhasa Tibetan (Tibetan) BETA
    53. Luba-Kasai (Tshiluba)
    54. Luba-Katanga
    55. Madurese
    56. Magahi
    57. Marwari
    58. Mazanderani
    59. Minangkabau
    60. Montenegrin
    61. Mooré (Mossi)
    62. Navajo
    63. Newar (Nepalbhasa) BETA
    64. Nigerian Pidgin
    65. Northern Sami
    66. Occitan
    67. Pattani Malay
    68. Qashqai
    69. Rajasthani
    70. Rangpuri (Kamtapuri)
    71. Rohingya
    72. Romansh
    73. Sadri
    74. Salar
    75. Samogitian
    76. Sango
    77. Santali BETA
    78. Saraiki BETA
    79. Serrano
    80. Shor
    81. Siberian Tatar
    82. Sicilian
    83. Southern Altai
    84. Southern Ndebele
    85. Surjapuri
    86. Swahili Congo
    87. Sylheti
    88. Tiv
    89. Toba Batak (Batak Toba)
    90. Tok Pisin
    91. Tonga (Zambia and Zimbabwe) (Chitonga)
    92. Tswana (Setswana)
    93. Tswa
    94. Tuvan (Tuvinian)
    95. Urhobo
    96. Urum
    97. Varhadi (Varhadi-Nagpuri)
    98. Venda (Tshivenda)
    99. Wolof
    100. Yakut
    101. Yucatec Maya (Yucateco) BETA
    102. Zazaki
    103. Zhuang

    Translation methodology[edit]

    In April 2006, Google Translate launched with a statistical machine translation engine.[1]

    Google Translate does not apply grammatical rules, since its algorithms are based on statistical or pattern analysis rather than traditional rule-based analysis. The system's original creator, Franz Josef Och, has criticized the effectiveness of rule-based algorithms in favor of statistical approaches.[81][82] Original versions of Google Translate were based on a method called statistical machine translation, and more specifically, on research by Och who won the DARPA contest for speed machine translation in 2003. Och was the head of Google's machine translation group until leaving to join Human Longevity, Inc. in July 2014.[83]

    Google Translate does not translate from one language to another (L1 → L2). Instead, it often translates first to English and then to the target language (L1 → EN → L2).[84][85][86][7][87] However, because English, like all human languages, is ambiguous and depends on context, this can cause translation errors. For example, translating vous from French to Russian gives vous → you → ты OR Bы/вы.[88] If Google were using an unambiguous, artificial language as the intermediary, it would be vous → you → Bы/вы OR tu → thou → ты. Such a suffixing of words disambiguates their different meanings. Hence, publishing in English, using unambiguous words, providing context, using expressions such as "you all" may or may not make a better one-step translation depending on the target language.

    The following languages do not have a direct Google translation to or from English. These languages are translated through the indicated intermediate language (which in most cases is closely related to the desired language but more widely spoken) in addition to through English:[citation needed]

    According to Och, a solid base for developing a usable statistical machine translation system for a new pair of languages from scratch would consist of a bilingual text corpus (or parallel collection) of more than 150-200 million words, and two monolingual corpora each of more than a billion words.[81] Statistical models from these data are then used to translate between those languages.

    To acquire this huge amount of linguistic data, Google used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts.[89][90] The UN typically publishes documents in all six official UN languages, which has produced a very large 6-language corpus.

    Google representatives have been involved with domestic conferences in Japan where it has solicited bilingual data from researchers.[91]

    When Google Translate generates a translation proposal, it looks for patterns in hundreds of millions of documents to help decide on the best translation. By detecting patterns in documents that have already been translated by human translators, Google Translate makes informed guesses (AI) as to what an appropriate translation should be.[92]

    Before October 2007, for languages other than Arabic, Chinese and Russian, Google Translate was based on SYSTRAN, a software engine which is still used by several other online translation services such as Babel Fish (now defunct). From October 2007, Google Translate used proprietary, in-house technology based on statistical machine translation instead,[93][94] before transitioning to neural machine translation.

