Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic by the United States
This article should be divided into sections by topic, to make it more accessible. (December 2020) |
According to The Washington Post, Republican government members were largely influenced by series of articles by Richard A. Epstein of the Hoover Institution, who consistently played down the scale of the epidemics, ridiculed the "panic" being spread by "progressives", made a number of incorrect statements about the SARS-CoV-2 virus, misapplied and misconstrued Darwinian evolutionary theory in regards to the pandemics, and predicted "about 500 deaths at the end" of the epidemics.[1] Representative Louie Gohmert from Texas hinted in July that he caught coronavirus because he wore a mask more often in the days leading up to his infection.[2]
—Donald Trump Jr., October 29, 2020
(deaths that day: 1,000)[3]
Several members of the US Senate—particularly Richard Burr (R-NC) and Kelly Loeffler (R-GA)—have come under scrutiny for sales of large amounts of stocks before the financial markets crashed due to the outbreak, sparking accusations that they had insider knowledge from closed-door briefings, while many of them publicly downplayed the risks posed by the health crisis to the US public.[4][5][6][7] An audio recording from 27 February revealed that Burr (Senate Intelligence Committee chairman) gave dire warnings to a small group of well-connected constituents in private, contrasted in severity to his public statements and not known to the public, that the virus is "much more aggressive in its transmission than anything that we have seen in recent history", advising against travel to Europe (13 days before official warnings, 15 days before the ban), saying schools will be likely be closed (16 days before the closure), and suggesting the military might be mobilized (learned three weeks later from the recording).[8]
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell in May 2020 falsely claimed that "clearly the Obama administration did not leave to [the Trump] administration any kind of game plan for" pandemics. Lara Trump, the president's daughter-in-law, stated that McConnell was "exactly right". However, the Obama administration had in actuality left a pandemic response playbook of 69 pages. That document explicitly cited novel coronaviruses as needing a major governmental response. Additionally, in January 2017, the Obama administration had gone through an exercise in pandemic response with incoming Trump administration members.[9]
Bill de Blasio, the mayor of New York City, was widely criticized for providing poor and misleading information to the public.[10][11][12] On 10 March, he said he would keep schools open and if an infected student was found to be in class it would take only a day to clean and re-open the school. de Blasio also said, "If you're under 50 and you're healthy, which is most New Yorkers, there's very little threat here."[13] During a photo op at a public 3-1-1 call center, he told a caller there was no need to self-quarantine, despite the fact she had just returned from Italy. His instructions to the caller were subsequently reversed by city officials.[13]
United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, in April 2020, refused to rule out the conspiracy theory that COVID-19 escaped from Wuhan Institute of Virology during experiments and China covered it.[14][15]
Trump administration[edit]
United States President Donald Trump and his top economic adviser Larry Kudlow have been accused of spreading misinformation about the coronavirus. On 25 February, Trump said, "I think that whole situation will start working out. We're very close to a vaccine."[20][21][22][23] At the time, SARS-CoV-2 had been spreading in the United States undetected for weeks,[24] and new vaccine development may require a minimum of a year to prove safety and efficacy to gain regulatory approval.[25] In an interview with Sean Hannity on 4 March, Trump also claimed that the death rate published by the WHO was false, that the correct fatality rate was less than 1 percent, and said, "Well, I think the 3.4 percent is really a false number — and this is just my hunch — but based on a lot of conversations with a lot of people that do this, because a lot of people will have this and it's very mild, they'll get better very rapidly. They don't even see a doctor. They don't even call a doctor. You never hear about those people",[26][27][28] that the potential impact of the outbreak was exaggerated by Democrats plotting against him, and that it was safe for infected individuals to go to work.[29][30] In a later tweet, Trump denied having made claims regarding infected individuals going to work, contrary to footage from the interview.[30]
The White House accused media of intentionally stoking fears of the virus to destabilize the administration.[31] The Stat News reported that "President Trump and members of his administration have also said that US containment of the virus is 'close to airtight' and that the virus is only as deadly as the seasonal flu. Their statements range from false to unproven, and in some cases, underestimate the challenges that public health officials must contend with in responding to the virus."[32] Around the same time the "airtight" claim was made, SARS-CoV-2 was already past containment; the first case of community spread of the virus had been confirmed, and it was spreading faster than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, with a case fatality rate at least seven times the rate for seasonal flu.[33][34][35]
