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Haplogroup O-K18

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Haplogroup O-K18
a.k.a. O-F2320
Possible time of origin31,108 (95% CI 22,844 <-> 34,893) ybp[1]
29,190 ybp[2]
28,200 [95% CI 26,000 <-> 30,400] years before present[3]
Coalescence age26,840 ybp[2]
26,000 [95% CI 23,800 <-> 28,400] years before present[3]
Possible place of originSoutheast Asia or East Asia[3]
AncestorO-M268 (O1b)
DescendantsPrimary: O-M1470 (O1b1a). Secondary: O-CTS10007 (O1b1a1a), O-M1283 (O1b1a1a1b), O-F4212 (O1b1a1a1a1b2), O-CTS10484 (O1b1a1a1a1b1b), O-CTS7399 (O1b1a1a1a1b1a), O-M111 (O1b1a1a1a1a), O-PK4 (O1b1a1), O-CTS10887/O-PAGE59(O1b1a2).[4]
Defining mutationsK18; F2320; F3008/M1441; F3286/M146; M95; F1931/M1362; F1358/M1318; CTS11761/M1487
Highest frequenciesSouthern China, Southeast Asia, India
(Austroasiatic peoples and Kuki-Chin-Mizo peoples)

Haplogroup O-K18 also known as O-F2320 and (as of 2017) Haplogroup O1b1,[5] is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-K18 is a descendant branch of Haplogroup O-P31. Based on its disjunct distribution, O-K18 can be further divided into south subclade O1b1a1-PK4 and north subclade O1b1a2-CTS4040. O-CTS4040 is widely distributed in East Asia, whereas O-PK4 is more frequent in South China and Southeast Asia. O-PK4 is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.

Origin[edit]

In a paper published in 2011 by a group of Chinese researchers affiliated with Fudan University, it has been suggested that China is the origin of the expansion of haplogroup O-M268, the parent haplogroup of O-F2320.[6]

Distribution[edit]

Haplogroup O-K18 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern India to the Altai Mountains and Central Asia in the west, and from Indonesia to northern China and Japan in the east. According to its distribution, O-K18 can be roughly divided into north subclade O-CTS4040 and south subclade O-PK4. O-CTS4040 is overall uncommon, but it is relatively abundant in Northern and Eastern parts of China (about 5%). It is also found at low frequencies of approximately 1% or less at the periphery of its distribution in other Indo-Pacific area like Vietnamese, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). The other haplogroup O-PK4 consists of O-F838 and O-M95. O-F838 are more frequent in the South Han in China, showing the same trend with the its parallel branch O-M95 in China. The other branch, O-M95, is the best known subclade for the whole Y Haplogroup O-K18. O-M95 is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M95 Y-chromosomes. Haplogroup O-M122, which attains its peak frequency among speakers of Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien languages in China and Southeast Asia, and Haplogroup O-M119, which predominates among Taiwanese aborigines and many populations of the Philippines, also generally occur among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95.

Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples.[7]

According to the National Geographic project regarding O-M95: The Austro-Asiatic language family developed in groups containing men from this lineage. As these groups spread across Southeast Asia in successive waves, they spread their language. Today, the distribution of men from this lineage matches the pattern of these waves of migration. It is 42 percent of male lineages in Java, 40 percent of male lineages in Vietnam, and 38 percent of male lineages in Borneo. It accounts for 28 percent of the male population in Malaysia. It is present in Sumatra in about 14 percent of the male population. In mainland China, it is, on average, about 3 percent of the male population but a lot higher in ethnic minorities of South China. In South Asia, it is 9 percent of the Pardhan, between 1 and 2 percent of the Andh, and 10 percent of the Naikpod. It is around 59 percent of Balinese male lineages.

Haplogroup O-M95 is generally found in high percentages in most Austro-Asiatic ethnic groups but also found high in the Tai-Kradai people of South China and Southeast Asia, and Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese of Indonesia. It is also widespread in ethnic minorities of South China related to language families of East Asian origin and Southeast Asian origin.


Subclade Distribution[edit]

O-K18[edit]

O-CTS4040[edit]

O-CTS4040 is relatively rare and is usually marked as O1B*/O2*-M268(PK4-, M176-) in the past academic report. It shares a common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, O-PK4, approximately 24,405 (95% CI 17,810 <-> 27,604) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,[1] approximately 23,410 years before present according to 23mofang,[2] or approximately 22,100 (95% CI 20,400 <-> 23,900) years before present according to YFull.[3]

It is mainly distributed in East Asia[2] and is mainly found in Han Chinese and occasionally found in Taiwan plains tribes, Vietnamese, Dai, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). TMRCA of Han Chinese, Dai, Vietnamese, and Japanese members estimated to be 15,900 [95% CI 13,300 <-> 16,400] ybp.[3] Relative paper illustrates O-P31/M268(PK4-, M176-) is found in North China (6.2%), East China (4.8%) and South China (3.1%).[8]

Analysis of DNA extracted from a tooth from what are believed to be the remains of Cao Ding shows that he belonged to this clade. The researchers also found that the Y-chromosome of Cao Ding matches those of self-proclaimed living descendants of Cao Cao who hold lineage records dating back to more than 100 generations ago.[9] Cao Cao laid the foundation of Cao Wei, one of three major states that succeeded the Han Dynasty of China.

