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International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Template:Prod llm/dated

International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries
Далайд гарцгүй хөгжиж байгаа орнуудын Олон улсын судалгааны төв
AbbreviationITTLLDC
FormationJuly 2009 (launched)
6 October 2017 (2017-10-06) (treaty in force)
TypeIntergovernmental organization established by treaty
HeadquartersUN House, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia[1]
Region served
Landlocked developing countries
Members (2026)
15 states[2]
Executive Director
Dulguun Damdin-Od[3]
Main organ
Board of Governors
Websiteland-locked.org

The International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries (ITTLLDC) is an intergovernmental organization and think tank based in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.[4][5][6] It conducts research and policy analysis on trade, transit, and development issues concerning landlocked developing countries.[7][8]:38[9][10]

First proposed by the Government of Mongolia in 2006,[11][12][13] the Think Tank was launched in July 2009 by then-United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.[14][15] The Think Tank was transformed into an intergovernmental organization following the entry into force of the Multilateral Agreement for the Establishment of an International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries on 6 October 2017.[2][16]

The Think Tank has held permanent observer status in the United Nations General Assembly since December 2018.[17] As of 2026, 15 states are parties to the Agreement.[2]

Officials of the Mongolian Government have described ITTLLDC as the first intergovernmental organization headquartered in Mongolia.[12][18]

History

The idea of a specialized research organization for landlocked developing countries was first raised during the 2003 International Ministerial Conference in Almaty, Kazakhstan.[19] At the first summit of heads of state and government of landlocked developing countries, held in Havana in September 2006, then-Mongolian President Nambaryn Enkhbayar proposed that an international research centre for the group be established in Ulaanbaatar.[15][19]

A meeting of trade ministers of landlocked developing countries in Ulaanbaatar on 28–29 August 2007 adopted the Ulaanbaatar Declaration, which urged that the future think tank be established in Ulaanbaatar and requested the support of international organizations and donor countries.[20][4]

In October 2008 the General Assembly's declaration on the midterm review of the Almaty Programme welcomed "the proposal to set up in Ulaanbaatar an international think tank".[21] In April 2009 the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) adopted resolution 65/6 supporting the proposal and requested its secretariat to provide technical assistance.[22]

Launch and interim period

Ban Ki-moon and Mongolia's foreign minister, Sükhbaataryn Batbold, launched the Think Tank in Ulaanbaatar in July 2009, during the Secretary-General's official visit to Mongolia.[14][15][23]

In resolution 64/214 of 21 December 2009, the General Assembly welcomed the establishment of the Think Tank and invited the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) and other bodies to assist in its operations.[24]

UN-OHRLLS drafted a multilateral agreement on the Think Tank in partnership with the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs.[25] The ninth Annual Ministerial Meeting of Landlocked Developing Countries endorsed the final text at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 24 September 2010.[2][26] The agreement was opened for signature from 1 November 2010 to 31 October 2011, and was to enter into force 60 days after the tenth instrument of ratification or accession was deposited.[2]

Until the agreement entered into force, the Think Tank worked under interim management,[27][28][29] with support from the Mongolian government and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).[25][18]

Nepal deposited its instrument on 7 August 2017, and the agreement entered into force on 6 October 2017.[2][30] It is registered in the United Nations Treaty Series under number 54748.[2]

Inauguration

The Think Tank held its inaugural meeting at Mongolia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 11–12 June 2018.[31][11][16]

At Mongolia's request, the General Assembly considered granting the Think Tank observer status at its seventy-third session,[14] subsequently adopting resolution 73/217 on 20 December 2018.[17] On 12 April 2019 the Think Tank and the Government of Mongolia signed a host country agreement.[32]

The Vienna Programme of Action for 2014–2024 called on landlocked developing countries to use the Think Tank for sharing experience and research on trade, transit and transport, and to ratify the agreement.[33][34]

Its successor, the Awaza Programme of Action for 2024–2034, adopted by the General Assembly on 24 December 2024,[35][36] called for "strengthening the International Think Tank" and invited it to help improve the collection and analysis of data on remittances.[37]

