Haplogroup O-K18

Haplogroup O-K18 ; a.k.a. O-F2320
Possible time of origin	31,108 (95% CI 22,844 <-> 34,893) ybp; 29,190 ybp; 28,200 [95% CI 26,000 <-> 30,400] years before present
Coalescence age	26,840 ybp; 26,000 [95% CI 23,800 <-> 28,400] years before present
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia or East Asia
Ancestor	O-M268 (O1b)
Descendants	Primary: O-M1470 (O1b1a). Secondary: O-CTS10007 (O1b1a1a), O-M1283 (O1b1a1a1b), O-F4212 (O1b1a1a1a1b2), O-CTS10484 (O1b1a1a1a1b1b), O-CTS7399 (O1b1a1a1a1b1a), O-M111 (O1b1a1a1a1a), O-PK4 (O1b1a1), O-CTS10887/O-PAGE59(O1b1a2).
Defining mutations	K18; F2320; F3008/M1441; F3286/M146; M95; F1931/M1362; F1358/M1318; CTS11761/M1487
Highest frequencies	Southern China, Southeast Asia, India; (Austroasiatic peoples and Kuki-Chin-Mizo peoples)

Haplogroup O-K18 also known as O-F2320 and (as of 2017) Haplogroup O1b1,^[5] is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-K18 is a descendant branch of Haplogroup O-P31. Based on its disjunct distribution, O-K18 can be further divided into south subclade O1b1a1-PK4 and north subclade O1b1a2-CTS4040. O-CTS4040 is widely distributed in East Asia, whereas O-PK4 is more frequent in South China and Southeast Asia. O-PK4 is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.

Origin[edit]

In a paper published in 2011 by a group of Chinese researchers affiliated with Fudan University, it has been suggested that China is the origin of the expansion of haplogroup O-M268, the parent haplogroup of O-F2320.^[6]

Distribution[edit]

Haplogroup O-K18 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern India to the Altai Mountains and Central Asia in the west, and from Indonesia to northern China and Japan in the east. According to its distribution, O-K18 can be roughly divided into north subclade O-CTS4040 and south subclade O-PK4. O-CTS4040 is overall uncommon, but it is relatively abundant in Northern and Eastern parts of China (about 5%). It is also found at low frequencies of approximately 1% or less at the periphery of its distribution in other Indo-Pacific area like Vietnamese, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). The other haplogroup O-PK4 consists of O-F838 and O-M95. O-F838 are more frequent in the South Han in China, showing the same trend with the its parallel branch O-M95 in China. The other branch, O-M95, is the best known subclade for the whole Y Haplogroup O-K18. O-M95 is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M95 Y-chromosomes. Haplogroup O-M122, which attains its peak frequency among speakers of Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien languages in China and Southeast Asia, and Haplogroup O-M119, which predominates among Taiwanese aborigines and many populations of the Philippines, also generally occur among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95.

Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples.^[7]

According to the National Geographic project regarding O-M95: The Austro-Asiatic language family developed in groups containing men from this lineage. As these groups spread across Southeast Asia in successive waves, they spread their language. Today, the distribution of men from this lineage matches the pattern of these waves of migration. It is 42 percent of male lineages in Java, 40 percent of male lineages in Vietnam, and 38 percent of male lineages in Borneo. It accounts for 28 percent of the male population in Malaysia. It is present in Sumatra in about 14 percent of the male population. In mainland China, it is, on average, about 3 percent of the male population but a lot higher in ethnic minorities of South China. In South Asia, it is 9 percent of the Pardhan, between 1 and 2 percent of the Andh, and 10 percent of the Naikpod. It is around 59 percent of Balinese male lineages.

Haplogroup O-M95 is generally found in high percentages in most Austro-Asiatic ethnic groups but also found high in the Tai-Kradai people of South China and Southeast Asia, and Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese of Indonesia. It is also widespread in ethnic minorities of South China related to language families of East Asian origin and Southeast Asian origin.

Subclade Distribution[edit]

O-K18[edit]

O-CTS4040[edit]

O-CTS4040 is relatively rare and is usually marked as O1B*/O2*-M268(PK4-, M176-) in the past academic report. It shares a common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, O-PK4, approximately 24,405 (95% CI 17,810 <-> 27,604) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,^[1] approximately 23,410 years before present according to 23mofang,^[2] or approximately 22,100 (95% CI 20,400 <-> 23,900) years before present according to YFull.^[3]

It is mainly distributed in East Asia^[2] and is mainly found in Han Chinese and occasionally found in Taiwan plains tribes, Vietnamese, Dai, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). TMRCA of Han Chinese, Dai, Vietnamese, and Japanese members estimated to be 15,900 [95% CI 13,300 <-> 16,400] ybp.^[3] Relative paper illustrates O-P31/M268(PK4-, M176-) is found in North China (6.2%), East China (4.8%) and South China (3.1%).^[8]

Analysis of DNA extracted from a tooth from what are believed to be the remains of Cao Ding shows that he belonged to this clade. The researchers also found that the Y-chromosome of Cao Ding matches those of self-proclaimed living descendants of Cao Cao who hold lineage records dating back to more than 100 generations ago.^[9] Cao Cao laid the foundation of Cao Wei, one of three major states that succeeded the Han Dynasty of China.