In Yangshao culture (around 5000 BC), there is an ancient male who belongs to haplogroup O-PAGE59 in WangGou site (Zhengzhou, Henan, China). This is currently the oldest discovered ancient DNA that has been confirmed to be derived from O-CTS4040.[10]

O-PK4[edit]

The coalescence age of O-PK4 is 13,911 (95% CI 11,147 <-> 15,915) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,[1] 13,060 ybp according to 23mofang,[2] or 12,900 (95% CI 11,700 <-> 14,200) years before present according to YFull.[3] It mainly consists of two subclades: O-F838 and O-M95. It is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.

O-F838[edit]

This lineage has been relocated upstream of M95 following a paper published on the subject in 2011.(Shi Yan et al. 2011) Found in three samples of Han Chinese: 3/65 = 4.6% South China, 1/129 = 0.8% North China, 1/167 = 0.6% East China.

According to 23mofang, O-F838 (TMRCA 10,730 ybp) currently accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 1.40% of all males in China, with its distribution being densest in the South Central Region of China.[2]

Peng et al. (2013) found O-PK4(xM95), which probably should belong to O-F838 according to the phylogenetic tree of human Y-DNA as it is currently resolved,[3] in a Bamar individual in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar.[11]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in one of 18 individuals sampled on Ambon Island, Indonesia, one of 24 individuals sampled in Hanoi, Vietnam, six of 258 miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, one of 60 Minnan in Taiwan, and one of 85 Siraya in Pingtung, Taiwan.[12]

Wang et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in two of a sample of 46 Khams Tibetans from Xinlong County, Sichuan.[13]

O-M95[edit]

This subclade is downstream from O-PK4. It reaches high frequencies among the populations of the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo in western Indonesia (Underhill 2001) (Karafet 2010). It has been found to be by far the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the Balinese, occurring in approximately 58.6% (323/551) of a sample of Balinese men. It is found around 70% frequency among Bhumij of East India.[14] It has been found in 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy in Madagascar (Hurles 2005) and in 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Swahili people in Kilifi, Kenya.[15] It is one of the most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroups among men in Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Myanmar. It is also very common among minority ethnic groups in India and China, especially those who have ethnolinguistic connections with populations in Southeast Asia (e.g. Munda peoples, Khasi people, and Nicobarese people in India and Kra–Dai peoples, Blang people, and Mang people in China).

O-M95(xM88) is relatively infrequent in other populations, but a study published in 2006 has found it in samples of Daurs (6/39 = 15.4%), Qiang people (3/33 = 9.1%), She people (3/34 = 8.8%), Hani people (2/34 = 5.9%), Yao people in Liannan, Guangdong (2/35 = 5.7%), Japanese people (2/47 = 4.3%), Evenks in China (1/26 = 3.8%), Han Chinese in Lanzhou, Gansu (1/30 = 3.3%), Han Chinese in Yili, Xinjiang (1/32 = 3.1%), Han Chinese in Chengdu, Sichuan (1/34 = 2.9%), and Yao people in Bama, Guangxi (1/35 = 2.9%).[16]

A study published in 2010 found O-M95(xM111) in 57.3% (367/641) Bali, 49.2% (30/61) Java, 31.3% (10/32) Malaysia, 20.9% (18/86) Borneo (Indonesia), 15.8% (6/38) Toba people in Sumatra, 13.0% (7/54) Mandar people in Sulawesi, 7.1% (5/70) Vietnam, 6.1% (10/165) Han Chinese, 4.6% (18/394) Flores, 3.4% (2/58) Miao in China, 2.1% (1/48) Philippines, 1.7% (1/60) Yao in China, and 0.3% (1/350) Sumba. (Karafet 2010)

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M95(xM88) in 36.2% (51/141) Java, 29.4% (5/17) Sulawesi, 25.3% (19/75) general population of Bangkok, 25% (2/8) Malaysia, 22.2% (4/18) Ambon, 19.2% (5/26) Sumatra, 12.0% (3/25) Kalimantan, 10.0% (3/30) Yami, 8.3% (2/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 6.7% (4/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 5.9% (2/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 3.7% (1/27) Akka in Thailand, 3.5% (9/258) miscellaneous Han in Taiwan, 1.8% (1/55) Han in Fujian, 1.6% (6/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes. The authors did not find any cases of O-M95(xM88) among their samples from the Philippines (0/146) or Taiwan Highlands Tribes (0/325).[12]

O-M88[edit]

This subclade is downstream from O-M95. The TMRCA of O-M88, which is also known as O-M111, is estimated to be 6,607 (95% CI 5,216 <-> 7,632) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,[1] 5,950 ybp according to 23mofang,[2] or 5,600 [95% CI 5,000 <-> 6,300] years before present according to YFull. The entire O-M88 clade is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with O-CTS5854, most members of which have been found in southern China, Laos, and Thailand, but some also in northern China, Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines, 10,071 (95% CI 7,821 <-> 11,536) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022, 9,500 [95% CI 8,600 <-> 10,500] years before present according to YFull, or 8,980 ybp according to 23mofang.

