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List of child prodigies

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Mozart started composing at age 5.

In psychology research literature, the term child prodigy is defined as a person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain to the level of an adult expert performer.[1][2][3] Child prodigies are rare, and in some domains, there are no child prodigies at all. Prodigiousness in childhood does not always predict adult eminence. The persons listed here have come to the haphazard attention of history or current news and probably do not represent the typical experience of a child prodigy.

Mathematics and science

Mathematics

Born 1600–1699

  • Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (1606–1682) was a Spanish scholastic philosopher, ecclesiastic, mathematician, and writer. He was a precocious child, early delving into serious problems in mathematics and even publishing astronomical tables in his tenth year.
  • Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher who wrote a treatise on vibrating bodies at the age of nine; he wrote his first proof, on a wall with a piece of coal, at the age of 11 years, and a theorem by the age of 16 years. He is famous for Pascal's theorem and many other contributions in mathematics, philosophy, and physics.[4]

Born 1700–1799

  • André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) wrote a treatise on conic sections at the age of 13 and mastered much of known mathematics by the age of 18.
  • Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) made his first ground-breaking mathematical discoveries while still a teenager. Also at the age of 3 watched his father add up his accounts and corrected him.[5][6]

Born 1800–1899

Born 1900–1999

From left to right: Gabriel Carroll, Reid Barton, Liang Xiao, and Zhiqiang Zhang - the four perfect scorers in the 2001 International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO).
  • Tom Lehrer (born April 9, 1928) was considered a child prodigy and entered Harvard College at the age of 15. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in mathematics (magna cum laude) from Harvard University in 1946
  • Ted Kaczynski (born May 22, 1942), the "Unabomber", was a child prodigy who excelled academically from an early age. Kaczynski was accepted into Harvard University at the age of 16, where he earned an undergraduate degree, and later earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan. He became an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley at age 25, but resigned two years later.[11]
  • Per Enflo (born 1944), Swedish mathematician, also a piano prodigy[12]
  • Charles Fefferman (born April 18, 1949) Entered college at age eleven, later becoming the youngest full professor in the United States. He has won many major awards in mathematics, including the Fields medal.
  • Ruth Lawrence (born 1971), passed the Oxford University interview entrance examination in mathematics at the age of 10, coming first out of all 530 candidates sitting the examination. At the age of 13 she became the youngest to graduate from the University of Oxford in modern times.[5]
  • Terence Tao (Chinese: 陶哲軒; born 1975), is an ethnic Chinese prodigy who was the youngest medalist in International Mathematical Olympiad history, at age 10.[13] and a Fields Medal winner.
  • Akshay Venkatesh (born 1981), won a bronze medal at the International Physics Olympiad at 11 years of age. Won a Bronze medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) at 12. Graduated from university at age 15 with a double major in mathematics/physics. Finished his PhD at 20 from Princeton University. Associate Professor at 23.
  • Erik Demaine (born 1981), became an assistant professor at MIT at 20 years of age.[citation needed]
  • Gabriel Carroll (born 1982), earned the highest SAT score in the state of California, including a perfect 800 in math, in seventh grade.[14][15]
  • Praveen Kumar Gorakavi (born 1989), is recognized as a young polymath for his innovations in diverse fields of science and engineering. At an age of 13, he developed a mathematical formula for perpetual calendar calculations, which also mentions historic dates observed on various types of calendars. At an age of 15 years, he designed a low-cost artificial leg with an ability for knee and ankle movement. He has also developed missile technology at an age of 15.[16][17] Praveen is the youngest recipient of one of the highest civilian awards of Andhra Pradesh state, Ugadi Gaurav Puraskar, from state government of Andhra Pradesh.[18] Praveen is also considered the youngest recipient of the FAPCCI award 'Outstanding Engineer/Scientist for the state of Andhra Pradesh'.[19]
  • Anne-Marie Imafidon (born 1990), is one of the youngest students to graduate from the University of Oxford.[20][21][22]
  • Promethea Olympia Kyrene Pythaitha (born March 13, 1991),[23] is an American child genius with an IQ of 173. She started reading at age 1,[24] began learning college-level calculus at age 7,[25] and at age 13 became the youngest student to complete work for a bachelor's degree from Montana State University in Mathematics.[24][improper synthesis?][26]
  • Raúl Chávez Sarmiento (born 1997), second youngest person to win a Bronze, Silver, and Gold medal at the International Math Olympiad.[27]
  • March Tian Boedihardjo (Chinese: 沈詩鈞; born March 1998) is an ethnic Chinese child prodigy who finished his A-level exams in Britain at the age of 9 years and 3 months, becoming the one of the youngest persons to pass maths A-level with an A grade in the world,[28] gaining As in Mathematics and Further Mathematics and a B in Statistics.