In Yangshao culture (around 5000 BC), there is an ancient male who belongs to haplogroup O-PAGE59 in WangGou site (Zhengzhou, Henan, China). This is currently the oldest discovered ancient DNA that has been confirmed to be derived from O-CTS4040.^[10]

O-PK4[edit]

The coalescence age of O-PK4 is 13,911 (95% CI 11,147 <-> 15,915) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,^[1] 13,060 ybp according to 23mofang,^[2] or 12,900 (95% CI 11,700 <-> 14,200) years before present according to YFull.^[3] It mainly consists of two subclades: O-F838 and O-M95. It is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.

O-F838[edit]

This lineage has been relocated upstream of M95 following a paper published on the subject in 2011.(Shi Yan et al. 2011) Found in three samples of Han Chinese: 3/65 = 4.6% South China, 1/129 = 0.8% North China, 1/167 = 0.6% East China.

According to 23mofang, O-F838 (TMRCA 10,730 ybp) currently accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 1.40% of all males in China, with its distribution being densest in the South Central Region of China.^[2]

Peng et al. (2013) found O-PK4(xM95), which probably should belong to O-F838 according to the phylogenetic tree of human Y-DNA as it is currently resolved,^[3] in a Bamar individual in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar.^[11]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in one of 18 individuals sampled on Ambon Island, Indonesia, one of 24 individuals sampled in Hanoi, Vietnam, six of 258 miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, one of 60 Minnan in Taiwan, and one of 85 Siraya in Pingtung, Taiwan.^[12]

Wang et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in two of a sample of 46 Khams Tibetans from Xinlong County, Sichuan.^[13]

O-M95[edit]

This subclade is downstream from O-PK4. It reaches high frequencies among the populations of the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo in western Indonesia (Underhill 2001) (Karafet 2010). It has been found to be by far the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the Balinese, occurring in approximately 58.6% (323/551) of a sample of Balinese men. It is found around 70% frequency among Bhumij of East India.^[14] It has been found in 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy in Madagascar (Hurles 2005) and in 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Swahili people in Kilifi, Kenya.^[15] It is one of the most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroups among men in Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Myanmar. It is also very common among minority ethnic groups in India and China, especially those who have ethnolinguistic connections with populations in Southeast Asia (e.g. Munda peoples, Khasi people, and Nicobarese people in India and Kra–Dai peoples, Blang people, and Mang people in China).

O-M95(xM88) is relatively infrequent in other populations, but a study published in 2006 has found it in samples of Daurs (6/39 = 15.4%), Qiang people (3/33 = 9.1%), She people (3/34 = 8.8%), Hani people (2/34 = 5.9%), Yao people in Liannan, Guangdong (2/35 = 5.7%), Japanese people (2/47 = 4.3%), Evenks in China (1/26 = 3.8%), Han Chinese in Lanzhou, Gansu (1/30 = 3.3%), Han Chinese in Yili, Xinjiang (1/32 = 3.1%), Han Chinese in Chengdu, Sichuan (1/34 = 2.9%), and Yao people in Bama, Guangxi (1/35 = 2.9%).^[16]

A study published in 2010 found O-M95(xM111) in 57.3% (367/641) Bali, 49.2% (30/61) Java, 31.3% (10/32) Malaysia, 20.9% (18/86) Borneo (Indonesia), 15.8% (6/38) Toba people in Sumatra, 13.0% (7/54) Mandar people in Sulawesi, 7.1% (5/70) Vietnam, 6.1% (10/165) Han Chinese, 4.6% (18/394) Flores, 3.4% (2/58) Miao in China, 2.1% (1/48) Philippines, 1.7% (1/60) Yao in China, and 0.3% (1/350) Sumba. (Karafet 2010)

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M95(xM88) in 36.2% (51/141) Java, 29.4% (5/17) Sulawesi, 25.3% (19/75) general population of Bangkok, 25% (2/8) Malaysia, 22.2% (4/18) Ambon, 19.2% (5/26) Sumatra, 12.0% (3/25) Kalimantan, 10.0% (3/30) Yami, 8.3% (2/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 6.7% (4/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 5.9% (2/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 3.7% (1/27) Akka in Thailand, 3.5% (9/258) miscellaneous Han in Taiwan, 1.8% (1/55) Han in Fujian, 1.6% (6/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes. The authors did not find any cases of O-M95(xM88) among their samples from the Philippines (0/146) or Taiwan Highlands Tribes (0/325).^[12]

O-M88[edit]

This subclade is downstream from O-M95. The TMRCA of O-M88, which is also known as O-M111, is estimated to be 6,607 (95% CI 5,216 <-> 7,632) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,^[1] 5,950 ybp according to 23mofang,^[2] or 5,600 [95% CI 5,000 <-> 6,300] years before present according to YFull. The entire O-M88 clade is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with O-CTS5854, most members of which have been found in southern China, Laos, and Thailand, but some also in northern China, Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines, 10,071 (95% CI 7,821 <-> 11,536) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022, 9,500 [95% CI 8,600 <-> 10,500] years before present according to YFull, or 8,980 ybp according to 23mofang.