Trump repeatedly compared COVID-19 to influenza, despite the fact that COVID-19's mortality rate is estimated to be approximately ten times higher. On 26 February, he stated: "This is a flu. This is like a flu". On 9 March, Trump compared the 546 known US cases of COVID-19 at the time and the 22 known deaths at the time to the tens of thousands of US deaths from flu each year. On 24 March, Trump argued that: "We lose thousands and thousands of people a year to the flu ... But we've never closed down the country for the flu." On 27 March, he stated: "You can call it a flu". On 31 March, Trump changed his stance: "It's not the flu ... It's vicious ... I knew everything. I knew it could be horrible, and I knew it could be maybe good."[36][37][38][39]
On 2 March, Trump told the media he had heard that a COVID-19 vaccine would be available in "a matter of months", with "a year [being] an outside number", after Trump attended a discussion where his senior health official Anthony Fauci told him this process would take "a year to a year and a half" (at a minimum, Fauci later said). During that discussion, Trump repeatedly quizzed the leaders of pharmaceutical companies on the time needed to produce vaccines, stating "I like the sound of a couple of months better".[40] The length of time is due in part to regulations and safeguards intended to guarantee efficacy and safety.[41]
On 4 March, Trump blamed the Barack Obama administration for making "a decision" that delayed COVID-19 testing by the Trump administration. The policy in question had never been modified by the Obama administration, despite plans to do so. The policy's overall legal roots date to 2004, before the Obama administration. Under the umbrella of Emergency Use Authorizations, the old policy stated that laboratory-developed tests "should not be used for clinical diagnoses without FDA's approval, clearance, or authorization during an emergency declaration". However, this policy was historically treated as a recommendation and generally unenforced, with no clear legal authority of the FDA in this area. The Trump administration continued to require laboratories to apply to the FDA for approval, but allowed the laboratories to test while the FDA processed the applications.[42]
On 6 March, Trump over-promised on the availability of COVID-19 testing in the United States, claiming that "anybody that wants a test can get a test." Firstly, there were criteria needed to qualify for a test; recommendations were needed from doctors or health officials to approve testing. Secondly, the lack of test supplies resulted in some being denied tests even though doctors wanted to test them.[44][45]
On 19 March, Trump falsely claimed the drug chloroquine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for COVID-19. This led the FDA to say it had not approved any drugs or therapies for COVID-19, and strongly advised people against taking it outside of a hospital or clinical trial, due to possibly fatal side effects.[46] While Trump claimed that "we're going to be able to make that drug available almost immediately", the leader of the FDA said the drug would still need to be tested in a "large, pragmatic clinical trial" on subjects infected with COVID-19.[47] While Trump promoted chloroquine as a potential "game changer", Fauci said positive results thus far were still based on anecdotal evidence and not "definitive" evidence from clinical trials.[48] At a later press briefing, Trump prevented Fauci from answering a question about the medical evidence of the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine.[49] Trump also remarked that re-purposing existing drugs for COVID-19 is "safe" and "not killing people" (chloroquine is a form of treatment for malaria, while its derivative hydroxychloroquine is a form of treatment for lupus or arthritis), however most drugs may cause side effects.[50] Potentially serious side effects from chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine include irregular heartbeats, tinnitus, blurred vision, muscle weakness or "mental changes".[50][51] Overdoses of these drugs have been documented in scientific literature, including fatal overdoses.[50] Demand for chloroquine in Lagos, Nigeria sharply increased after Trump's comments, with three people overdosing by 23 March.[52] An Arizona engineer in his 60s died after ingesting a fish tank cleaner containing chloroquine phosphate in a vitamin cocktail prepared by his wife. The wife stated she intended to medicate her husband against the coronavirus after hearing Trump tout the potential benefits of chloroquine during a public briefing.[53]
On 21 March, Trump addressed a shortage of ventilator supply in the United States, claiming that carmaker companies General Motors (GM) and Ford "are making them right now" when the companies were not producing ventilators at the time, and had yet to change their factories' production abilities.[54]
South Lawn "Salute to America" speech[55][56]
4 July 2020
Rose Garden press conference[57]
14 July 2020
Trump: "You can’t do that! You have to go by – look, here’s the United States – you have to go by (death as a proportion of) the cases."