Born 2000–present

  • Tristan Pang (born 2001), started reading independently and doing high school math at the age of two, sat in on the Cambridge International Examinations IGCSE maths (Year 11 / O Level) and earned the top grade of A*, scoring 97% at nine, by age eleven he top scored with A* at the Cambridge A level exams (Year 13), and delivered a TEDxYouth talk.[29] He started his university studies at the University of Auckland and created a free online learning platform, Tristan's Learning Hub, by the age of twelve.[30][31]

Mental calculators

Note: Several mathematicians were mental calculators when they were still children. Mental calculation is not to be confused with mathematics. This section is for child prodigies largely or primarily known for calculating skills.

  • Zerah Colburn (1804–1839) had a major display of his ability at age eight.[32][33]
  • Ettore Majorana (1906–1938) could multiply two 3 digit numbers in his head in seconds at the age of 4.[34][35]
  • John von Neumann (1903–1957) A "mental calculator" by the age of six years, who could tell jokes in classical Greek.[36][37]
  • Priyanshi Somani (born 1998) won 1st place in the 2010 Mental Calculation World Cup at age 11.
  • Jerry Newport (born 1948), autistic calculating savant at age seven, already using calculus to compute third and higher roots, title holder of "Most Versatile Calculator", won in 2010. Self-discovered much of the number theory in elementary school—perfect numbers, Fibonacci, etc.
  • Truman Henry Safford (1836–1901) could square 18 digit numbers at the age of ten years; later in life, he became an astronomer.[38]
  • Shakuntala Devi (1929–2013) was an Indian prodigy mental calculator, who was known for her very rapid calculation abilities - despite having no formal education.[39]

Physics

  • Enrico Fermi In 1918, Fermi enrolled at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa. In order to enter the Institute, candidates had to take a difficult entrance exam, which included an essay. The given theme was Specific characteristics of Sounds (Italian: Caratteri distintivi dei suoni).[40] The 17-year-old Enrico Fermi chose to derive and solve the partial differential equation for a vibrating rod, applying Fourier analysis. The examiner, Prof. Giuseppe Pittarelli, interviewed Fermi and concluded that his entry would have been commendable even for a doctoral degree. Enrico Fermi achieved first place in the classification of the entrance exam.
  • Mikaela Fudolig (born 1991), finished college at the age of 16 years with a degree in physics, summa cum laude and class valedictorian (Class of 2007), at the University of the Philippines. She entered the university at the age of 11 years. After graduation, she began studying physics at the same university for the Master's degree.[41]
  • Abdus Salam (1926–1996) "A very precocious child, Salam could read and write at four and perform lengthy multiplication and division".[42] At the age of fourteen, Salam scored the highest marks ever recorded for the Matriculation Examination at the Punjab University, while he wrote a mathematical paper on Srinivasa Ramanujan at the same age.
  • Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958) had an understanding of advanced mathematics by the age of 13 and graduated with a PhD in Physics at the age of 21.[43]
  • Tathagat Avatar Tulsi (born 1987) received an undergraduate degree at the age of 10 years,[44] got a Ph.D. at 21 & was offered a position of assistant professor at IIT B at 22.
  • Luis Balbino Arroyo (born 1990) finished college at the age of 16 years with a degree in physics summa cum laude. He entered university at the age of 11 years. Obtained a master's degree in physics and another in economics at age 18. Juris doctor and bar exam at age 22.[45]