O-M88 is frequently found among Tai peoples, Vietnamese people, Hani-Akha people, She people, and some tribal peoples in Laos (including Aheu people, Xinh Mul people, Alak people, Kuy people, and So people^[17]), with a moderate distribution among Cambodians, Qiang people, Yi people, Tujia people, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Cham people, Taiwanese aborigines, populations of Borneo, the Philippines, and Malaysia (Hurles 2005) (Karafet 2010), and Han Chinese of Sichuan,^[16] Hunan, Guangxi,^[18] Guangdong,^[19] Yunnan,^[20] and Taiwan.^[12]^[19]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M88 in 37.5% (21/56) Bunun, 25.9% (7/27) Akka in Thailand, 25.0% (6/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 17.3% (13/75) general population of Bangkok, Thailand, 5.0% (7/141) Java, 3.4% (5/146) Philippines, 3.3% (1/30) Yami, 2.9% (1/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 1.7% (1/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 1.55% (4/258) Han in Taiwan, and 0.54% (2/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes (including 1/18 Papora and 1/38 Siraya from the Tainan coast).^[12]

Macholdt et al. (2020) found Y-DNA that belongs to subclades of O-M88 (O-F2758, O-F1399, O-Z24091, O-F2890, and O-Z24014) in 69.4% (25/36) of a sample of Lolo, 32.4% (12/37) of a sample of Nung, 28.0% (14/50) of a sample of Kinh, 22.2% (8/36) of a sample of Lachi, 12.9% (4/31) of a sample of Lahu, 11.6% (5/43) of a sample of Dao, 10.6% (5/47) of a sample of Tày, 8.3% (3/36) of a sample of Pathen, 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Ede, 6.1% (2/33) of a sample of Hanhi, 4.2% (1/24) of a sample of Thái, and 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of Giarai from Vietnam.^[21]

O-M297[edit]

More research is needed on this lineage. It is claimed to be downstream from M95 and parallel to M88.

Phylogenetics[edit]

Phylogenetic history[edit]

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012	ISOGG 2020
O-M175	26	VII	1U	28	Eu16	H9	I	O*	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O
O-M119	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1*	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a
O-M101	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1a	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a1b1a
O-M50	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H10	H	O1b	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2
O-P31	26	VII	1U	33	Eu16	H5	I	O2*	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O1b
O-M95	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H11	G	O2a*	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a1	O2a1	O1b1a1a
O-M88	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H12	G	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1a	O2a1a	O1b1a1a1a1a1
O-SRY465 (O-M176)	20	VII	1U	35	Eu16	H5	I	O2b*	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O1b2
O-47z (O-CTS713)	5	VII	1U	26	Eu16	H5	I	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O1b2a1a1
O-M122	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3*	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O2
O-M121	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3a	O3a	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1a	O3a1a	O2a1a1a1a1
O-M164	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3b	O3b	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a1b	O3a1b	O2a1b2a1a1
O-M159 (Page96)	13	VII	1U	31	Eu16	H6	L	O3c	O3c	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3	O3a3	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O2a2a1a1a
O-M7	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d*	O3c	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a4	O3a4	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a2b	O3a2b	O2a2a1a2
O-M113	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d1	O3c1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	-	O3a4a	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a2b1	O3a2b1	O2a2a1a2a1a1a1a
O-M134	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e*	O3d	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a5	O3a5	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a2c1	O3a2c1	O2a2b1
O-M117	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1*	O3d1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a5a	O3a5a	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a2c1a	O3a2c1a	O2a2b1a1
O-M162	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1a	O3d1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a5a1	O3a5a1	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a2c1a1	O3a2c1a1	O2a2b1a1(?)

Research publications[edit]

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
β Underhill 2000
γ Hammer 2001
δ Karafet 2001
ε Semino 2000
ζ Su 1999
η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees[edit]

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

O-M95 (M95)
- O-M88 (M88, M111)

Table of frequencies of O-M95[edit]