O-M88 is frequently found among Tai peoples, Vietnamese people, Hani-Akha people, She people, and some tribal peoples in Laos (including Aheu people, Xinh Mul people, Alak people, Kuy people, and So people[17]), with a moderate distribution among Cambodians, Qiang people, Yi people, Tujia people, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Cham people, Taiwanese aborigines, populations of Borneo, the Philippines, and Malaysia (Hurles 2005) (Karafet 2010), and Han Chinese of Sichuan,[16] Hunan, Guangxi,[18] Guangdong,[19] Yunnan,[20] and Taiwan.[12][19]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M88 in 37.5% (21/56) Bunun, 25.9% (7/27) Akka in Thailand, 25.0% (6/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 17.3% (13/75) general population of Bangkok, Thailand, 5.0% (7/141) Java, 3.4% (5/146) Philippines, 3.3% (1/30) Yami, 2.9% (1/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 1.7% (1/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 1.55% (4/258) Han in Taiwan, and 0.54% (2/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes (including 1/18 Papora and 1/38 Siraya from the Tainan coast).[12]

Macholdt et al. (2020) found Y-DNA that belongs to subclades of O-M88 (O-F2758, O-F1399, O-Z24091, O-F2890, and O-Z24014) in 69.4% (25/36) of a sample of Lolo, 32.4% (12/37) of a sample of Nung, 28.0% (14/50) of a sample of Kinh, 22.2% (8/36) of a sample of Lachi, 12.9% (4/31) of a sample of Lahu, 11.6% (5/43) of a sample of Dao, 10.6% (5/47) of a sample of Tày, 8.3% (3/36) of a sample of Pathen, 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Ede, 6.1% (2/33) of a sample of Hanhi, 4.2% (1/24) of a sample of Thái, and 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of Giarai from Vietnam.[21]

O-M297[edit]

More research is needed on this lineage. It is claimed to be downstream from M95 and parallel to M88.

Phylogenetics[edit]

Phylogenetic history[edit]

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012 ISOGG

2020

O-M175 26 VII 1U 28 Eu16 H9 I O* O O O O O O O O O O O
O-M119 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H9 H O1* O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a
O-M101 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H9 H O1a O1a1 O1a1a O1a1a O1a1 O1a1 O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a1b1a
O-M50 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H10 H O1b O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2
O-P31 26 VII 1U 33 Eu16 H5 I O2* O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O1b
O-M95 26 VII 1U 34 Eu16 H11 G O2a* O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a1 O2a1 O1b1a1a
O-M88 26 VII 1U 34 Eu16 H12 G O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1a O2a1a O1b1a1a1a1a1
O-SRY465

(O-M176)

20 VII 1U 35 Eu16 H5 I O2b* O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O1b2
O-47z

(O-CTS713)

5 VII 1U 26 Eu16 H5 I O2b1 O2b1a O2b1 O2b1 O2b1a O2b1a O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O1b2a1a1
O-M122 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3* O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O2
O-M121 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3a O3a O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1a O3a1a O2a1a1a1a1
O-M164 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3b O3b O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a1b O3a1b O2a1b2a1a1
O-M159

(Page96)

13 VII 1U 31 Eu16 H6 L O3c O3c O3a3a O3a3a O3a3 O3a3 O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O2a2a1a1a
O-M7 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H7 L O3d* O3c O3a3b O3a3b O3a4 O3a4 O3a3b O3a3b O3a3b O3a2b O3a2b O2a2a1a2
O-M113 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H7 L O3d1 O3c1 O3a3b1 O3a3b1 - O3a4a O3a3b1 O3a3b1 O3a3b1 O3a2b1 O3a2b1 O2a2a1a2a1a1a1a
O-M134 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e* O3d O3a3c O3a3c O3a5 O3a5 O3a3c O3a3c O3a3c O3a2c1 O3a2c1 O2a2b1
O-M117 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e1* O3d1 O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a5a O3a5a O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a2c1a O3a2c1a O2a2b1a1
O-M162 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e1a O3d1a O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a5a1 O3a5a1 O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a2c1a1 O3a2c1a1 O2a2b1a1(?)

Research publications[edit]

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic trees[edit]

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

  • O-M95 (M95)
    • O-M88 (M88, M111)

Table of frequencies of O-M95[edit]