Chemistry

  • Lu Jiaxi (1915-2001) is an ethnic Chinese child genius who finished elementary school in one year and was enrolled in a university before reaching the age of 13, he obtained a chemistry degree at age 18 or 19. He also served as President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.[46]
  • Ainan Celeste Cawley (born 1999) passed Chemistry- O level at 7 years and 1 month (the youngest in the world) and studied Chemistry at tertiary level, at a Polytechnic, from 8 years and 4 months old.[47]

Biology

  • Colin Carlson (born 1996),[48] enrolled at the University of Connecticut at age 12, earned a bachelor's degree in ecology and evolutionary biology and another in environmental studies (2012) and a master's degree in the same subject (2013) at the University of Connecticut, at age 15 and 16 respectively.[49] He plans to earn his Ph.D. in ecology and evolutionary biology and a degree in environmental law for a career in conservation science. He intends to earn the two degrees by age 22.[50] Carlson is currently Ph.D. student in the Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy and Management at University of California, Berkeley.[51]

Psychology

Computer science

Medicine

Engineering

Materials engineering

  • Alia Sabur (born 1989) received an undergraduate degree at the age of 14 years, and became a college professor at the age of 18 years.[65]
  • Guled Adan (born 2003) reverse engineered toys and other items.[66]

Mechanical engineering

The arts

Acting/directing

Music

Main article: List of music prodigies

Literature

  • Rabindranath Tagore - Indian poet, short story writer, song composer, novelist, playwright, essayist and painter and a Nobel Laureate (first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913), wrote his first poem when he was only eight years old. He published his first large poetry collection in 1877. He wrote his first short story and dramas when he was only 16 years of age.[93][94]
  • Rubén Darío – Nicaraguan poet.
  • William Cullen Bryant was published at the age of 10 years; at the age of 13 years, he published a book of political satire poems .[95]
  • Thomas Chatterton started as a poet at the age of 11 years. He began writing the poems that would make him famous at the age of 12 years.[96][97]
  • Lucretia Maria Davidson, by the age of 11 years, had written some poems of note; before her death at the age of 16 years, she received praise as a writer.[98]
  • Marjorie Fleming, who died in 1811 before the age of nine, became a published poet half a century later.[99]
  • Barbara Newhall Follett began working on a novel at 8 and was published by age 12.[100]
  • H. P. Lovecraft recited poetry at the age of two years and wrote long poems at the age of five years.[101][102]
  • Christopher Marlowe: as a child, attracted the attention of Matthew Parker and went on to be a major 16th-century London playwright.[103] He is the eponymous Marlowe of the Marlovian theory of Shakespearean authorship.
  • Alexander Pope: was a child prodigy as a poet, with gifts all but universally acknowledged.[104] He is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, after Shakespeare and Tennyson.
  • Arthur Rimbaud wrote influential French poetry throughout his early and late teens. Victor Hugo described him at the time as "an infant Shakespeare".[105]
  • Henriett Seth F.: Henriett had a long history of visual art, poetry and writing in her childhood; beginning at age nine and at age thirteen,[106] but she gave up creative music career altogether at the age of 13.[107] Henriett universal effect of all that was what we now call autism and savant syndrome[108][109]
  • Lope de Vega wrote his first play at the age of 12 years.[110][111] He could also read Latin proficiently at the age of five years.[112]
  • Minou Drouet caught the notice of French critics at the age of eight, leading to speculation that her mother was the true author of her poetry. She later proved herself to be the author.[113]
  • Adora Svitak is an American writer who teaches literature on Internet at an early age, and showed remarkable writing abilities at age 6.