    Google Translate Community[edit]

    Google has crowdsourcing features for volunteers to be a part of its "Translate Community", intended to help improve Google Translate's accuracy.[95][96][97][98][99] Volunteers can select up to five languages to help improve translation; users can verify translated phrases and translate phrases in their languages to and from English, helping to improve the accuracy of translating more rare and complex phrases.[100] In August 2016, a Google Crowdsource app was released for Android users, in which translation tasks are offered.[101][102] There are three ways to contribute. First, Google will show a phrase that one should type in the translated version.[97] Second, Google will show a proposed translation for a user to agree, disagree, or skip.[97] Third, users can suggest translations for phrases where they think they can improve on Google's results. Tests in 44 languages show that the "suggest an edit" feature led to an improvement in a maximum of 40% of cases over four years, while analysis across the board shows that Google's crowd procedures often reduce erroneous translations.[103]

    Statistical machine translation[edit]

    Although Google deployed a new system called neural machine translation for better quality translation, there are languages that still use the traditional translation method called statistical machine translation. It is a rule-based translation method that utilizes predictive algorithms to guess ways to translate texts in foreign languages. It aims to translate whole phrases rather than single words then gather overlapping phrases for translation. Moreover, it also analyzes bilingual text corpora to generate statistical model that translates texts from one language to another.[104]

    Google Neural Machine Translation[edit]

    Main article: Google Neural Machine Translation

    In September 2016, a research team at Google announced the development of the Google Neural Machine Translation system (GNMT) to increase fluency and accuracy in Google Translate[2][105] and in November announced that Google Translate would switch to GNMT.

    Google Translate's neural machine translation system uses a large end-to-end artificial neural network that attempts to perform deep learning,[2][106][107] in particular, long short-term memory networks.[108][109][14][110] GNMT improves the quality of translation over SMT in some instances because it uses an example-based machine translation (EBMT) method in which the system "learns from millions of examples."[106] According to Google researchers, it translates "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar".[2] GNMT's "proposed architecture" of "system learning" has been implemented on over a hundred languages supported by Google Translate.[106] With the end-to-end framework, Google states but does not demonstrate for most languages that "the system learns over time to create better, more natural translations."[2] The GNMT network attempts interlingual machine translation, which encodes the "semantics of the sentence rather than simply memorizing phrase-to-phrase translations",[106][86] and the system did not invent its own universal language, but uses "the commonality found in between many languages".[111] GNMT was first enabled for eight languages: to and from English and Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish.[2][105] In March 2017, it was enabled for Hindi, Russian and Vietnamese,[112] followed by Bengali, Gujarati, Indonesian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu in April.[113]

    Accuracy[edit]

    Google Translate is not as reliable as human translation. When text is well-structured, written using formal language, with simple sentences, relating to formal topics for which training data is ample, it often produces conversions similar to human translations between English and a number of high-resource languages.[114][13] Accuracy decreases for those languages when fewer of those conditions apply, for example when sentence length increases or the text uses familiar or literary language. For many other languages vis-à-vis English, it can produce the gist of text in those formal circumstances.[115] Human evaluation from English to all 102 languages shows that the main idea of a text is conveyed more than 50% of the time for 35 languages. For 67 languages, a minimally comprehensible result is not achieved 50% of the time or greater.[10] A few studies have evaluated Chinese,[citation needed] French,[citation needed] German,[citation needed] and Spanish[citation needed] to English, but no systematic human evaluation has been conducted from most Google Translate languages to English. Speculative language-to-language scores extrapolated from English-to-other measurements[10] indicate that Google Translate will produce translation results that convey the gist of a text from one language to another more than half the time in about 1% of language pairs, where neither language is English.[116] Research conducted in 2011 showed that Google Translate got a slightly higher score than the UCLA minimum score for the English Proficiency Exam.[117] Due to its identical choice of words without considering the flexibility of choosing alternative words or expressions, it produces a relatively similar translation to human translation from the perspective of formality, referential cohesion, and conceptual cohesion.[118] Moreover, a number of languages are translated into a sentence structure and sentence length similar to a human translation.[118] Furthermore, Google carried out a test that required native speakers of each language to rate the translation on a scale between 0 and 6, and Google Translate scored 5.43 on average.[13]