Population	Frequency	n	Source	SNPs
Shompen	1.00	12	Trivedi 2006	M95=12
Nicobarese	1.00	11	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)=11
Juang (Keonjhar district)	0.980	49	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)=48
Mang (Mường Tè District)	0.973	37	Macholdt 2020	B426=36
Bonda (Koraput district)	0.952	42	Chaubey 2011	M95=40
Juang (Sambalpur district)	0.889	54	Chaubey 2011	M95=48
Birhor (Raipur district)	0.889	27	Chaubey 2011	M95=24
Gadaba (Koraput district)	0.889	27	Chaubey 2011	M95=24
Birhor (Chandrapur district)	0.886	35	Chaubey 2011	M95=31
Suy	0.872	39	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=22 M88=12
Xinhmul	0.862	29	Cai 2011	M88=20 M95(xM88)=5
Lamet	0.857	35	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=30
Ho (Begusarai district)	0.844	45	Chaubey 2011	M95=38
Han Chinese (Pinghua speakers from Wuxuan)	0.839	31	Gan 2008	M95=26
Mawasi (Bhopal district)	0.833	12	Chaubey 2011	M95=10
Korku (Amravati district)	0.814	59	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)=48
Baiga (Kendujhar district)	0.810	42	Chaubey 2011	M95=34
Inh	0.794	34	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=27
Colao (Hoàng Su Phì District)	0.765	34	Macholdt 2020	M1283(xB426)=16 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=10
Ede	0.750	24	Macholdt 2020	M1283(xB426)=14 B426=2 Z24091=1 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1
Mal	0.740	50	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=33 M88=4
Alak	0.733	30	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=17 M88=5
Kharia (West Bengal)	0.706	34	Debnath 2011	M95(xM88)=24
Lô Lô (Mèo Vạc District)	0.694	36	Macholdt 2020	Z24091=25
Katu	0.689	45	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=31
Santhal	0.689	90	Borkar 2011	M95=62
Aheu	0.684	38	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=20 M88=6
Bo	0.679	28	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=18 M88=1
Giarai	0.667	27	Macholdt 2020	M1283(xB426)=16 B426=1 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1
Khmu	0.667	51	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=31 M88=3
Mawasi (Gumla district)	0.667	27	Chaubey 2011	M95=18
Thái (Vietnam)	0.667	24	Macholdt 2020	M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=7 M1283(xB426)=5 FGC19713=2 B426=1 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1
Ho (Mayurbhanj district)	0.658	79	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)=52
Talieng	0.657	35	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=22 M88=1
Brau	0.656	32	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=20 M88=1
Oy	0.620	50	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=30 M88=1
Li (Hlai)	0.618	34	Xue 2006	M95(xM88)=20 M88=1
Asur	0.602	88	Chaubey 2011	M95
Korwa	0.595	42	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)
Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan)	0.583	48	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=20 M88=8
Bouyei	0.578	45	Xie 2004	M95(xM88)=21 M88=5
Tày (Vietnam)	0.574	47	Macholdt 2020	M1283(xB426)=12 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=7 CTS651=3 Z24091=2 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=2 F2890(xZ24014)=1
Balinese	0.573	641	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)=367
Mech (Nepal)	0.550	20	Borkar 2011	M95=11
Buyi	0.543	35	Xue 2006	M95(xM88)=13 M88=6
Nùng (Hoàng Su Phì District & vicinity)	0.541	37	Macholdt 2020	F1399=9 M1283(xB426)=6 Z24091=3 CTS651=1 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=1
So	0.540	50	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=21 M88=6
Bit	0.536	28	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=15
Ho	0.536	28	Borkar 2011	M95=15
Savara	0.524	21	Chaubey 2011	M95
Baiga (Madhya Pradesh)	0.522	23	Chaubey 2011	M95
Blang (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.500	28	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=14
Bugan	0.500	32	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=16
Han (Pinghua speakers from Fuchuan)	0.500	28	Gan 2008	M95=14
Hani	0.500	34	Xue 2006	M88=15 M95(xM88)=2
Java (mostly sampled in Dieng)	0.492	61	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)=30
Kharia	0.486	37	Chaubey 2011	M95
Ngeq	0.486	35	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=17
Birhor	0.480	100	Borkar 2011	M95=48
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos)	0.480	25	He 2012	M95(xM88)=9 M88=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.475	40	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=19
Jeh	0.469	32	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=15
Santhal	0.468	109	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)
Munda	0.453	53	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)
Lowland Yao	0.452	31	Cai 2011	M88=9 M95(xM88)=5
Lachung	0.450	20	Borkar 2011	M95=9
Kinh (Hanoi and vicinity)	0.440	50	Macholdt 2020	F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=11 B426=4 M1283(xB426)=3 Z24014=2 Z24091=1 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=1
Laven	0.440	50	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=21 M88=1
Lawa (Northern Thailand)	0.440	50	Brunelli 2017	M95(xM111)=22
Sui	0.440	50	Xie 2004	M95(xM88/M111)=22
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.429	35	Yang 2005	M88=8 M95(xM88)=7
Chin (Chin State, Myanmar)	0.421	19	Peng 2013	M95(xM88)=8
Kinh (Hanoi)	0.421	76	He 2012	M88=23 M95(xM88)=9
Muong	0.417	12	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=5
Khasi	0.413	92	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)
Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.408	49	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=14 M88=6
Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.393	28	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=6 M88=5
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam)	0.390	59	He 2012	M95(xM88)=18 M88=5
Kharia	0.389	36	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)
Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.383	47	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=18
Kataang	0.378	37	Cai 2011	M88=10 M95(xM88)=4
Bunun	0.375	56	Trejaut 2014	M88=21
Santhal (West Bengal)	0.373	51	Debnath 2011	M95(xM88)=19
Kol (West Bengal)	0.371	62	Debnath 2011	M95(xM88)=23
Dai (Xinping, Yunnan)	0.367	49	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=14 M88=4
Java	0.362	141	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
She	0.353	51	Karafet 2010	M111=18
Munda	0.351	94	Borkar 2011	M95=33
Santhal	0.350	20	Chaubey 2011	M95
Malaysia	0.344	32	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)=10 M111=1
Mon (Northern Thailand)	0.333	18	Brunelli 2017	M95(xM111)=6
Mulam (Luocheng)^[22]	0.333	42	Wang 2013	M95(xM88)=12 M88=2
Kinh	0.333	15	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=5
Southern Mien	0.323	31	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=6 M88=4
Oraon	0.319	91	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)
Banjarmasin, Indonesia	0.318	22	Hurles 2005	M95(xM88)
Lowland Kimmun	0.317	41	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=10 M88=3
Mountain Kimmun	0.313	32	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=10
Blang	0.308	52	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=16
Zhuang (Guangxi)	0.307	166	Chen 2006	M95(xM111)=39 M111=12
Miao (Yunnan)	0.306	49	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=15
Lachi (Hoàng Su Phì District)	0.306	36	Macholdt 2020	Z24091=8 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=3
Khasi	0.303	353	Reddy 2007	M95
Dao (Hoàng Su Phì District)	0.302	43	Macholdt 2020	F2758(xF1399, Z24091)=5 M1283(xB426)=5 CTS651=3
Shan (Northern Thailand)	0.300	20	Brunelli 2017	M95(xM111)=6
Mon (Thailand)	0.295	105	Kutanan 2019	M1283(xB426,SK1646)=10 F2758(xF1399,F2415)=10 B426(xSK1640,FGC29907)=8 F2415=1 Z24091=1 F2890=1
Sulawesi	0.294	17	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.292	48	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=12 M88=2
Phù Lá (Mường Khương District)	0.286	14	Macholdt 2020	M1283(xB426)=4
Northern Mien	0.273	33	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=7 M88=2
Vietnamese	0.271	70	Karafet 2010	M111=14 M95(xM111)=5
Flower-head Mien	0.263	19	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=4 M88=1
Thailand	0.253	75	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Tai Khün (Northern Thailand)	0.250	24	Brunelli 2017	M95(xM111)=6
Zhuang	0.250	28	Su 1999	M95(xM88)=7
Tai Lue (Northern Thailand)	0.242	91	Brunelli 2017	M95(xM111)=22
Thai (Northern Thailand)	0.235	17	He 2012	M95(xM88)=3 M88=1
Palyu	0.233	30	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=7
Cambodian	0.231	26	Li 2010	M95(xM88)=6
Khon Mueang (Northern Thailand)	0.229	205	Brunelli 2017	M95(xM111)=47
Lahu (Mường Tè District)	0.226	31	Macholdt 2020	F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=4 M1283(xB426)=3
Wa (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.226	31	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=7