Population Frequency n Source SNPs
Shompen 1.00 12 Trivedi 2006 M95=12
Nicobarese 1.00 11 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)=11
Juang (Keonjhar district) 0.980 49 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)=48
Mang (Mường Tè District) 0.973 37 Macholdt 2020 B426=36
Bonda (Koraput district) 0.952 42 Chaubey 2011 M95=40
Juang (Sambalpur district) 0.889 54 Chaubey 2011 M95=48
Birhor (Raipur district) 0.889 27 Chaubey 2011 M95=24
Gadaba (Koraput district) 0.889 27 Chaubey 2011 M95=24
Birhor (Chandrapur district) 0.886 35 Chaubey 2011 M95=31
Suy 0.872 39 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=22
M88=12
Xinhmul 0.862 29 Cai 2011 M88=20
M95(xM88)=5
Lamet 0.857 35 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=30
Ho (Begusarai district) 0.844 45 Chaubey 2011 M95=38
Han Chinese
(Pinghua speakers from Wuxuan)
0.839 31 Gan 2008 M95=26
Mawasi (Bhopal district) 0.833 12 Chaubey 2011 M95=10
Korku (Amravati district) 0.814 59 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)=48
Baiga (Kendujhar district) 0.810 42 Chaubey 2011 M95=34
Inh 0.794 34 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=27
Colao (Hoàng Su Phì District) 0.765 34 Macholdt 2020 M1283(xB426)=16
M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=10
Ede 0.750 24 Macholdt 2020 M1283(xB426)=14
B426=2
Z24091=1
F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1
Mal 0.740 50 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=33
M88=4
Alak 0.733 30 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=17
M88=5
Kharia (West Bengal) 0.706 34 Debnath 2011 M95(xM88)=24
Lô Lô (Mèo Vạc District) 0.694 36 Macholdt 2020 Z24091=25
Katu 0.689 45 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=31
Santhal 0.689 90 Borkar 2011 M95=62
Aheu 0.684 38 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=20
M88=6
Bo 0.679 28 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=18
M88=1
Giarai 0.667 27 Macholdt 2020 M1283(xB426)=16
B426=1
F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1
Khmu 0.667 51 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=31
M88=3
Mawasi (Gumla district) 0.667 27 Chaubey 2011 M95=18
Thái (Vietnam) 0.667 24 Macholdt 2020 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=7
M1283(xB426)=5
FGC19713=2
B426=1
F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1
Ho (Mayurbhanj district) 0.658 79 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)=52
Talieng 0.657 35 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=22
M88=1
Brau 0.656 32 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=20
M88=1
Oy 0.620 50 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=30
M88=1
Li (Hlai) 0.618 34 Xue 2006 M95(xM88)=20
M88=1
Asur 0.602 88 Chaubey 2011 M95
Korwa 0.595 42 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)
Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan) 0.583 48 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=20
M88=8
Bouyei 0.578 45 Xie 2004 M95(xM88)=21
M88=5
Tày (Vietnam) 0.574 47 Macholdt 2020 M1283(xB426)=12
M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=7
CTS651=3
Z24091=2
F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=2
F2890(xZ24014)=1
Balinese 0.573 641 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)=367
Mech (Nepal) 0.550 20 Borkar 2011 M95=11
Buyi 0.543 35 Xue 2006 M95(xM88)=13
M88=6
Nùng
(Hoàng Su Phì District & vicinity)
0.541 37 Macholdt 2020 F1399=9
M1283(xB426)=6
Z24091=3
CTS651=1
M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=1
So 0.540 50 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=21
M88=6
Bit 0.536 28 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=15
Ho 0.536 28 Borkar 2011 M95=15
Savara 0.524 21 Chaubey 2011 M95
Baiga (Madhya Pradesh) 0.522 23 Chaubey 2011 M95
Blang
(Shuangjiang, Yunnan)
0.500 28 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=14
Bugan 0.500 32 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=16
Han
(Pinghua speakers from Fuchuan)
0.500 28 Gan 2008 M95=14
Hani 0.500 34 Xue 2006 M88=15
M95(xM88)=2
Java (mostly sampled in Dieng) 0.492 61 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)=30
Kharia 0.486 37 Chaubey 2011 M95
Ngeq 0.486 35 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=17
Birhor 0.480 100 Borkar 2011 M95=48
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos) 0.480 25 He 2012 M95(xM88)=9
M88=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.475 40 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=19
Jeh 0.469 32 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=15
Santhal 0.468 109 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)
Munda 0.453 53 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)
Lowland Yao 0.452 31 Cai 2011 M88=9
M95(xM88)=5
Lachung 0.450 20 Borkar 2011 M95=9
Kinh (Hanoi and vicinity) 0.440 50 Macholdt 2020 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=11
B426=4
M1283(xB426)=3
Z24014=2
Z24091=1
M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=1
Laven 0.440 50 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=21
M88=1
Lawa
(Northern Thailand)
0.440 50 Brunelli 2017 M95(xM111)=22
Sui 0.440 50 Xie 2004 M95(xM88/M111)=22
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.429 35 Yang 2005 M88=8
M95(xM88)=7
Chin
(Chin State, Myanmar)
0.421 19 Peng 2013 M95(xM88)=8
Kinh (Hanoi) 0.421 76 He 2012 M88=23
M95(xM88)=9
Muong 0.417 12 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=5
Khasi 0.413 92 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)
Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan) 0.408 49 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=14
M88=6
Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) 0.393 28 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=6
M88=5
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam) 0.390 59 He 2012 M95(xM88)=18
M88=5
Kharia 0.389 36 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)
Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.383 47 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=18
Kataang 0.378 37 Cai 2011 M88=10
M95(xM88)=4
Bunun 0.375 56 Trejaut 2014 M88=21
Santhal (West Bengal) 0.373 51 Debnath 2011 M95(xM88)=19
Kol (West Bengal) 0.371 62 Debnath 2011 M95(xM88)=23
Dai (Xinping, Yunnan) 0.367 49 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=14
M88=4
Java 0.362 141 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
She 0.353 51 Karafet 2010 M111=18
Munda 0.351 94 Borkar 2011 M95=33
Santhal 0.350 20 Chaubey 2011 M95
Malaysia 0.344 32 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)=10
M111=1
Mon
(Northern Thailand)
0.333 18 Brunelli 2017 M95(xM111)=6
Mulam (Luocheng)[22] 0.333 42 Wang 2013 M95(xM88)=12
M88=2
Kinh 0.333 15 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=5
Southern Mien 0.323 31 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=6
M88=4
Oraon 0.319 91 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)
Banjarmasin, Indonesia 0.318 22 Hurles 2005 M95(xM88)
Lowland Kimmun 0.317 41 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=10
M88=3
Mountain Kimmun 0.313 32 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=10
Blang 0.308 52 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=16
Zhuang (Guangxi) 0.307 166 Chen 2006 M95(xM111)=39
M111=12
Miao (Yunnan) 0.306 49 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=15
Lachi (Hoàng Su Phì District) 0.306 36 Macholdt 2020 Z24091=8
M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=3
Khasi 0.303 353 Reddy 2007 M95
Dao (Hoàng Su Phì District) 0.302 43 Macholdt 2020 F2758(xF1399, Z24091)=5
M1283(xB426)=5
CTS651=3
Shan
(Northern Thailand)
0.300 20 Brunelli 2017 M95(xM111)=6
Mon (Thailand) 0.295 105 Kutanan 2019 M1283(xB426,SK1646)=10
F2758(xF1399,F2415)=10
B426(xSK1640,FGC29907)=8
F2415=1
Z24091=1
F2890=1
Sulawesi 0.294 17 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.292 48 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=12
M88=2
Phù Lá (Mường Khương District) 0.286 14 Macholdt 2020 M1283(xB426)=4
Northern Mien 0.273 33 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=7
M88=2
Vietnamese 0.271 70 Karafet 2010 M111=14
M95(xM111)=5
Flower-head Mien 0.263 19 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=4
M88=1
Thailand 0.253 75 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Tai Khün
(Northern Thailand)
0.250 24 Brunelli 2017 M95(xM111)=6
Zhuang 0.250 28 Su 1999 M95(xM88)=7
Tai Lue
(Northern Thailand)
0.242 91 Brunelli 2017 M95(xM111)=22
Thai (Northern Thailand) 0.235 17 He 2012 M95(xM88)=3
M88=1
Palyu 0.233 30 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=7
Cambodian 0.231 26 Li 2010 M95(xM88)=6
Khon Mueang
(Northern Thailand)
0.229 205 Brunelli 2017 M95(xM111)=47
Lahu (Mường Tè District) 0.226 31 Macholdt 2020 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=4
M1283(xB426)=3
Wa
(Shuangjiang, Yunnan)
0.226 31 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=7
Tai Yuan
(Thailand)
0.224 85 Brunelli 2017 M95(xM111)=18
M95(M111 null)=1
Ambon 0.222 18 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia 0.215 65 Hurles 2005 M95(xM88)
Mech (West Bengal) 0.211 19 Debnath 2011 M95(xM88)=4
Borneo (Indonesia) 0.209 86 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)=18
Kam 0.200 20 Xie 2004 M95(xM88/M111)=4
Sui (Fuyuan, Yunnan) 0.200 40 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=7
M88=1
Bamar
(Myanmar)
0.194 72 Peng 2013 M95(xM88)=11
M88=2
PK4(xM95)=1
Bunu 0.194 36 Cai 2011 M88=5
M95(xM88)=2
CDX
(Dai in Xishuangbanna)
0.192 52 Poznik 2016 Z1018=4
Z23849=2
F2517=2
Y26463=1
Y9322*(xY9325)=1
Sumatra 0.192 26 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)
0.190 63 Zhao 2010 M95(xM88)=12
Mahali (Santhal) 0.188 32 Chaubey 2011 M95
Miao (Guizhou) 0.184 49 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=8
M88=1
Garo 0.182 33 Kumar 2007 M95(xM88)
Thin Board Mien 0.182 11 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=1
M88=1
Top Board Mien 0.182 11 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=1
M88=1
Blue Kimmun 0.179 28 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=5
Malagasy 0.171 35 Hurles 2005 M95(xM88)
Hmong (Điện Biên Phủ) 0.171 41 Macholdt 2020 M1283(xB426)=7
Yao (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.170 47 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=5
M88=3
Naxi 0.167 18 Xie 2004 M95(xM88)=3
Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan) 0.160 50 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=6
M88=2
Batak Toba (Sumatra) 0.158 38 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)=6
Rajbanshi
(West Bengal)
0.156 45 Borkar 2011 M95=7
Daur 0.154 39 Xue 2006 M95(xM88)=6
Dai (Dehong, Yunnan) 0.150 20 Yang 2005 M88=2
M95(xM88)=1
Western Mien 0.149 47 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=7
Han (Chengdu) 0.147 34 Xue 2006 M88=4
M95(xM88)=1
Miao (Hunan) 0.140 100 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=9
M88=5
Pa Then (Quang Bình District) 0.139 36 Macholdt 2020 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=3
M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=2
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.133 30 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=3
M88=1
Yami 0.133 30 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)=3
M88=1
Paharia
(Jharkhand)
0.130 100 Borkar 2011 M95=13
Mandar (Sulawesi) 0.130 54 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)=7
Pahng 0.129 31 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)=4
De'ang
(Luxi, Yunnan)
0.125 16 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=2
Hani (Mường Tè District) 0.121 33 Macholdt 2020 Z24091=2
FGC19713=2
Qiang 0.121 33 Xue 2006 M95(xM88)=3
M88=1
Kalimantan 0.120 25 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Han Chinese (China) 0.115 165 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)=10