August 2020 interview with Jonathan Swan[58]
—Kayleigh McEnany, 9 September 2020[59]
"I wanted to always play it down. I still like playing it down because I don’t want to create a panic."
—Trump, recorded privately on 19 March 2020[60]
(Bob Woodward released recording in Sept.)
NBC Town Hall, 15 October 2020[61]
On 30 March, Trump claimed his administration "inherited a broken test" for COVID-19. "That wasn't from us. That's been there a long time," he said. The claim was illogical because no previous administration could have prepared a test for a disease which had yet to emerge. COVID-19 emerged during Trump's presidency, having first been reported on 31 December 2019.[62] The test was designed in 2020 by the Centers for Disease Control under the Trump administration.[63] Trump continued to make the false claim on 19 April.[64]
From 2 to 9 April, the White House was in a standoff with CNN, which frequently declined to air the daily coronavirus Task Force briefings, and which fact-checked Trump's remarks. The White House said that if CNN did not begin airing the part of the briefing that featured the Task Force members, including Mike Pence, then the White House would disallow national health experts (including Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx) from appearing on CNN. Pence relented and allowed Robert R. Redfield to appear on CNN.[65]
On 13 April, Donald Trump played a video at a white house briefing that defended his handling of his pandemic; the video was described as propaganda.[66][67]
During a 15 April White House news conference, President Trump said the US government is trying to determine if the COVID-19 virus emanated from the Wuhan Institute of Virology.[68][69] The vice director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology called the accusations a "conspiracy theory".[70]
On 23 April, after a Homeland Security official stated that certain disinfectants can kill the coronavirus on surfaces, Trump openly wondered if disinfectants could be used on humans "by injection", saying "it'd be interesting to check" if that was a potential treatment. Injecting disinfectants into the body is dangerous and potentially lethal. Trump also suggested another "interesting" method to be tested: "we hit the body with a tremendous—whether it's ultraviolet or just very powerful light ... supposing you brought the light inside of the body, which you can do either through the skin or in some other way." He asked coronavirus response coordinator Deborah Birx if heat or light can be used as a treatment, to which Birx stated she had not seen any treatments using heat or light. Trump attributed these ideas to him being "a person that has a good you-know-what".[71][72]
The next day, the White House accused the media of taking Trump's words "out of context", while Trump defended himself by claiming he had spoken in a "very sarcastic" manner and that he had addressed his comment "to reporters ... just to see what would happen", this despite the video showing he had addressed not reporters but rather Deborah Birx directly, and had also been looking at Bill Bryan, head of the DHS science and technology division. In his defense, Trump also tried revising his comment to say disinfectant "would kill [the virus] on the hands, and that would make things much better."[73] Disinfectants are useful for destroying microorganisms on inert surfaces, not on living tissue, and applying disinfectants on skin has the potential to cause irritation or chemical burns.[74] After the president's remarks, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the makers of Lysol, the World Health Organization, and other government officials issued various advisories pointing out that it is already known to be harmful to use disinfectants or ultraviolet radiation on human bodies instead of inanimate surfaces, and Birx explained that these were not under investigation as possible treatments.[75]
After Trump's comments, "hundreds of calls" were made to the Maryland health department emergency hotline "asking if it was right to ingest Clorox or alcohol cleaning products—whether that was going to help them fight the virus", stated the Republican governor of Maryland, Larry Hogan. He called for the White House to communicate "very clearly on the facts", because people "certainly pay attention when the president of the United States is standing there giving a press conference".[76] Other increases in calls to poison control centers were reported in the city of New York, and the states of Michigan, Tennessee, and Illinois. The state of Illinois also reported incidents where people have used detergents for sinus rinses, and gargling with a mixture of bleach and mouthwash.[76] Officials of the state of Kansas said on 27 April that a man drank disinfectant "because of the advice he'd received", but did not clarify the source of the advice.[77] When Trump was asked by a reporter about "a spike in people using disinfectant after your comments last week", Trump interrupted the question, stating: "I can't imagine why." The reporter continued by asking: "Do you take any responsibility?" Trump replied: "No, I don't."[77]