Tai Yuan (Thailand)	0.224	85	Brunelli 2017	M95(xM111)=18 M95(M111 null)=1
Ambon	0.222	18	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia	0.215	65	Hurles 2005	M95(xM88)
Mech (West Bengal)	0.211	19	Debnath 2011	M95(xM88)=4
Borneo (Indonesia)	0.209	86	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)=18
Kam	0.200	20	Xie 2004	M95(xM88/M111)=4
Sui (Fuyuan, Yunnan)	0.200	40	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=7 M88=1
Bamar (Myanmar)	0.194	72	Peng 2013	M95(xM88)=11 M88=2 PK4(xM95)=1
Bunu	0.194	36	Cai 2011	M88=5 M95(xM88)=2
CDX (Dai in Xishuangbanna)	0.192	52	Poznik 2016	Z1018=4 Z23849=2 F2517=2 Y26463=1 Y9322*(xY9325)=1
Sumatra	0.192	26	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)	0.190	63	Zhao 2010	M95(xM88)=12
Mahali (Santhal)	0.188	32	Chaubey 2011	M95
Miao (Guizhou)	0.184	49	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=8 M88=1
Garo	0.182	33	Kumar 2007	M95(xM88)
Thin Board Mien	0.182	11	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=1 M88=1
Top Board Mien	0.182	11	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=1 M88=1
Blue Kimmun	0.179	28	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=5
Malagasy	0.171	35	Hurles 2005	M95(xM88)
Hmong (Điện Biên Phủ)	0.171	41	Macholdt 2020	M1283(xB426)=7
Yao (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.170	47	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=5 M88=3
Naxi	0.167	18	Xie 2004	M95(xM88)=3
Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan)	0.160	50	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=6 M88=2
Batak Toba (Sumatra)	0.158	38	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)=6
Rajbanshi (West Bengal)	0.156	45	Borkar 2011	M95=7
Daur	0.154	39	Xue 2006	M95(xM88)=6
Dai (Dehong, Yunnan)	0.150	20	Yang 2005	M88=2 M95(xM88)=1
Western Mien	0.149	47	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=7
Han (Chengdu)	0.147	34	Xue 2006	M88=4 M95(xM88)=1
Miao (Hunan)	0.140	100	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=9 M88=5
Pa Then (Quang Bình District)	0.139	36	Macholdt 2020	F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=3 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=2
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.133	30	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=3 M88=1
Yami	0.133	30	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)=3 M88=1
Paharia (Jharkhand)	0.130	100	Borkar 2011	M95=13
Mandar (Sulawesi)	0.130	54	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)=7
Pahng	0.129	31	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)=4
De'ang (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.125	16	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=2
Hani (Mường Tè District)	0.121	33	Macholdt 2020	Z24091=2 FGC19713=2
Qiang	0.121	33	Xue 2006	M95(xM88)=3 M88=1
Kalimantan	0.120	25	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Han Chinese (China)	0.115	165	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)=10 M111=9
Garo	0.113	71	Reddy 2007	M95
Papura	0.111	18	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)=1 M88=1
Oraon	0.109	110	Borkar 2011	M95=12
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.106	47	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=4 M88=1
Miao (China)	0.103	58	Karafet 2010	M111=4 M95(xM111)=2
Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan)	0.100	40	Yang 2005	M88=3 M95(xM88)=1
Yizu (Butuo, Sichuan)	0.093	43	Hammer 2006	M95(xM111)=3 M111=1
Han (South China)	0.092	65	Yan 2011	M95(xM88)=3 PK4(xM95)=3
She	0.088	34	Xue 2006	M95(xM88)=3
Yao (Liannan)	0.086	35	Xue 2006	M95(xM88)=2 M88=1
Lahu (Lincang, Yunnan)	0.085	47	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=2 M88=2
Hanoi, Vietnam	0.083	24	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Tai Yong (Northern Thailand)	0.077	26	Brunelli 2017	M95(xM111)=2
Native Mien	0.073	41	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)
Han (Pinghua speakers from Hezhou)	0.067	15	Gan 2008	M95=1
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.067	45	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=2 M88=1
Minnan (Taiwan)	0.067	60	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Filipinos (Visayas)	0.065	31	Trejaut 2014	M88=2
Han (Yuxi, Yunnan)	0.064	47	Yang 2005	M88=2 M95(xM88)=1
Han Chinese (Lanzhou)	0.061	49	Yao 2021	O1b1a1a1b2=2 O1b1a1a1a1b1a1=1
Nu (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.060	50	Yang 2005	M88=2 M95(xM88)=1
Hmong Daw (Laos)	0.059	51	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)
Hakka (Taiwan)	0.059	34	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Jingpo (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.059	17	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=1
Filipinos (Other)	0.056	36	Trejaut 2014	M88=2
Jino	0.056	18	Xie 2004	M95(xM88)=1
Han (Pinghua speakers from Luocheng)	0.048	21	Gan 2008	M95=1
Kapingamarangi	0.048	21	Hurles 2005	M95(xM88)
Flores	0.046	394	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)=18
Japanese	0.043	47	Xue 2006	M95(xM88)=2
Southern Han	0.042	283	Xie 2004	M95(xM88)=10 M88=2
Philippines	0.042	48	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)=1 M111=1
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan)	0.042	72	Li 2013	M95=3
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.040	50	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=2
Western Samoa	0.040	25	Hurles 2005	M95(xM88)
Ewenki (China)	0.038	26	Xue 2006	M95(xM88)=1
Akha (Thailand)	0.037	27	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Bengali (West Bengal)	0.037	54	Debnath 2011	M95(xM88)=2
Northern She (Zhejiang)	0.036	56	Cai 2011	M95(xM88)
Han (Taiwan)	0.035	258	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Han (Lanzhou)	0.033	30	Xue 2006	M95(xM88)=1
Kategalan	0.033	30	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)=1
Yao (Guangxi)	0.033	60	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)=1 M111=1
Han (Yili, Xinjiang)	0.031	32	Xue 2006	M95(x88)=1
Han (North China)	0.031	129	Yan 2011	M95(xM88)=3 PK4(xM95)=1
Yao (Bama)	0.029	35	Xue 2006	M95(xM88)=1
Dhimal (West Bengal)	0.028	36	Debnath 2011	M95(xM88)=1
Pazeh	0.025	40	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)=1
Tharu (Uttar Pradesh)	0.024	164	Chaubey 2014	M95
Hani (Lüchun, Yunnan)	0.024	41	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=1
Han (East China)	0.024	167	Yan 2011	M95(xM88)=3 PK4(xM95)=1
Japanese	0.024	210	Hammer 2006	M95(xM111)
Tharu (Uttarakhand)	0.022	45	Chaubey 2014	M95
Tibetan (Lhasa)	0.022	46	Xie 2004	M95(xM88)=1
Yunnan Mongolian (Tonghai)	0.022	46	Yang 2005	M95(xM88)=1
Taiwanese Aboriginals	0.021	48	Karafet 2010	M111=1
Tharu (Nepal)	0.020	202	Fornarino 2009 Chaubey 2014	M95
Rajbanshi (West Bengal)	0.020	51	Debnath 2011	M95(xM88)=1
Siraya	0.019	261	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)=3 M88=1 PK4(xM95)=1
Uzbek	0.019	54	Karafet 2001	M95
Filipinos (South Luzon)	0.018	55	Trejaut 2014	M88=1
Han (Fujian)	0.018	55	Trejaut 2014	M95(xM88)
Japanese	0.018	56	Poznik 2016	M95(xM88)
Japanese	0.013	2390	Sato 2014	M95
Japanese	0.008	263	Nonaka 2007	M95(xM88)
Sumba	0.003	350	Karafet 2010	M95(xM111)
Hui (Tonghai, Yunnan)	0.000	15	Yang 2005	M95=0
Thao	0.000	16	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Taroko	0.000	20	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Phù Lá (Xín Mần District)	0.000	21	Macholdt 2020	M95=0
Yunlin aboriginals	0.000	21	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Puyuma	0.000	23	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Ivatan	0.000	24	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Saisiyat	0.000	24	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Korean (China)	0.000	25	Xue 2006	M95=0
Paiwan	0.000	25	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Tibetan (Kham)	0.000	27	Xie 2004	M95=0
Dulong (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.000	28	Yang 2005	M95=0
Rukai	0.000	29	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Si La (Mường Tè District)	0.000	29	Macholdt 2020	M95=0
Oroqen	0.000	31	Xue 2006	M95=0
Uyghur (Urumqi)	0.000	31	Xue 2006	M95=0
Han (Harbin)	0.000	35	Xue 2006	M95=0
Han (Meixian)	0.000	35	Xue 2006	M95=0
Hui (China)	0.000	35	Xue 2006	M95=0
Manchu	0.000	35	Xue 2006	M95=0
Tibetan	0.000	35	Xue 2006	M95=0
Amis	0.000	39	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Uyghur (Yili)	0.000	39	Xue 2006	M95=0
Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan)	0.000	41	Yang 2005	M95=0
Tsou	0.000	41	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Xibe	0.000	41	Xue 2006	M95=0
Korean (Korea)	0.000	43	Xue 2006	M95=0
Hezhe (China)	0.000	45	Xue 2006	M95=0
Mongol (Inner Mongolia)	0.000	45	Xue 2006	M95=0
Mosuo (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.000	47	Yang 2005	M95=0
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.000	47	Yang 2005	M95=0
Atayal	0.000	52	Trejaut 2014	PK4=0
Mongol (Mongolia)	0.000	65	Xue 2006	M95=0
Northern Han	0.000	82	Xie 2004	M95=0