    When used as a dictionary to translate single words, Google Translate is highly inaccurate because it must guess between polysemic words. Among the top 100 words in the English language, which make up more than 50% of all written English, the average word has more than 15 senses,[119] which makes the odds against a correct translation about 15 to 1 if each sense maps to a different word in the target language. Most common English words have at least two senses, which produces 50/50 odds in the likely case that the target language uses different words for those different senses. The odds are similar from other languages to English. Google Translate makes statistical guesses that raise the likelihood of producing the most frequent sense of a word, with the consequence that an accurate translation will be unobtainable in cases that do not match the majority or plurality corpus occurrence. The accuracy of single-word predictions has not been measured for any language. Because almost all non-English language pairs pivot through English, the odds against obtaining accurate single-word translations from one non-English language to another can be estimated by multiplying the number of senses in the source language with the number of senses each of those terms have in English. When Google Translate does not have a word in its vocabulary, it makes up a result as part of its algorithm.[27]

    Google Translate's inaccuracy can be illustrated by translating from one language to another then back to the original language. This will often result in nonsensical constructions, rather than recovering the original text.[citation needed]

    Limitations[edit]

    Google Translate, like other automatic translation tools, has its limitations. The service limits the number of paragraphs and the range of technical terms that can be translated, and while it can help the reader understand the general content of a foreign language text, it does not always deliver accurate translations, and most times it tends to repeat verbatim the same word it is expected to translate. Grammatically, for example, Google Translate struggles to differentiate between imperfect and perfect aspects in Romance languages so habitual and continuous acts in the past often become single historical events. Although seemingly pedantic, this can often lead to incorrect results (to a native speaker of for example French and Spanish) which would have been avoided by a human translator. Knowledge of the subjunctive mood is virtually non-existent.[120][unreliable source?] Moreover, the formal second person (vous) is often chosen, whatever the context or accepted usage.[121][unreliable source?] Since its English reference material contains only "you" forms, it has difficulty translating a language with "you all" or formal "you" variations.

    Due to differences between languages in investment, research, and the extent of digital resources, the accuracy of Google Translate varies greatly among languages.[13] Some languages produce better results than others. Most languages from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, tend to score poorly in relation to the scores of many well-financed European languages, Afrikaans and Chinese being the high-scoring exceptions from their continents.[10][122] No languages indigenous to Australia are included within Google Translate. Higher scores for European can be partially attributed to the Europarl Corpus, a trove of documents from the European Parliament that have been professionally translated by the mandate of the European Union into as many as 21 languages. A 2010 analysis indicated that French to English translation is relatively accurate,[123] and 2011 and 2012 analyses showed that Italian to English translation is relatively accurate as well.[124][125] However, if the source text is shorter, rule-based machine translations often perform better; this effect is particularly evident in Chinese to English translations. While edits of translations may be submitted, in Chinese specifically one cannot edit sentences as a whole. Instead, one must edit sometimes arbitrary sets of characters, leading to incorrect edits.[123] A good example is Russian-to-English. Formerly one would use Google Translate to make a draft and then use a dictionary and common sense to correct the numerous mistakes. As of early 2018 Translate is sufficiently accurate to make the Russian Wikipedia accessible to those who can read English. The quality of Translate can be checked by adding it as an extension to Chrome or Firefox and applying it to the left language links of any Wikipedia article. It can be used as a dictionary by typing in words. One can translate from a book by using a scanner and an OCR like Google Drive, but this takes about five minutes per page.

    In its Written Words Translation function, there is a word limit on the amount of text that can be translated at once.[18] Therefore, long text should be transferred to a document form and translated through its Document Translate function.[18]

    Moreover, like all machine translation programs, Google Translate struggles with polysemy (the multiple meanings a word may have)[126][13] and multiword expressions (terms that have meanings that cannot be understood or translated by analyzing the individual word units that compose them).[127] A word in a foreign language might have two different meanings in the translated language. This might lead to mistranslations.

