Gulabnama
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Gulabnama (Persian: گلاب نما ) (Chronicle of the Gulab Singh) It is the information from (1792-1846) about political, administrative and military events that led to rise of Gulab Singh as a sovereign of Kashmir , Ladakh , Azad Kashmir , Gilgit Baltistan and Jammu by carving out a kingdom within Sikh Empire. [1] Written as the official history regarding origin of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), nine years after the death of Gulab Singh by Diwan Kirpa Ram, the son of Gulab Singh's prime minister Jwala Shahi, facts and chronology are beyond dispute as his descriptions of events are vivid and informed by direct knowledge of men and things. [2]
 Frontispiece and title-page, first edition 1876 | |
| Author | Diwan Kirpa Ram |
|---|---|
| Original title | Gulabnama |
| Translator | IIIrd Ed. Dr. Sukhdev Singh Charak, IVth Ed. Dr. Sukhdev Singh Charak & Dr. Anita Billowria |
| Illustrator | |
| Country | Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) |
| Language | Persian, English |
| Genre | Biography |
| Published | Ist Ed.1876, IInd Ed.1919, IIIrd Ed.1977, IVth Ed. 2005 |
| Publisher | Ist Edition:Tohfa-e-Kashmir Press, IInd Edition :Ranbir Prakashan Press, IIIrd Edition (Translation) Light & Shine Publication, IVth Edition (Translation) Gulshan Publication |
| Pages | |
| ISBN | 8186714898 Search this book on  . |
About Author[edit]
Diwan Kirpa Ram was author of first Biography of Gulab Singh. He began biography in 1857, completed in 1866, published in 1876, and died the same year.[3] He served as Diwan or Prime Minister from 1865 to 1876 of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) during Ranbir Singh's times and had access to confidential letters, parganas, sanads and other documents of his forefathers ( Bisham Dass, Diwan Amir Chand and Diwan Jawala Shahi) chests who held high position within Sikh Empire and later Dogra Rule in Kashmir.[4]
About Gulab Singh[edit]
While the eighteenth century had thrown up a number of outstanding men such as Tipu Sultan and Maharajah Sindhia, who had founded Kingdom and dynasties, Gulab Singh’s was the only case in nineteenth century India of a man, beginning as a small official in a court, who “conquered kingdoms and established himself as a Sovereign”. Panikkar added that even if Gulab Singh had died before the Treaty of Amritsar had guaranteed to him his State of Jammu and transferred to him the Sikh rights in Kashmir and its dependencies, he would have been “justly regarded as one of the most remarkable men of his time in India”. - K. M. Panikkar: Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh 1930 edition.[1]
Persian editions[edit]
'First edition; year 1876' Gulabnama of Diwan Kirpa Ram, the biography of Gulab Singh ( founder of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) in India) professes to be a general history of Jammu from the very ancient times to year 1857. It was completed in (Vikrami Samvat 1922 and was published in V.S 1933) was printed at the Tohfa-e-Kashmir Press, Srinagar, a government agency containing 420 pages, last text page numbered 418 but page 68 and 69 have been mistakenly printed twice besides 12 pages of Preface prefixed to the text.'Second edition; year 1919', mentioning (Vikrami Samvat 1933) was printed at Ranbir Parkash Press, Jammu , a government agency containing 429 folio pages of the text and 12 of Preface.[5]
English editions[edit]
The arrangement of chapters is as follows:
- Foreword; pp: (vii)
- Introduction; pp: (xi)
- Chapter 1: Prologue; pp:1-2
- Chapter 2: Statement of late highness' angelic pedigree; pp:3-12
- Chapter 3: Medieval Genealogy; pp:13-21
- Chapter 4: Modern Ancestors; pp:22-47
- Chapter 5: British and Early Life of Maharaja Gulab Singh; pp:48-57
- Chapter 6: An Account of Wazir Fateh Singh's conquest of Kashmir country; pp:58-61