Membership

As of September 2026, the following 15 states are parties to the agreement:[2]

State Signature Ratification (r), approval (AA) or accession (a)
 Afghanistan 19 October 2011 20 February 2013 (r)
 Armenia 28 October 2011 19 November 2012 (r)
 Azerbaijan — 1 March 2019 (a)
 Bhutan — 3 April 2018 (a)
 Burkina Faso — 10 November 2016 (a)
 Ethiopia 22 September 2011 9 January 2018 (r)
 Kazakhstan — 3 February 2015 (a)
 Kyrgyzstan — 1 June 2017 (a)
 Laos 27 September 2011 26 September 2012 (r)
 Mongolia 25 April 2011 8 November 2011 (AA)
   Nepal — 7 August 2017 (a)
 Niger 26 September 2011 17 October 2018 (r)
 Paraguay 22 September 2011 29 December 2016 (r)
 Tajikistan — 5 July 2017 (a)
 Turkmenistan — 22 January 2025 (a)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Contact Us". International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Multilateral Agreement for the Establishment of an International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries". United Nations Treaty Collection. Chapter X, No. 19. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  3. ↑ Namuun, A. (17 February 2022). Далайд гарцгүй хөгжиж байгаа орнуудын Олон улсын судалгааны төвийн гүйцэтгэх захирлаар Д.Дөлгөөнийг сонгов [D. Dulguun elected executive director of the International Research Centre for Landlocked Developing Countries]. iKon.mn (in монгол). Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Multilateral Agreement for the Establishment of an International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries" (PDF). United Nations. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  5. ↑ "The International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries". UN-OHRLLS. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  6. ↑ Schermers, Henry G.; Blokker, Niels M. (2025). International Institutional Law (7th revised ed.). Leiden: Brill Nijhoff. p. 393. doi:10.1163/9789004724822. ISBN 978-90-04-72482-2. Search this book on
  7. ↑ Huang, Chiung-Chiu (December 2020). 小國外交—蒙古對中政策評析 [Small-state diplomacy: an assessment of Mongolia's China policy]. East Asian Studies (in 中文). National Chengchi University. 51 (2): 63.
  8. ↑ Graceffo, Antonio (15 July 2020). "Mongolia and the Belt and Road Initiative: The Prospects for the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor". China Brief. Jamestown Foundation. 20 (12): 35–39. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  9. ↑ Gallego Cosme, Mario (2026). "Los Estados sin litoral marítimo en desarrollo: entre el concepto y su aplicación" [Landlocked developing states: between concept and implementation]. Cuadernos de Geografía: Revista Colombiana de Geografía (in español). 35 (1): 57. doi:10.15446/rcdg.v35n1.114542.
  10. ↑ Implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014–2024: Report of the Secretary-General (Report). United Nations General Assembly. 3 August 2021. A/76/267.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Altanzul, E. (12 June 2018). "International Think Tank for landlocked countries inaugurated". Montsame. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nomin, G. (11 June 2018). Далайд гарцгүй хөгжиж буй орнуудын Олон улсын судалгааны төв Улаанбаатарт нээгдлээ [International Research Centre for Landlocked Developing Countries opens in Ulaanbaatar]. iKon.mn (in монгол). Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  13. ↑ Присоединиться к созданию центра стран, не имеющих выхода к морю, предложила Монголия PК [Mongolia invites Kazakhstan to join in creating a centre for landlocked countries]. Forbes Kazakhstan (in русский). 4 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Request for the inclusion of an additional item in the agenda of the seventy-third session: Observer status for the International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries in the General Assembly". United Nations General Assembly. 29 August 2018. A/73/231.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Ulambayar, D. (2009). Монгол Улс, Европын Холбооны худалдаан дахь дамжин өнгөрөх тээвэрлэлтийн хөнгөлөлтийн асуудал [Transit transport concessions in trade between Mongolia and the European Union]. Journal of International Studies (in монгол): 51–52. doi:10.5564/jis.v3i3-4.1964.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014–2024: Report of the Secretary-General (Report). United Nations General Assembly. 3 August 2018. para. 89. A/73/297.