    Additionally, grammatical errors remain a major limitation to the accuracy of Google Translate.[128]

    Open-source licenses and components[edit]

    Language WordNet License
    Albanian Albanet CC BY 3.0/GPL 3
    Arabic Arabic WordNet CC BY-SA 3.0
    Catalan Multilingual Central Repository CC BY 3.0
    Chinese Chinese Wordnet (Taiwan) Wordnet
    Danish DanNet Wordnet
    English Princeton WordNet Wordnet
    Finnish FinnWordNet Wordnet
    French WOLF (WOrdnet Libre du Francais) CeCILL-C
    Galician Multilingual Central Repository CC BY 3.0
    Haitian Creole MIT-Haiti Initiative CC BY 4.0
    Hebrew Hebrew Wordnet Wordnet
    Indonesian Wordnet Bahasa MIT
    Italian MultiWordNet CC BY 3.0
    Japanese Japanese Wordnet Wordnet
    Malay Wordnet Bahasa MIT
    Norwegian Norwegian Wordnet Wordnet
    Persian Persian Wordnet Free-to-use
    Polish plWordNet Wordnet
    Portuguese OpenWN-PT CC BY-SA 3.0
    Spanish Multilingual Central Repository CC BY 3.0
    Thai Thai Wordnet Wordnet

    Irish language data from Foras na Gaeilge's New English-Irish Dictionary (English database designed and developed for Foras na Gaeilge by Lexicography MasterClass Ltd.)

    Welsh language data from Gweiadur by Gwerin.

    Certain content is copyright Oxford University Press USA. Some phrase translations come from Wikitravel.[129]

    Reviews[edit]

    Shortly after launching the translation service for the first time, Google won an international competition for English–Arabic and English–Chinese machine translation.[130]

    Translation mistakes and oddities[edit]

    Since Google Translate used statistical matching to translate, translated text can often include apparently nonsensical and obvious errors,[131] often swapping common terms for similar but nonequivalent common terms in the other language,[132] as well as inverting sentence meaning.[133] Novelty websites like Bad Translator and Translation Party have utilized the service to produce humorous text by translating back and forth between multiple languages,[134] similar to the children's game telephone.[135]