M111=9
Garo 0.113 71 Reddy 2007 M95
Papura 0.111 18 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)=1
M88=1
Oraon 0.109 110 Borkar 2011 M95=12
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.106 47 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=4
M88=1
Miao (China) 0.103 58 Karafet 2010 M111=4
M95(xM111)=2
Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan) 0.100 40 Yang 2005 M88=3
M95(xM88)=1
Yizu (Butuo, Sichuan) 0.093 43 Hammer 2006 M95(xM111)=3
M111=1
Han (South China) 0.092 65 Yan 2011 M95(xM88)=3
PK4(xM95)=3
She 0.088 34 Xue 2006 M95(xM88)=3
Yao (Liannan) 0.086 35 Xue 2006 M95(xM88)=2
M88=1
Lahu (Lincang, Yunnan) 0.085 47 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=2
M88=2
Hanoi, Vietnam 0.083 24 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Tai Yong
(Northern Thailand)
0.077 26 Brunelli 2017 M95(xM111)=2
Native Mien 0.073 41 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)
Han
(Pinghua speakers from Hezhou)
0.067 15 Gan 2008 M95=1
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.067 45 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=2
M88=1
Minnan (Taiwan) 0.067 60 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Filipinos (Visayas) 0.065 31 Trejaut 2014 M88=2
Han (Yuxi, Yunnan) 0.064 47 Yang 2005 M88=2
M95(xM88)=1
Han Chinese (Lanzhou) 0.061 49 Yao 2021 O1b1a1a1b2=2
O1b1a1a1a1b1a1=1
Nu (Nujiang, Yunnan) 0.060 50 Yang 2005 M88=2
M95(xM88)=1
Hmong Daw (Laos) 0.059 51 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)
Hakka (Taiwan) 0.059 34 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Jingpo (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.059 17 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=1
Filipinos (Other) 0.056 36 Trejaut 2014 M88=2
Jino 0.056 18 Xie 2004 M95(xM88)=1
Han
(Pinghua speakers from Luocheng)
0.048 21 Gan 2008 M95=1
Kapingamarangi 0.048 21 Hurles 2005 M95(xM88)
Flores 0.046 394 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)=18
Japanese 0.043 47 Xue 2006 M95(xM88)=2
Southern Han 0.042 283 Xie 2004 M95(xM88)=10
M88=2
Philippines 0.042 48 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)=1
M111=1
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan) 0.042 72 Li 2013 M95=3
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.040 50 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=2
Western Samoa 0.040 25 Hurles 2005 M95(xM88)
Ewenki (China) 0.038 26 Xue 2006 M95(xM88)=1
Akha (Thailand) 0.037 27 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Bengali (West Bengal) 0.037 54 Debnath 2011 M95(xM88)=2
Northern She (Zhejiang) 0.036 56 Cai 2011 M95(xM88)
Han (Taiwan) 0.035 258 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Han (Lanzhou) 0.033 30 Xue 2006 M95(xM88)=1
Kategalan 0.033 30 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)=1
Yao (Guangxi) 0.033 60 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)=1
M111=1
Han (Yili, Xinjiang) 0.031 32 Xue 2006 M95(x88)=1
Han (North China) 0.031 129 Yan 2011 M95(xM88)=3
PK4(xM95)=1
Yao (Bama) 0.029 35 Xue 2006 M95(xM88)=1
Dhimal (West Bengal) 0.028 36 Debnath 2011 M95(xM88)=1
Pazeh 0.025 40 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)=1
Tharu (Uttar Pradesh) 0.024 164 Chaubey 2014 M95
Hani (Lüchun, Yunnan) 0.024 41 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=1
Han (East China) 0.024 167 Yan 2011 M95(xM88)=3
PK4(xM95)=1
Japanese 0.024 210 Hammer 2006 M95(xM111)
Tharu (Uttarakhand) 0.022 45 Chaubey 2014 M95
Tibetan (Lhasa) 0.022 46 Xie 2004 M95(xM88)=1
Yunnan Mongolian (Tonghai) 0.022 46 Yang 2005 M95(xM88)=1
Taiwanese Aboriginals 0.021 48 Karafet 2010 M111=1
Tharu (Nepal) 0.020 202 Fornarino 2009
Chaubey 2014
M95
Rajbanshi (West Bengal) 0.020 51 Debnath 2011 M95(xM88)=1
Siraya 0.019 261 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)=3
M88=1
PK4(xM95)=1
Uzbek 0.019 54 Karafet 2001 M95
Filipinos (South Luzon) 0.018 55 Trejaut 2014 M88=1
Han (Fujian) 0.018 55 Trejaut 2014 M95(xM88)
Japanese 0.018 56 Poznik 2016 M95(xM88)
Japanese 0.013 2390 Sato 2014 M95
Japanese 0.008 263 Nonaka 2007 M95(xM88)
Sumba 0.003 350 Karafet 2010 M95(xM111)
Hui (Tonghai, Yunnan) 0.000 15 Yang 2005 M95=0
Thao 0.000 16 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Taroko 0.000 20 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Phù Lá (Xín Mần District) 0.000 21 Macholdt 2020 M95=0
Yunlin aboriginals 0.000 21 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Puyuma 0.000 23 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Ivatan 0.000 24 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Saisiyat 0.000 24 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Korean (China) 0.000 25 Xue 2006 M95=0
Paiwan 0.000 25 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Tibetan (Kham) 0.000 27 Xie 2004 M95=0
Dulong (Nujiang, Yunnan) 0.000 28 Yang 2005 M95=0
Rukai 0.000 29 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Si La (Mường Tè District) 0.000 29 Macholdt 2020 M95=0
Oroqen 0.000 31 Xue 2006 M95=0
Uyghur (Urumqi) 0.000 31 Xue 2006 M95=0
Han (Harbin) 0.000 35 Xue 2006 M95=0
Han (Meixian) 0.000 35 Xue 2006 M95=0
Hui (China) 0.000 35 Xue 2006 M95=0
Manchu 0.000 35 Xue 2006 M95=0
Tibetan 0.000 35 Xue 2006 M95=0
Amis 0.000 39 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Uyghur (Yili) 0.000 39 Xue 2006 M95=0
Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan) 0.000 41 Yang 2005 M95=0
Tsou 0.000 41 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Xibe 0.000 41 Xue 2006 M95=0
Korean (Korea) 0.000 43 Xue 2006 M95=0
Hezhe (China) 0.000 45 Xue 2006 M95=0
Mongol (Inner Mongolia) 0.000 45 Xue 2006 M95=0
Mosuo (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.000 47 Yang 2005 M95=0
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.000 47 Yang 2005 M95=0
Atayal 0.000 52 Trejaut 2014 PK4=0
Mongol (Mongolia) 0.000 65 Xue 2006 M95=0
Northern Han 0.000 82 Xie 2004 M95=0