Table of frequencies of O-M88/M111[edit]

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	SNPs
Xinhmul	0.690	29	Cai 2011	M88
Hani	0.441	34	Xue 2006	M88
Tai Yong (Thailand)	0.385	26	Brunelli 2017	M111
Bunun	0.375	56	Trejaut 2014	M88
She	0.353	51	Karafet 2010	M111
Suy	0.308	39	Cai 2011	M88
Tai Lü (Thailand)	0.308	91	Brunelli 2017	M111
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)	0.303	76	He 2012	M88
Lowland Yao	0.290	31	Cai 2011	M88
Kataang	0.270	37	Cai 2011	M88
Kinh (Ho Chi Minh City)	0.261	46	Poznik 2016	M88 M111
Akha (Thailand)	0.259	27	Trejaut 2014	M88
Hanoi, Vietnam	0.250	24	Trejaut 2014	M88
Tai Khün (Thailand)	0.250	24	Brunelli 2017	M111
CDX (Dai in Xishuangbanna)	0.231	52	Poznik 2016	M88 M111
Dai (Xishuangbanna)	0.229	35	Yang 2005	M88=8
Tai Yuan (Thailand)	0.224	85	Brunelli 2017	M111
Zaomin	0.216	37	Cai 2011	M88
Thai (North & Northeast Thailand)	0.200	40	Su 2000	M88/M111=8
Vietnamese	0.200	70	Karafet 2010	M111
Northern Thai (Thailand)	0.186	86	Kutanan 2019	F2758_{(xF1399, F2415)}=8 F2890=5 F2415=2 F1399=1
Khon Mueang (Thailand)	0.185	205	Brunelli 2017	M111
Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.179	28	Yang 2005	M88=5
Thailand	0.173	75	Trejaut 2014	M88
Buyi	0.171	35	Xue 2006	M88
Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan)	0.167	48	Yang 2005	M88=8
Aheu	0.158	38	Cai 2011	M88
Shan (Thailand)	0.150	20	Brunelli 2017	M111
Lao Isan	0.129	62	Kutanan 2019	F2758_{(xF1399, F2415)}=5 F2415=1 Z24091=1 F2890=1
Mon (Thailand)	0.124	105	Kutanan 2019	F2758_{(xF1399, F2415)}=10 F2415=1 Z24091=1 F2890=1
Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.122	49	Yang 2005	M88=6
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos)	0.120	25	He 2012	M88
Han (Chengdu, Sichuan)	0.118	34	Xue 2006	M88
Cambodian	0.115	26	Su 1999	M88/M111=3
Zhuang (Guangxi)	0.107	28	Su 1999	M88/M111=3
Dai (Dehong, Yunnan)	0.100	20	Yang 2005	M88=2
Thai	0.085	129	Kutanan 2019	F2758_{(xF1399, F2415)}=6 F2890=3 F2415=1 Z24091=1
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam)	0.085	59	He 2012	M88
Dai (Xinping, Yunnan)	0.082	49	Yang 2005	M88=4
Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan)	0.075	40	Yang 2005	M88=3
Laotian (Vientiane & Luang Prabang)	0.075	40	Kutanan 2019	F2758_{(xF1399, F2415)}=2 Z24091=1
Zhuang (Guangxi)	0.072	166	Chen 2006	M111
Miao (China)	0.069	58	Karafet 2010	M111
Yao (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.064	47	Yang 2005	M88=3
Thai (Northern Thailand)	0.059	17	He 2012	M88
Han (China)	0.055	165	Karafet 2010	M111
Taiwanese aborigines	0.051	39	Hurles 2005	M88
Java	0.050	141	Trejaut 2014	M88
Banjarmasin, Indonesia	0.045	22	Hurles 2005	M88
Han (Yuxi, Yunnan)	0.043	47	Yang 2005	M88=2
Lahu (Lincang, Yunnan)	0.043	47	Yang 2005	M88=2
Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.042	48	Yang 2005	M88=2
Pathans (Dir, Pakistan)	0.042	96	Firasat 2007	M88, M111
Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan)	0.040	50	Yang 2005	M88=2
Nu (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.040	50	Yang 2005	M88=2
Philippines	0.034	146	Trejaut 2014	M88
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.033	30	Yang 2005	M88=1
Yami	0.033	30	Trejaut 2014	M88
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)	0.032	63	Zhao 2010	M88=2
Malaysia	0.031	32	Karafet 2010	M111
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia	0.031	65	Hurles 2005	M88
Qiang	0.030	33	Xue 2006	M88
Hakka (Taiwan)	0.029	34	Trejaut 2014	M88
Hlai (Hainan)	0.029	34	Xue 2006	M88
Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)	0.029	35	Xue 2006	M88
Bamar (Myanmar)	0.028	72	Peng 2013	M88=2
Sui (Fuyuan, Yunnan)	0.025	40	Yang 2005	M88=1
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.022	45	Yang 2005	M88=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.021	47	Yang 2005	M88=1
Philippines	0.021	48	Karafet 2010	M111
Taiwanese aborigines	0.021	48	Karafet 2010	M111
Lawa	0.020	50	Brunelli 2017	M111
Minnan (Taiwan)	0.017	60	Trejaut 2014	M88
Yao (China)	0.017	60	Karafet 2010	M111
Han (Taiwan)	0.016	258	Trejaut 2014	M88
Taiwan plains tribes	0.005	370	Trejaut 2014	M88
Hui (Tonghai, Yunnan)	0.000	15	Yang 2005	M88=0
De'ang (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.000	16	Yang 2005	M88=0
Jingpo (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.000	17	Yang 2005	M88=0
Mon (Thailand)	0.000	18	Brunelli 2017	M111
Blang (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.000	28	Yang 2005	M88=0
Dulong (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.000	28	Yang 2005	M88=0
Wa (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.000	31	Yang 2005	M88=0
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.000	40	Yang 2005	M88=0
Hani (Lüchun, Yunnan)	0.000	41	Yang 2005	M88=0
Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan)	0.000	41	Yang 2005	M88=0
Mongol (Tonghai, Yunnan)	0.000	46	Yang 2005	M88=0
Mosuo (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.000	47	Yang 2005	M88=0
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.000	47	Yang 2005	M88=0
Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.000	47	Yang 2005	M88=0
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.000	50	Yang 2005	M88=0