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Och, Franz Josef (April 28, 2006). "Statistical machine translation live". Google AI Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Turovsky, Barak (November 15, 2016). "Found in translation: More accurate, fluent sentences in Google Translate". The Keyword Google Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
    3. ↑ "Translations Made Simple: The Usefulness of Translation Apps". Ulatus. April 8, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "See which features work with each language". Google Translate. Google Inc. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
    5. ↑ Turovsky, Barak (April 28, 2016). "Ten years of Google Translate". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
    6. ↑ Shankland, Stephen (May 18, 2013). "Google Translate now serves 200 million people daily". CNET. Red Ventures; CBS Interactive (at the time of publication). Retrieved October 17, 2014.
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "How GT Pivots through English". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
    8. ↑ Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Catalan to Spanish Translations". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
    9. ↑ Hofstadter, Douglas (January 30, 2018). "The Shallowness of Google Translate". The Atlantic. Emerson Collective. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Benjamin, Martin (March 30, 2019). "Source data for Teach You Backwards: An In-Depth Study of Google Translate for 108 Languages". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Sommerlad, Joe (June 19, 2018). "Google Translate: How does the search giant's multilingual interpreter actually work?". The Independent. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Petrovan, Bogdan (January 14, 2015). "Google Translate just got smarter: Word Lens and instant voice translations in the latest update". Android Authority. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 McGuire, Nick; Argondizzo, Peter (July 26, 2018). "How accurate is Google Translate in 2018?". ARGO Translation. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Wu, Yonghui; Schuster, Mike; Chen, Zhifeng; Le, Quoc V.; Norouzi, Mohammad; Macherey, Wolfgang; Krikun, Maxim; Cao, Yuan; Gao, Qin; Macherey, Klaus; Klingner, Jeff; Shah, Apurva; Johnson, Melvin; Liu, Xiaobing; Kaiser, Łukasz; Gouws, Stephan; Kato, Yoshikiyo; Kudo, Taku; Kazawa, Hideto; Stevens, Keith; Kurian, George; Patil, Nishant; Wang, Wei; Young, Cliff; Smith, Jason; Riesa, Jason; Rudnick, Alex; Vinyals, Oriol; Corrado, Greg; Hughes, Macduff; Dean, Jeff (October 8, 2016). "Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation". arXiv:1609.08144 [cs.CL]. Retrieved May 14, 2017
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    37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Setalvad, Ariha (July 29, 2015). "Google Translate adds 20 new languages to video text translation". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
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    39. ↑ Hutchison, Allen (August 7, 2008). "Google Translate now for iPhone". Google Mobile Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
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    42. ↑ Kim, Ryan (October 13, 2011). "Google Translate conversation mode expands to 14 languages". Gigaom. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
    43. ↑ Velazco, Chris (October 13, 2011). "Google Translate For Android Gets Upgraded "Conversation Mode"". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
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    45. ↑ Russell, Jon (January 14, 2015). "Google Translate Now Does Real-Time Voice And Sign Translations On Mobile". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
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    56. ↑ Wong, George (May 27, 2011). "Google gets rid of APIs for Translate and other services". Ubergizmo. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
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    63. ↑ Venugopal, Ashish (June 21, 2011). "Google Translate welcomes you to the Indic web". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
    64. ↑ Brants, Thorsten (February 22, 2012). "Tutmonda helplingvo por ĉiuj homoj" [A global auxiliary language for all people]. Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
    65. ↑ Brants, Thorsten (September 13, 2012). "Translating Lao". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
    66. ↑ Crum, Chris (September 13, 2012). "Google Adds Its 65th Language To Google Translate With Lao". WebProNews. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
    67. ↑ Ong, Josh (April 19, 2013). "Google Translate Now Supports 66 Languages After Adding Khmer". TNW News. Financial Times. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
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    69. ↑ Liyanage, Vimukthi (December 12, 2014). "Google සිංහල පරිවර්ථන සේවය අද සිට ක්‍රියාත්මකයි !" Google siṁhala parivarthana sēvaya ada siṭa kriyātmakayi ! [Google Sinhala translation service is active from today !]. TechGuru.lk (in Sinhala). Retrieved August 1, 2021.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
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    74. ↑ Shu, Catherine (February 17, 2016). "Google Translate Now Has More Than 100 Languages And Covers 99 Percent Of The Online Population". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
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    76. ↑ Humphries, Matthew (February 27, 2020). "Google Translate Adds 5 New Languages". PCMag. Ziff Davis. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
    77. ↑ "Google Translate adds support for 24 new languages, now supports over 130". May 11, 2022.
    78. ↑ "Google Translate - Contribute". Google Translate. Google Inc. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