- Chapter 7: An Account of Surprising Adventures of the "Tiger of Battlefield" and the Murder of Tredhu the worthless; pp:62-64
- Chapter 8: The Ride of King of Lahore on Kashmir for the first time; pp:65-68
- Chapter 9: Obtaining the Jagir of Beol; pp:69-70
- Chapter 10: The Conquest of Garh Dhamala Fort; pp:71-72
- Chapter 11: Acquiring Ramgarh Jagir; pp:73-74
- Chapter 12: The Multan Campaign; pp:75-76
- Chapter 13: Conquest of Reasi; pp:77-82
- Chapter 14: Chastisement of the Wicked Rebels; pp:83-85
- Chapter 15: Raja Dhian Singh get charge of Deodhi; pp:86-87
- Chapter 16: An account of conquest of Kashmir; pp:88-91
- Chapter 17: Assignment of Jammu Country to his Lordship on Lease; pp:92-94
- Chapter 18: Conquest of Kishtwar; pp:95-97
- Chapter 19: Conquest of Mankera and Dera Ghazi khan; pp;98-100
- Chapter 20: Battle of Yusafzai for the first time; pp 101-
- Chapter 21: Circumstances of Mian Dido being killed in the Battle of Tarakota Hills; pp:104-110
- Chapter 22: Aghar Khan captured; pp:111-113
- Chapter 23: Accession of his Lordship to carpet of Jammu Raj; pp:114-118
- Chapter 24: The Akhnour Camp on the River Chenab; pp:119-120
- Chapter 25: Circumstances of the Battle of Tihri; pp:121-124
- Chapter 26: Conquest of Samratah Fort; pp: 125-127
- Chapter 27: An account of battle of Saidu; pp:128-132
- Chapter 28: lease of Salt Mines situated at Pind Dadan Khan and other territories; pp:133-145
- Chapter 29: The coming of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan and conquest of Peshawar; pp:147-150
- Chapter 30: An account of the death of Sardar Hari Singh; pp:151-155
- Chapter 31: The affair of traitor Shams and Chastisement and punishment of the doomed rebels; pp:156-163
- Chapter 32: Statement of Arrival of Grand Standards of the King of Lahore at Jammu; pp:164-167
- Chapter 33: Setting of the sun of Punjab; pp:168
- Chapter 34: Account of the murder of Chet Singh; pp:169-172
- Chapter 35: Pilgrimage of his Lordship to Gayaji; pp:173
- Chapter 36: Occurrence of the inevitable accident of Maharaja Kharak Singh, Kunwar Nau Nihal Singh, Mian Udham Singh and Maharaja Sher Singh's accession to throne; pp:174-193
- Chapter 37: The reduction of Mai Fort; pp:194-197
- Chapter 38: Disturbances in Kashmir; pp:198-200
- Chapter 39: Peshawar Frontier Affairs; pp:201-205
- Chapter 40: Facts of the Occupation of regents of Ladakh and Battles in the quarter of Lahasa on the Lesser and greater Tibet; pp:206-233
- Chapter 41: Agreement on Ladakh; pp:234-235
- Chapter 42: Intrigues against Dogra Chief; pp:236-238
- Chapter 43: An account of a marriage; pp:239-240
- Chapter 44: Developments at Lahore Durbar; pp:241-256
- Chapter 45: Invasion of Sikh Armies in Jammu; pp:257-289
- Chapter 46: Anglo-Sikh Wars; pp:290-322
- Chapter 47: Copy of Treaty with Lahore Government; pp:323-328
- Chapter 48: Copy of Articles of Agreement supplementary to the treaty, 11 March 1846; pp:329-332
- Chapter 49: The Auspicious Circumstances of the Bestowal of Kashmir territories on Maharaja Gulab Singh; pp:333-334
- Chapter 50: Treaty of the British company with Maharaja Gulab Singh; pp:335-337
- Chapter 51: Events in Jammu & Kashmir State after its occupation by Gulab Singh; pp:338-347
- Chapter 52: The Claims of Mian Jawahir Singh and Mian Moti Singh; pp: 348-355
- Chapter 53: An account of Sardar Chattar Singh's Insurrection and revolt of Mul Raj; pp:356-384
- Chapter 55: Conquest of Chilas Fort; pp:385-389
- Chapter 56: Particulars of the Gilgit Insurrection; pp:390-394
- Chapter 57: An account of the law suit by Jawahar Singh; pp:395-396
- Chapter 58: Coronation of his Highness Maharaja Ranbir Singh; pp:397-400
- Chapter 59: External Departure of His Highness; pp:401-404
- Appendices; pp:405-435
- Index; pp:436-462
Dogri editions[edit]
Written during Maharaja Pratap Singh's time (1885-1925) there exists two Dogri editions which existed before 1930 as described by K. M Pannikar
Urdu editions[edit]