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L. Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J. Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P. Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages." Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022: msac045 doi:10.1093/molbev/msac045
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 "Y Haplogroup Distribution Data". 23Mofang Corp. 23Mofang Corp.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.01 at 4 January 2017
↑ ISOGG 2017; YFull 2017
↑ ISOGG 2017
↑ Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; The Genographic Consortium (18 August 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.
↑ Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (May 4, 2015). "Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0125676. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025676Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125676. PMC 4418768. PMID 25938511.
↑ Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; The Genographic Consortium (18 August 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.
↑ Chuan-Chao Wang; Shi Yan; Can Yao; Xiu-Yuan Huang; Xue Ao; Zhanfeng Wang; Sheng Han; Li Jin; Hui Li (14 February 2013). "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". Journal of Human Genetics. The Japan Society of Human Genetics. 58 (4): 238–39. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.5. PMID 23407348. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
↑ Tianjiao, Li (2019). "Genomic Study of the Ancient Populations from the period of YangShao to LongShan Culture in Central Plain" (Jilin University).
↑ Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Long Fan, Jie Liu, Adeniyi C Adeola, Shi-Fang Wu, Robert W Murphy, Yong-Gang Yao, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data." European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 27 November 2013; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 Jean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, Ju-Chen Yen, Ying-Hui Lai, Jun-Hun Loo, Chien-Liang Lee, Chun-Lin He, and Marie Lin, "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia." BMC Genetics 2014, 15:77. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/15/77
↑ Wang C-C, Wang L-X, Shrestha R, Zhang M, Huang X-Y, et al. (2014), "Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor." PLoS ONE 9(8): e103772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772
↑ Smita Kujur (2010). "Genetic study of Bhumij Tribe of Jharkhand using mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA markers". Retrieved 11 November 2022.
↑ Nicolas Brucato, Veronica Fernandes, Stéphane Mazières, et al., "The Comoros Show the Earliest Austronesian Gene Flow into the Swahili Corridor." The American Journal of Human Genetics 102, 58–68, 4 January 2018.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006). DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.054270
↑ Cai, Xiaoyun; Qin, Zhendong; Wen, Bo; Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Yi; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; et al. (2011). O'Rourke, Dennis, ed. "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624282C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.
↑ Yan LU, Shang-Ling PAN, Shu-Ming QIN, Zheng-Dong QIN, Chuan-Chao WANG, Rui-Jing GAN, Hui LI, and the Genographic Consortium, "Genetic evidence for the multiple origins of Pinghua Chinese." Journal of Systematics and Evolution Volume 51, Issue 3 (May 2013), Pages 271–279. DOI: 10.1111/jse.12003
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Michael F. Hammer, Tatiana M. Karafet, Hwayong Park, Keiichi Omoto, Shinji Harihara, Mark Stoneking, and Satoshi Horai, "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes." Journal of Human Genetics (2006) 51:47–58. DOI 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0
↑ Zhili Yang, Yongli Dong, Lu Gao, Baowen Cheng, Jie Yang, Weimin Zeng, Jing Lu, Yanhua Su, & Chunjie Xiao, "The distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups in the nationalities from Yunnan Province of China." Annals of Human Biology, January–February 2005; 32(1): 80–87.
↑ Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al., "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations." European Journal of Human Genetics (2020) 28:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4
↑ WANG Xiao-Qing, WANG Chuan-Chao, DENG Qiong-Ying, and LI Hui (2013), "Genetic analysis of Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA polymorphism of Mulam ethnic group in Guangxi, China." HEREDITAS (Beijing) Feb 2013, 35(2): 168―174. ISSN 0253-9772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2013.00168