Visual arts

  • Sheila Sri Prakash (born 1955), was an acclaimed dancer of Bharatanatyam, having given her first critically acclaimed performance on stage when she was six years of age. She had a prolific career in the Arts between 1961 - 1984, with accomplishments as a Kuchipudi dancer, Veenai musician, a gifted painter and sculptor. She is currently a world-renowned Architect, having been named to the "Top 100 Most Influential Architects in the World Today" by Il Giornale Dell' Architettura and has several international award-winning works to her credit as a thought leading design theorist. She created the Reciprocal Design Index as part of her role on the Global Agenda Council on Design Innovation at the World Economic Forum and currently serves on the council for the Role of the Arts in Society.
  • Edmund Thomas Clint (1976–1983) was an Indian child prodigy.[114] He is known for having drawn over 25,000 paintings during his life.[115]
  • Zhu Da became a poet by the age of seven years. He later became a painter.[116][117]
  • Albrecht Dürer[citation needed]
  • Henriett Seth F.: Henriett had a long history of visual art, poetry and writing in her childhood; beginning at age nine and at age thirteen,[106] but she gave up creative music career altogether at the age of 13.[107] Henriett universal effect of all that was what we now call autism and savant syndrome[108][109]
  • Angelica Kauffman had professional commissions at thirteen[118] and was an established artist by 21.[119]
  • Akiane Kramarik born in 1994, sold paintings worth $3M USD at age 7[citation needed]
  • Ash Lieb born in 1982, was a professional artist at age 8, and wrote his first novel at the age of 15.[120][121]
  • John Everett Millais was a painter who entered the Royal Academy at the age of 11 years.[122][123]
  • Alexandra Nechita is a painter who had a solo exhibit at the age of eight years.[124]
  • Marla Olmstead born in 2000, sold paintings worth over $20,000 at age 6 and had international recognition.[citation needed]
  • Pablo Picasso painted Picador at the age of eight years. See List of Picasso artworks 1889–1900.
  • Kieron Williamson, an eight-year-old watercolor artist from Norfolk, England whose second exhibition sold out in 14 minutes, raising £18,200 for 16 paintings.[125]
  • Wang Ximeng was taught by Emperor Huizong of Song himself and painted some of the most highly regarded works of Chinese art before dying at age 23.[126][127]
  • Wang Yani had her paintings appear on postage stamps at the age of six years and in worldwide museum exhibits at the age of 12 years.[128]

Humanities

Academics

  • Nguyễn Hiền (1234–?), a Vietnamese prodigy, who earned the first-rank doctorate laureate in the year of 1247 when he was 13 years old.[129]
  • Michael Kearney earned the first of several degrees at the age of 10 years. He became a college teacher by the age of 17 years.[130][131]
  • Gregory R. Smith – entered college at the age of 10 years and was first nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize at the age of 12 years.[132][133]
  • Colin Maclaurin went to study divinity in University of Glasgow at the age of 11 and remained until he was 19 years, 7 months old in the year 1717 when he was elected professor of mathematics, where for nearly three hundred years he held the record as the world's youngest professor.
  • Alexander Faludy in 1998 became the youngest undergraduate at the University of Cambridge since 1773.[134][135]
  • Pierre Bouguer (1698–1758) was appointed professor of hydrography in 1713 at the age of 15.

Humane Letters: Leadership, Teaching, Evangelism

  • Aman Rehman made more than 1000 animated movies, beginning at the age of three years.,[136] and, at 8, he became the youngest college-lecturer in the world.[137]
  • Cao Chun (Born unknown, died 210) was the son of the famous Chinese warlord Cao Cao became the youngest person to ever fight for an army higher than the rank of major.
  • Tavi Gevinson (born 1996) was a nationally esteemed fashion writer by the age of 12 and ran an online magazine by the age of 15.
  • Mohammad Hossein Tabatabai (born 1991) memorized all the Quran at the age of 5.[138]
  • Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr (1935–1980) was an Iraqi Shi'a cleric who memorized the Quran at a very early age and wrote his first book by the age of 12 called Fadak in History. He later went on to lay the foundation for modern economics and banking in Islam. He also wrote Our Philosophy, which is an important critique of both socialism and capitalism, as well as wrote the textbook for Jurisprudence, which is used by many Islamic Seminaries today. He was one of the leading Islamic intellectuals of the 20th century and died at the age of 45.