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Resolution 73/217: Observer status for the International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries in the General Assembly". United Nations General Assembly. 20 December 2018. A/RES/73/217.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Далайд гарцгүй хөгжиж байгаа орнуудын олон улсын судалгааны төв байгуулна [International research centre for landlocked developing countries to be established]. Zindaa.mn (in монгол). 15 December 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Samdandash, Oyunsuren (2026). "Implementing Mongolia's Foreign Policy Through Global and Regional Multilateral Diplomacy". In Soni, Sharad K.; Sonomdarjaa, Munkhbat. Mapping Mongolian Politics, Foreign Policy and Governance. Singapore: Springer Nature. pp. 157–158. doi:10.1007/978-981-95-9280-7_6. ISBN 978-981-95-9279-1. Search this book on
  20. ↑ "Resolution 62/204: Groups of countries in special situations: specific actions related to the particular needs and problems of landlocked developing countries". United Nations General Assembly. 19 December 2007. A/RES/62/204.
  21. ↑ "Resolution 63/2: Outcome document of the midterm review of the Almaty Programme of Action". United Nations General Assembly. 3 October 2008. para. 26. A/RES/63/2.
  22. ↑ "Resolution 65/6: Support for the establishment of an international think tank of landlocked developing countries". Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. 29 April 2009. E/2009/39.
  23. ↑ Bulag, Uradyn E. (2010). "Mongolia in 2009: From Landlocked to Land-linked Cosmopolitan". Asian Survey. 50 (1): 97–103. doi:10.1525/as.2010.50.1.97.
  24. ↑ "Resolution 64/214: Groups of countries in special situations: specific actions related to the particular needs and problems of landlocked developing countries". United Nations General Assembly. 21 December 2009. para. 19. A/RES/64/214.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Report of the Secretary-General (Report). United Nations General Assembly. 25 July 2011. paras. 59, 65. A/66/205.
  26. ↑ Fuentes, Carlos Iván; Villalpando, Santiago (2020). "Making the Treaty". In Hollis, Duncan B. The Oxford Guide to Treaties (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 206–207. doi:10.1093/law/9780198848349.003.0010. ISBN 978-0-19-884834-9. Search this book on
  27. ↑ Implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014–2024: Report of the Secretary-General (Report). United Nations General Assembly. 8 August 2016. paras. 70, 80. A/71/313.
  28. ↑ Implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Report of the Secretary-General (Report). United Nations General Assembly. 30 July 2012. para. 95. A/67/210.
  29. ↑ Amarsaikhan, B. (21 April 2017). "Landlocked countries' Int'l think tank aspires to push forward trade liberalization". Montsame. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  30. ↑ "Nepal adopts proposal on accession to ITT-LLDCs". The Kathmandu Post. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  31. ↑ "Inaugural Meeting of International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries Takes Place in Mongolia" (Press release). UN-OHRLLS. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  32. ↑ "Host Country Agreement signed with the Government of Mongolia". International Think Tank for Landlocked Developing Countries. 15 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 March 2025. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ "Resolution 69/137: Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014–2024". United Nations General Assembly. 12 December 2014. Annex II, para. 64(j). A/RES/69/137.
  34. ↑ "Resolution 74/15: Political Declaration of the High-level Midterm Review on the Implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014–2024". United Nations General Assembly. 5 December 2019. para. 62. A/RES/74/15.
  35. ↑ "ITU participation at the 3rd UN Conference on Landlocked Developing Countries". International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  36. ↑ "Mongolia Hosts National Consultation on Implementing the Awaza Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries" (Press release). United Nations in Mongolia. 4 November 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  37. ↑ "Resolution 79/233: Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2024–2034". United Nations General Assembly. 24 December 2024. paras. 307, 353. A/RES/79/233.

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