Table of frequencies of O-M88/M111[edit]

Population Frequency Count Source SNPs
Xinhmul 0.690 29 Cai 2011 M88
Hani 0.441 34 Xue 2006 M88
Tai Yong (Thailand) 0.385 26 Brunelli 2017 M111
Bunun 0.375 56 Trejaut 2014 M88
She 0.353 51 Karafet 2010 M111
Suy 0.308 39 Cai 2011 M88
Tai Lü (Thailand) 0.308 91 Brunelli 2017 M111
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam) 0.303 76 He 2012 M88
Lowland Yao 0.290 31 Cai 2011 M88
Kataang 0.270 37 Cai 2011 M88
Kinh (Ho Chi Minh City) 0.261 46 Poznik 2016 M88
M111
Akha (Thailand) 0.259 27 Trejaut 2014 M88
Hanoi, Vietnam 0.250 24 Trejaut 2014 M88
Tai Khün (Thailand) 0.250 24 Brunelli 2017 M111
CDX
(Dai in Xishuangbanna)
0.231 52 Poznik 2016 M88
M111
Dai (Xishuangbanna) 0.229 35 Yang 2005 M88=8
Tai Yuan (Thailand) 0.224 85 Brunelli 2017 M111
Zaomin 0.216 37 Cai 2011 M88
Thai
(North & Northeast Thailand)
0.200 40 Su 2000 M88/M111=8
Vietnamese 0.200 70 Karafet 2010 M111
Northern Thai
(Thailand)
0.186 86 Kutanan 2019 F2758(xF1399, F2415)=8
F2890=5
F2415=2
F1399=1
Khon Mueang (Thailand) 0.185 205 Brunelli 2017 M111
Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) 0.179 28 Yang 2005 M88=5
Thailand 0.173 75 Trejaut 2014 M88
Buyi 0.171 35 Xue 2006 M88
Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan) 0.167 48 Yang 2005 M88=8
Aheu 0.158 38 Cai 2011 M88
Shan (Thailand) 0.150 20 Brunelli 2017 M111
Lao Isan 0.129 62 Kutanan 2019 F2758(xF1399, F2415)=5
F2415=1
Z24091=1
F2890=1
Mon (Thailand) 0.124 105 Kutanan 2019 F2758(xF1399, F2415)=10
F2415=1
Z24091=1
F2890=1
Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan) 0.122 49 Yang 2005 M88=6
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos) 0.120 25 He 2012 M88
Han (Chengdu, Sichuan) 0.118 34 Xue 2006 M88
Cambodian 0.115 26 Su 1999 M88/M111=3
Zhuang (Guangxi) 0.107 28 Su 1999 M88/M111=3
Dai (Dehong, Yunnan) 0.100 20 Yang 2005 M88=2
Thai 0.085 129 Kutanan 2019 F2758(xF1399, F2415)=6
F2890=3
F2415=1
Z24091=1
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam) 0.085 59 He 2012 M88
Dai (Xinping, Yunnan) 0.082 49 Yang 2005 M88=4
Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan) 0.075 40 Yang 2005 M88=3
Laotian
(Vientiane & Luang Prabang)
0.075 40 Kutanan 2019 F2758(xF1399, F2415)=2
Z24091=1
Zhuang (Guangxi) 0.072 166 Chen 2006 M111
Miao (China) 0.069 58 Karafet 2010 M111
Yao (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.064 47 Yang 2005 M88=3
Thai (Northern Thailand) 0.059 17 He 2012 M88
Han (China) 0.055 165 Karafet 2010 M111
Taiwanese aborigines 0.051 39 Hurles 2005 M88
Java 0.050 141 Trejaut 2014 M88
Banjarmasin, Indonesia 0.045 22 Hurles 2005 M88
Han (Yuxi, Yunnan) 0.043 47 Yang 2005 M88=2
Lahu (Lincang, Yunnan) 0.043 47 Yang 2005 M88=2
Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.042 48 Yang 2005 M88=2
Pathans (Dir, Pakistan) 0.042 96 Firasat 2007 M88, M111
Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan) 0.040 50 Yang 2005 M88=2
Nu (Nujiang, Yunnan) 0.040 50 Yang 2005 M88=2
Philippines 0.034 146 Trejaut 2014 M88
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.033 30 Yang 2005 M88=1
Yami 0.033 30 Trejaut 2014 M88
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)
0.032 63 Zhao 2010 M88=2
Malaysia 0.031 32 Karafet 2010 M111
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia 0.031 65 Hurles 2005 M88
Qiang 0.030 33 Xue 2006 M88
Hakka (Taiwan) 0.029 34 Trejaut 2014 M88
Hlai (Hainan) 0.029 34 Xue 2006 M88
Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.029 35 Xue 2006 M88
Bamar (Myanmar) 0.028 72 Peng 2013 M88=2
Sui (Fuyuan, Yunnan) 0.025 40 Yang 2005 M88=1
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.022 45 Yang 2005 M88=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.021 47 Yang 2005 M88=1
Philippines 0.021 48 Karafet 2010 M111
Taiwanese aborigines 0.021 48 Karafet 2010 M111
Lawa 0.020 50 Brunelli 2017 M111
Minnan (Taiwan) 0.017 60 Trejaut 2014 M88
Yao (China) 0.017 60 Karafet 2010 M111
Han (Taiwan) 0.016 258 Trejaut 2014 M88
Taiwan plains tribes 0.005 370 Trejaut 2014 M88
Hui (Tonghai, Yunnan) 0.000 15 Yang 2005 M88=0
De'ang (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.000 16 Yang 2005 M88=0
Jingpo (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.000 17 Yang 2005 M88=0
Mon (Thailand) 0.000 18 Brunelli 2017 M111
Blang (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) 0.000 28 Yang 2005 M88=0
Dulong (Nujiang, Yunnan) 0.000 28 Yang 2005 M88=0
Wa (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) 0.000 31 Yang 2005 M88=0
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.000 40 Yang 2005 M88=0
Hani (Lüchun, Yunnan) 0.000 41 Yang 2005 M88=0
Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan) 0.000 41 Yang 2005 M88=0
Mongol (Tonghai, Yunnan) 0.000 46 Yang 2005 M88=0
Mosuo (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.000 47 Yang 2005 M88=0
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.000 47 Yang 2005 M88=0
Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.000 47 Yang 2005 M88=0
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.000 50 Yang 2005 M88=0