Law/political science/philosophy

Language/translation

  • Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799) was a multilingual prodigy who went on to become a mathematician.
  • John Barratier could speak German, Latin, French and Dutch at the age of 4; knew six languages at the age of 11.[146][147]
  • George Boole (1815–1864) could speak English, Latin, Greek, German, Italian, and French by his early teens.
  • Jean-François Champollion knew several dead languages by the time he was 10 years old and read an important paper at the Grenoble Academy at the age of 16 years.[148][149]
  • Edmond-Charles Genêt (1763–1834) could read French, English, Italian, Latin, Swedish, and German by the age of 12.
  • Nathan Leopold (1904–1971) started speaking at the age of four months; he reportedly had an IQ of 210,[150] though this is not directly comparable to scores on modern IQ tests.
  • Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494) could speak 22 languages at the age of 18.[151]
  • Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer (1770–1825) mastered 9 languages by the age of 16; French, English, Dutch, Swedish, Italian, Latin, Spanish, Hebrew and Greek among other achievements.[citation needed]
  • Thomas Young (scientist), more notable as a physicist, was a polyglot at a young age, who worked on translating Demotic Egyptian.[149][152][153]
  • William Wotton could read passages in English, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew at the age of five. Graduated from Cambridge aged thirteen having acquired Arabic, Syriac, Chaldee, French, Spanish and Italian, together with a good working knowledge of logic, philosophy, mathematics, geography, chronology, and history.[154]

Sports

  • Fu Mingxia (伏明霞) is a diver[155][156] became one of the youngest world champions ever in any sport at age 12,[157] and was an Olympic gold medalist at the age of 13 years.
  • Jet Li (Chinese name: Li Lianjie (李连杰)) is a Chinese martial artist, who has won several gold medals in wushu at the All China Games at the age of 12.[158]
  • Sachin Tendulkar – Batsman (cricket). Made his international debut at the age of 16 and subsequently represented India for 24 years. Played over 600 international matches, scoring 100 international centuries, and was the first batsman to reach 200 runs in a One Day International.
  • Michelle Wie qualified for the USGA Women's Amateur Public Links at the age of 10 years and won the same event at the age of 13 years, making her the youngest person both to qualify for and win a USGA adult national championship.[159]
  • Wayne Gretzky was skating with 10-year-olds at the age of 6 years. By the age of 10 years, he scored 378 goals and 139 assists, in just 85 games, with the Nadrofsky Steelers.[160]
  • Tiger Woods was a child prodigy, introduced to golf before the age of 2, by his athletic father Earl. In 1984 at the age of 8, he won the 9–10 boys' event, the youngest age group available, at the Junior World Golf Championships. He first broke 80 at age 8. He went on to win the Junior World Championships six times, including four consecutive wins from 1988 to 1991.[citation needed]
  • Nadia Comăneci won 3 gold medals at the 1976 Olympics and was the first female to achieve a perfect score of 10 in gymnastics at the age of 14.
  • Ricky Rubio started his basketball career with DKV Joventut at the age of 14, becoming the youngest player to ever play in the Spanish ACB League, and played in the 2008 Summer Olympics at the age of 17 with eventual silver-medalists Spain, becoming the youngest ever to reach an Olympic basketball final.
  • Guan Tianlang won the 2012 Asia-Pacific Amateur Championship in golf shortly after his 14th birthday.[161] The following April, while still 14, he made the cut at the 2013 Masters Tournament, becoming the youngest male player ever to do so at a major championship.[162]
  • Yulia Lipnitskaya won the gold medal in the team figure skating event at the 2014 Winter Olympics at the age of 15. She also won the 2014 European Championships, becoming the youngest skater in ladies' singles in history to win that title.
  • Lydia Ko, who went on to become a multiple major golf champion and world#1 player while still a teenager, first competed in the New Zealand national women's amateur championship for adults in March 2005, shortly before her eighth birthday. The tournament field also featured a 10-year-old, an 11-year-old, and three 13-year-olds. Four years later, shortly after turning 12, Ko lost in the final of the same event to a 14-year-old.[163]
  • Ashima Shiraishi climbed a boulder problem Crown of Aragorn, graded V13, at age of 10, becoming the youngest person (male or female) to climb this grade. At 14, she climbed Horizon, the first female to climb a boulder problem graded V15.