    79. ↑ Chidley-Hill, John (February 21, 2021). "Online petition asks for Cree language to be added to Google Translate". CTV News, Bell Media (owner). The Canadian Press. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
    80. ↑ Beattie, Samantha (February 23, 2021). "Google Translate's Exclusion Of Indigenous Languages A 'Squandered' Opportunity". HuffPost Canada. BuzzFeed. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
    81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Och, Franz Josef (September 12, 2005). "Statistical Machine Translation: Foundations and Recent Advances" (PDF). mt-archive.com. Phuket, Thailand: Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    82. ↑ MT Summit X: The Tenth Machine Translation Summit (proceedings). Phuket, Thailand: Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation. 12–16 September 2005. ISBN 9789747431261. Retrieved February 4, 2022.CS1 maint: Date format (link) Search this book on
    83. ↑ "Franz Och, Ph.D., Expert in Machine Learning and Machine Translation, Joins Human Longevity, Inc. as Chief Data Scientist" (Press release). La Jolla, CA: Human Longevity, Inc. July 29, 2014. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    84. ↑ French to Russian translation translates the untranslated non-French word "obvious" from pivot (intermediate) English to Russian le mot 'obvious' n'est pas français → "очевидными" слово не французское
    85. ↑ We pretend that this English article is German when asking Google to translate it to French. Google, because it does not find the English words in the German dictionary, leaves those words unchanged as one can show it with this spelllling misssstake. But it translates them to French nonetheless. That's because Google translates German → English → French and that the unchanged English words undergo the second translation. The word "außergewöhnlich" however will be translated twice.
    86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Boitet, Christian; Blanchon, Hervé; Seligman, Mark; Bellynck, Valérie (January 31, 2011). "MT on and for the Web" (PDF). clips-imag.fr. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 P.Y. (October 25, 2010). "Wrong translation to Ukrainian language". Google Inc. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    88. ↑ Google Translation mixes up "tu" and plural or polite "vous" Je vous aime. Tu es ici. You are here. → Я люблю тебя. Вы здесь. Вы здесь.
    89. ↑ Adams, Tim (December 19, 2010). "Can Google break the computer language barrier?". The Guardian. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
    90. ↑ Tanner, Adam (March 28, 2007). "Google seeks world of instant translations". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
    91. ↑ Google was an official sponsor of the annual Computational Linguistics in Japan Conference ("Gengoshorigakkai") in 2007. Google also sent a delegate from its headquarters to the meeting of the members of the Computational Linguistic Society of Japan in March 2005, promising funding to researchers who would be willing to share text data.
    92. ↑ "Inside Google Translate (old)". Google Translate. Google Inc. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    93. ↑ Chitu, Alex (October 22, 2007). "Google Switches to Its Own Translation System". Unofficial Google Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
    94. ↑ Schwartz, Barry (October 23, 2007). "Google Translate Drops Systran For Home Brewed Translation". Search Engine Land. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
    95. ↑ Southern, Matt (July 28, 2014). "Google Seeks Community Help To Improve Google Translate". SEJ. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
    96. ↑ Kelman, Sveta (July 25, 2014). "Translate Community: Help us improve Google Translate!". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
    97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 "Help Us Improve the Google Translate Tool". Google Translate. Google Inc. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
    98. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic (July 25, 2014). "Google Wants To Improve Its Translations Through Crowdsourcing". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
    99. ↑ Summers, Nick (July 25, 2014). "Google sets up a community site to help improve Google Translate". TNW. Financial Times. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
    100. ↑ "Google Translate Community FAQ". Google. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
    101. ↑ Whitwam, Ryan (August 29, 2016). "New Google Crowdsource app asks you to help with translation and text transcription a few seconds at a time". Android Police. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
    102. ↑ Shankland, Stephen (August 29, 2016). "New Crowdsource app lets you work for Google for free". CNET. Red Ventures; CBS Interactive (at the time of publication). Retrieved July 13, 2017.
    103. ↑ Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Myth 5: Google Translate learns from its users - Qualitative Analysis of Google Translate across 108 Languages". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
    104. ↑ Lange, William (February 7, 2017). "Statistical Vs Neural Machine Translation". United Language Group. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Statistical Vs. Neural Machine Translation at the Wayback Machine (archived March 28, 2019)
    105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Le, Quoc V.; Schuster, Mike (September 27, 2016). "A Neural Network for Machine Translation, at Production Scale". Google AI Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
    106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 106.3 Schuster, Mike; Johnson, Melvin; Thorat, Nikhil (November 22, 2016). "Zero-Shot Translation with Google's Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System". Google AI Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