One Urdu edition Gulab Singh by Raja Ram Sharma has survived at Allama Iqbal University, University of Kashmir.[6]
London editions[edit]
Written in 1930 and printed in London by K.M Pannikar mentions Gulabnama of Diwan Kirpa Ram as his main source for his book The Founding of the Kashmir State: a biography of Maharajah Gulab Singh 1792-1858 Mistakenly Pannikar blundered by writing the death year of Maharaja Gulab Singh as 1858 instead of 1857 which kept repeating in successive editions of 1953, 2007 and 2018. - Simon Digby[7]
Pannikar has mentioned following English authors as his contemporary sources which shaped the events of Punjab during the period of rise of Gulab Singh.[8] 1. Life of Henry Lawrence. By Edwardes and Merivale. (Smith Elder, Third Edition, London,1873,) Edwardes, the biographer of Sir Henry Lawrence, is no other than Lieutenant Herbert Benjamin Edwardes, the brilliant young political officer attached to Sir Henry at Lahore in 1846-1848. 2. The Punjab. By Lieut.-Colonel Steinbach. (London, 1845.) Steinbach was an officer of Ranjit Singh. 3. Court and Camp of Ranjit Singh. By the Hon. W. G. Osborne. (London, Henry Colburn, 1840.) 4. Thirty-five Years in the East. By Dr. Marrin Honigberger. (H. Balture, London, 1852.) Honigberger was the State physician to the Lahore Court, and was a friend of the Jammu family. 5. Ladak . By Alexander Cunningham. (W. H. Allen and Co., London, 1854.) Alexander Cunningham, the historian of the Ladak campaign, was sent by agreement between Gulab Singh and the Company to fix the frontier between Ladak and Tibet. 6. History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, with some account of the Jammu Rajahs. By Major G. C. Smyth. (Thacker and Co., Calcutta, 1847.) 7. History of the Sikhs. By J. D. Cunningham. (Murray, London, 1849.) Punjab Government Records. Captain Cunningham, the historian of the Sikhs, was assistant to the Agent to the Governor-General at Ludhiana. He was the officer selected to go to Tibet in order to witness the evacuation of Lhasa territories by Zorawar Singh.
Bawa Satinder Singh published Jammu Fox in 1974 by Feffers & Simons - London and Carbondale & Edwardsville - USA
It is primary sourced from English, Persian, and Urdu sources, Bawa's biography enlightens Gulab Singh’s intentions, and sheds light on the entire history of post period. This comprehensive biography depicts in depth the mystifying and divisive man who shaped Himalayan borders during the nineteenth century.[9]
Citations[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pannikar 1930, pp. 2.
- ↑ Pannikar 1974, pp. 2.
- ↑ Charak 1977, pp. xxiv.
- ↑ Charak 1977, pp. ix.
- ↑ Charak 1977, pp. xxiiv.
- ↑ Sharma, pp. 176.
- ↑ Digby, Simon (June 1975). "Reviews". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Cambridge. 38 (2): 463–464. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00142855. Retrieved 13 July 2022. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Pannikar 1930, pp. 3.
- ↑ Bawa (1974), pp. 2.
Bibliography[edit]
- Charak, Sukhdev Singh (1977), Gulabnama, Gulshan Books, ISBN 978-8186714898
- Bawa, Satinder Singh (1974), Jammu Fox, USA: Southern Illinois University Press, ISBN 9780809306527
- Pannikar, K.M (1930), Gulab Singh, Aakar Books, ISBN 978-9383723713
- Sharma, Raja Ram, Gulab Singh, p. 176, retrieved 14 July 2022
Further Reading[edit]
- Ghosts of Empire: Britain's Legacies in the Modern World; writer - Kwasi Kwarteng; Part II Kashmir: Maharaja's Choice - Ch.5 Land for Sale pp 89-104; publisher - Bloomsbury Publishing PLC; ISBN 1408829002
- The Panjab Chiefs. Lahore: T. C. McCartney-Chronicle Press. 1865. Search this book on
- The Panjab Chiefs. 1. Updated by Charles Francis Massy (New revised ed.). Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette Press. 1890. Search this book on
- "Review of Rulers of India.—Ranjit Singh by Sir Lepel Griffin". The Athenaeum (3384): 313. September 3, 1892.
Notes[edit]
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