Games

See also: Chess prodigy
4-year-old Capablanca and his father
  • Garry Kasparov was a chess child prodigy who ranked in the top 15 players in the world at age 16 and is considered by many as the greatest chess player of all time. He became the World Chess Champion at the age of 22, the youngest of all time.
  • Bobby Fischer won the United States Chess Championship at the age of 14 years and became, at the age of 15, the youngest Grandmaster in history at the time. He became the World Chess Champion in 1972.
  • José Raúl Capablanca was World Chess Champion 1921-1927, and is considered to be one of the best chess players of all time.[164]
  • Samuel Reshevsky learned to play chess at age four, and was soon acclaimed as a child prodigy. At age eight he was beating accomplished players with ease, and giving simultaneous exhibitions.
  • Cho Hunhyun was a professional go player at the age of nine years.[165]
  • Andy Costello, a chess prodigy who went on to become a chess boxer.[166]
  • Willie Mosconi, nicknamed "Mr. Pocket Billiards", played against professionals at the age of six years.[167]
  • Ronnie O'Sullivan, a snooker player, scored his first century break at the age of 10 years,[168] his first maximum at the age of 15 years, and was the youngest-ever winner of a ranking event at the age of 17 years.[citation needed]
  • Magnus Carlsen was, at the age of 13 years, 148 days, the second-youngest chess Grandmaster of all time[169] (currently third-youngest)[170] and also holds the records for the youngest player to break the 2700-Elo barrier (at the age of 16 years, 213 days)[171] and the 2800-Elo barrier (at the age of 18 years, 336 days),[172] and youngest player to be ranked No. 1 in the world by FIDE.[173][174] His peak rating is 2882, the highest in history.
  • Judit Polgár, a chess prodigy (and the strongest woman chess player in history) who became a chess Grandmaster at the age of 15 years and 4 months, the youngest of the time.
  • Hou Yifan became the youngest female chess grandmaster at the age of 14 years and 6 months in 2008.[175]
  • Sergey Karjakin, a chess prodigy who holds the record for both the youngest International Master and the youngest Grandmaster. He has been rated as high as No. 4 in the world by FIDE.
  • Irina Krush won the 1998 U.S. Women's Chess Championship at age 14 to become the youngest U.S. Women's Champion ever.[176]
  • Awonder Liang became the youngest chess expert in United States Chess Federation (USCF) history on April 16, 2011, when he played in the Hales Corners Challenge chess tournament in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with a rating of 2000 at the age of 8 years and 7 days. On March 23, 2013, he became the youngest person ever to obtain a master's rating within the United States Chess Federation. Awonder was 17 days shy of his 10th birthday at the time of this achievement.[177]

Legendary

This list consists of historic children, who have become representatives of the "prodigy" phenomenon, inspiring literature, but whose actual accomplishments have not been firmly established due to the poor sourcing or records of their eras.