See also[edit]

Genetics[edit]

Y-DNA O subclades[edit]

Y-DNA backbone tree[edit]

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References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L. Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J. Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P. Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages." Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022: msac045 doi:10.1093/molbev/msac045
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Y Haplogroup Distribution Data". 23Mofang Corp. 23Mofang Corp.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.01 at 4 January 2017
  4. ISOGG 2017; YFull 2017
  5. ISOGG 2017
  6. Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; The Genographic Consortium (18 August 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.
  7. Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (May 4, 2015). "Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0125676. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025676Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125676. PMC 4418768. PMID 25938511.
  8. Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; The Genographic Consortium (18 August 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.
  9. Chuan-Chao Wang; Shi Yan; Can Yao; Xiu-Yuan Huang; Xue Ao; Zhanfeng Wang; Sheng Han; Li Jin; Hui Li (14 February 2013). "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". Journal of Human Genetics. The Japan Society of Human Genetics. 58 (4): 238–39. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.5. PMID 23407348. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  10. Tianjiao, Li (2019). "Genomic Study of the Ancient Populations from the period of YangShao to LongShan Culture in Central Plain" (Jilin University).
  11. Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Long Fan, Jie Liu, Adeniyi C Adeola, Shi-Fang Wu, Robert W Murphy, Yong-Gang Yao, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data." European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 27 November 2013; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272.
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Jean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, Ju-Chen Yen, Ying-Hui Lai, Jun-Hun Loo, Chien-Liang Lee, Chun-Lin He, and Marie Lin, "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia." BMC Genetics 2014, 15:77. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/15/77
  13. Wang C-C, Wang L-X, Shrestha R, Zhang M, Huang X-Y, et al. (2014), "Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor." PLoS ONE 9(8): e103772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772
  14. Smita Kujur (2010). "Genetic study of Bhumij Tribe of Jharkhand using mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA markers". Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  15. Nicolas Brucato, Veronica Fernandes, Stéphane Mazières, et al., "The Comoros Show the Earliest Austronesian Gene Flow into the Swahili Corridor." The American Journal of Human Genetics 102, 58–68, 4 January 2018.
  16. 16.0 16.1 Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006). DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.054270
  17. Cai, Xiaoyun; Qin, Zhendong; Wen, Bo; Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Yi; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; et al. (2011). O'Rourke, Dennis, ed. "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624282C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.
  18. Yan LU, Shang-Ling PAN, Shu-Ming QIN, Zheng-Dong QIN, Chuan-Chao WANG, Rui-Jing GAN, Hui LI, and the Genographic Consortium, "Genetic evidence for the multiple origins of Pinghua Chinese." Journal of Systematics and Evolution Volume 51, Issue 3 (May 2013), Pages 271–279. DOI: 10.1111/jse.12003
  19. 19.0 19.1 Michael F. Hammer, Tatiana M. Karafet, Hwayong Park, Keiichi Omoto, Shinji Harihara, Mark Stoneking, and Satoshi Horai, "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes." Journal of Human Genetics (2006) 51:47–58. DOI 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0
  20. Zhili Yang, Yongli Dong, Lu Gao, Baowen Cheng, Jie Yang, Weimin Zeng, Jing Lu, Yanhua Su, & Chunjie Xiao, "The distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups in the nationalities from Yunnan Province of China." Annals of Human Biology, January–February 2005; 32(1): 80–87.
  21. Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al., "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations." European Journal of Human Genetics (2020) 28:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4
  22. WANG Xiao-Qing, WANG Chuan-Chao, DENG Qiong-Ying, and LI Hui (2013), "Genetic analysis of Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA polymorphism of Mulam ethnic group in Guangxi, China." HEREDITAS (Beijing) Feb 2013, 35(2): 168―174. ISSN 0253-9772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2013.00168

Works cited[edit]

Books

  • Underhill, Peter (2005). "Chapter 17: A synopsis of extant Y chromosome diversity in East Asia and Oceania". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. Psychology Press. pp. 297–314. ISBN 9780415322423. Search this book on

Conference Posters

Journals

Sources for conversion tables[edit]

Further reading[edit]


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