Works cited[edit]

Books

Underhill, Peter (2005). "Chapter 17: A synopsis of extant Y chromosome diversity in East Asia and Oceania". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. Psychology Press. pp. 297–314. ISBN 9780415322423. Search this book on

Conference Posters

Yong, R.Y.Y.; Gan, L.S.H.; Khripin, Y.; Yap, V.B.; Yap, E.P.H. (2006). Workshop 6 Genomic Variation and Diversity: Association of Y chromosome variation with paternal ancestry origin of three ethnic populations in Singapore. HUGO's 11th Human Genome Meeting Helsinki Fair Centre, Helsinki, Finland, Wed 31 May to Sat 3 June 2006. Helsinki, Finland. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

Journals

Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
Hurles, M; Sykes, B; Jobling, M; Forster, P (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. hdl:1808/13586. PMID 16114819. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Kashyap, V.K. (2006). "Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 131 (1): 84–97. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20399. PMID 16485297.
Trivedi, Rajni; Sitalaximi, T.; Banerjee, Jheelam; Singh, Anamika; Sircar, P. K.; Kashyap, V. K. (2006). "Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (3): 217–26. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2. PMID 16453062.
Shi Yan; Chuan-Chao Wang; Hui Li; Shi-Lin Li; Li Jin; The Genographic Consortium (2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–1015. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.

Sources for conversion tables[edit]

Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID 11420360.
Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265
Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID 11313742. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008), "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", Genome Research, 18 (5): 830–8, doi:10.1101/gr.7172008, PMC 2336805, PMID 18385274
Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID 11073453
Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC 1288383. PMID 10577926.
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)