  • Gaon of Vilna was a historically significant rabbi who was called a prodigy in youth and who is said to have had a variety of skills by the age of 11 years.[178]
  • Christian Heinrich Heineken (1721–1725) was a prodigy who could speak from an early age. By the time of his death was well-versed in mathematics, history and geography. He could speak Latin and French in addition to his native tongue.
  • Okita Sōji (1842 or 1844–1868) was kenjutsu-(swordsmanship) prodigy, who defeated a kenjutsu master by the age of 12 years, became a master of kenjutsu and a school head (Jukutou) by the age of 18 years. He died from tuberculosis in his mid-twenties.
  • Arsinoe IV, Queen of Egypt, defeated Julius Caesar at the Battle of the Pharos in 48 BC, at the age of 11. Originally thought to have been in her late teens, her tomb at Ephesus was identified in the early 20th century and her remains were found to be those of a 17 year old. However she died 6 years after her victory over Caesar. He exchanged his prisoner, Ptolemy XIII, for her because he knew that she was exercising her own authority and that the military tactics were hers. Prior to the battle she had already trapped Caesar in a section of Alexandria by building walls across the city streets, and ordered the digging of canals to allow the sea to flow into the Romans' water supply, reducing his troops to despair from thirst . This compelled Caesar to break out, and make his disastrous stand against her.[179][180]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Feldman, David H.; Morelock, M. J. (2011). "Prodigies". In Runco, Mark A.; Pritzker, Steven R. Encyclopedia of Creativity. Encyclopedia of Creativity (Second Edition). Academic Press. pp. 261–265. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-375038-9.00182-5. ISBN 978-0-12-375038-9. Retrieved 8 April 2015. Lay summary (8 April 2015). For the purposes of this and future research, a prodigy was defined as a child younger than 10 years of age who has reached the level of a highly trained professional in a demanding area of endeavor. – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
  2. ↑ Rose, Lacey (2 March 2007). "Whiz Kids". Forbes. Retrieved 3 April 2015. At the moment, the most widely accepted definition is a child, typically under the age of 10, who has mastered a challenging skill at the level of an adult professional.
  3. ↑ Feldman, David Henry (Fall 1993). "Child prodigies: A distinctive form of giftedness" (PDF). Gifted Child Quarterly. 27 (4): 188–193. doi:10.1177/001698629303700408. ISSN 0016-9862. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  4. ↑ William Durant, Ariel Durant (1963). The Age of Louis XIV: A History of European Civilization in the Period of Pascal, Molière, Cromwell, Milton, Peter the Great, Newton, and Spinoza: 1648-1715. Simon and Schuster. p. 56.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) Search this book on
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 E.T. Bell (1937), Men of Mathematics, Reprinted 1965 London: Pelican Books, Vol 1, Chap. 14 Gauss & Vol 2, Chap. 20 Galois.
  6. ↑ Life & Earth Science (2012-10-11). "Top 10 Child Prodigies : Science Channel". Science.discovery.com. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  7. ↑ Joseph Dunn(2006). The Glories of Ireland. BiblioBazaar. p. 58
  8. ↑ Berndt, Bruce C.; Robert A. Rankin (2001). Ramanujan: Essays and Surveys. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. pp. 9. ISBN 0-8218-2624-7 Search this book on ..
  9. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Norbert Wiener".
  10. ↑ "Wonderful Boys of History Compared With Sidis. All Except Macaulay Showed Special Ability in Mathematics. Instances of Boys Having 'Universal Genius'". New York Times. 16 January 1910. p. SM11.
  11. ↑ Harvard Crimson Unabomber's Secluded Plot of Land for Sale December 6, 2010
  12. ↑ Michael Kimmelman (August 8, 1999). "Prodigy's Return". The New York Times Magazine. Section 6, p. 30.
  13. ↑ "Terence Tao". RiAus. Archived from the original on 2009-11-28.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  14. ↑ Harvard News Office (2005-06-09). "Harvard Gazette: Not just numb3rs". News.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  15. ↑ "Quest for the Gold". SIAM. 26 September 2004. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  16. ↑ "Education Plus : A 'technopreneur' in the making". The Hindu. 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  17. ↑ "Young Judge". The Hindu. 2004-05-29. Archived from the original on 1 July 2004. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  18. ↑ "Ugadi Gaurav Puraskar 2004". The Hindu. 2004-03-22. Archived from the original on 22 April 2004. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
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