    107. ↑ Fewster, Gil (January 5, 2017). "The mind-blowing AI announcement from Google that you probably missed". freeCodeCamp. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
    108. ↑ Hochreiter, Sepp; Schmidhuber, Jürgen (November 15, 1997). "Long short-term memory". Neural Computation. 9 (8): 1735–1780. doi:10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735. PMID 9377276. Retrieved May 14, 2017. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
    109. ↑ Gers, Felix A.; Schmidhuber, Jürgen; Cummins, Fred (October 1, 2000). "Learning to Forget: Continual Prediction with LSTM". Neural Computation. 12 (10): 2451–2471. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.55.5709. doi:10.1162/089976600300015015. PMID 11032042. Retrieved May 14, 2017. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
    110. ↑ Cade, Metz (September 27, 2016). "An Infusion of AI Makes Google Translate More Powerful Than Ever". Wired. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
    111. ↑ McDonald, Chris (January 7, 2017). "Ok slow down". Medium. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
    112. ↑ Davenport, Corbin (March 6, 2017). "Google Translate now uses neural machine translation for some languages". Android Police. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
    113. ↑ Hager, Ryne (April 25, 2017). "Google adds Indonesian and eight new Indian languages to its neural machine translation". Android Police. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
    114. ↑ Benjamin, Martin (March 30, 2019). "The 5 conditions for satisfactory approximations with Google Translate - Conclusions: Real Data, Fake Data & Google Translate". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
    115. ↑ Benjamin, Martin (March 30, 2019). "Empirical Evaluation of Google Translate across 107 Languages". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
    116. ↑ Benjamin, Martin (March 30, 2019). "Non-English Pairs - Empirical Evaluation of Google Translate across 107 Languages". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
    117. ↑ Aiken, Milam; Balan, Shilpa (April 2011). "An Analysis of Google Translate Accuracy". Translation Journal. 16 (2). Retrieved November 29, 2018.
    118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 Li, Haiying; Graesser, Arthur; Cai, Zhiqiang (May 3, 2014). "Comparison of Google Translation with Human Translation" (PDF). FLAIRS Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
    119. ↑ Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Polysemy in top 100 Oxford English Corpus words within Wiktionary". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
    120. ↑ Subjunctive Mood (@IfIwerejudgingU) (May 15, 2013). "Subjunctive Mood". Twitter. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
    121. ↑ "Google Translate doesn't really understand 'tu' and 'vous'. Particularly "tu"". Reddit. December 2, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
    122. ↑ Freitas, Connor; Liu, Yudong (December 15, 2017). "Exploring the Differences between Human and Machine Translation". Western Washington University: 5. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
    123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 Shen, Ethan (June 2010). "Comparison of online machine translation tools". TCWorld. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    124. ↑ Pecoraro, Christopher (August 17, 2011). "Microsoft Bing Translator and Google Translate Compared". chrispecoraro.com. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
    125. ↑ Pecoraro, Christopher (January 30, 2012). "Microsoft Bing Translator and Google Translate compared (update)". chrispecoraro.com. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
    126. ↑ Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Polysemy – words with multiple meanings - The Astounding Mathematics of Machine Translation". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
    127. ↑ Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Party terms (or multiword expressions) – words that play together - The Astounding Mathematics of Machine Translation". Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
    128. ↑ Rahmannia, Mia; Triyono, Sulis (May 31, 2019). A Study of Google Translate Translations: An Error Analysis of Indonesian-to-English Texts. SSRN 3456744. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation (IJLLT) 2(3):196-200, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2020
    129. ↑ "Open source components and licenses". Google Translate. Google Inc. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
    130. ↑ Nielsen, Michael A. (October 3, 2011). Reinventing discovery: the new era of networked science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-691-14890-8. Retrieved February 24, 2012. Search this book on
    131. ↑ Gomes, Lee (July 22, 2010). "Google Translate Tangles With Computer Learning". Forbes. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
    132. ↑ Weinberg, Nathan (September 10, 2007). "Google Translates Ivan the Terrible as "Abraham Lincoln"". Blog News Channel. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    133. ↑ Twisted Translations (February 10, 2015). "Google Translate Sings: "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen". YouTube. Google Inc. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
    134. ↑ Topolyanskaya, Alyona (January 28, 2010). "Google Lost in Translation". The Moscow News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    135. ↑ Kincaid, Jason (August 7, 2009). "Translation Party: Tapping Into Google Translate's Untold Creative Genius". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 17, 2017.

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