On 4 July 2020, Trump falsely stated that "99 percent" of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless".[56][78] In the same speech, Trump contradicted several public health experts by saying that the U.S. will "likely have a therapeutic and/or vaccine solution long before the end of the year".[78] FDA commissioner Stephen Hahn declined to state whether Trump's "99 percent" statement was accurate or to say how many cases are harmless.[78]
As the U.S. COVID-19 daily new case count increased from about 20,000 on 9 June to over 50,000 by 7 July, Trump repeatedly insisted that the case increase was a function of increased COVID-19 testing.[79] Trump's claims were contradicted by the facts that states having increased case counts as well as those having decreased case counts had increased testing, that the positive test rate increased in all ten states with the largest case increases, and that case rate increases consistently exceeded testing rate increases in states with the most new cases.[79]
In a recorded interview with Bob Woodward on 7 February 2020, President Trump underscored the deadliness of the coronavirus in his recount of a conversation with President Xi Jinping of China, but, in another recorded interview with Woodward on 19 March, Trump revealed that he wanted to downplay the viral outbreak in order to not create a panic.[80] The revelation of the recordings led to criticism that Trump had deliberately downplayed the threat of the virus to the public, while he actually knew the severity of the virus.[81]
As reported cases reached new record highs in October 2020, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy named "ending the Covid-19 pandemic" as a top accomplishment of the Trump administration.[82]
In October 2020, Trump falsely asserted, "Our doctors get more money if someone dies from COVID."[83][84]
References[edit]
- ↑ Chotiner, Isaac. "The Contrarian Coronavirus Theory That Informed the Trump Administration". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 2, 2020. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ "GOP Rep. Louie Gohmert Suggests Mask Wearing Gave Him Coronavirus". The Daily Beast. July 29, 2020.
- ↑ Forgey, Quint (October 30, 2020). "Don Jr. dismisses coronavirus deaths: 'The number is almost nothing'". Politico. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ Halper, Evan (March 20, 2020). "Stock trades by Senate Intelligence Committee chair after coronavirus briefings trigger investigation". Los Angeles Times.
- ↑ Visser, Nick (March 19, 2020). "At Least 2 GOP Senators Dumped Millions in Stock After Coronavirus Briefings". HuffPost.
- ↑ Blake, Aaron (March 20, 2020). "How damning are Richard Burr's and Kelly Loeffler's coronavirus stock trades? Let's break it down". The Washington Post.
- ↑ Lawton, Sarah (March 20, 2020). "As COVID-19 cases grew, US Senators sold off stocks and downplayed risks". Euractiv.
- ↑ Mak, Tim (March 19, 2020). "Weeks Before Virus Panic, Intelligence Chairman Privately Raised Alarm, Sold Stocks". NPR.
- ↑ Dale, Daniel (May 12, 2020). "Fact check: McConnell claims Obama didn't leave Trump a pandemic 'game plan.' Obama left a 69-page playbook". CNN. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- ↑ Fishbane, Graig. "De Blasio's coronavirus failures: Let's count them". Daily News. New York. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ↑ Krieg, Gregory. "'I think he gets it now': New York Mayor Bill de Blasio searches for his footing in coronavirus crisis". CNN. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ↑ "The Timeline of How Bill de Blasio Prepared New York City for the Coronavirus". National Review. March 27, 2020.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Freedlander, David (March 26, 2020). "When New York Needed Him Most, Bill de Blasio Had His Worst Week As Mayor". Intelligencer. Retrieved March 30, 2020. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ "Coronavirus: US wants to enter Wuhan virology lab, and Trump questions China death toll". South China Morning Post. April 18, 2020.
- ↑ "COVID-19: Pompeo presses China to allow lab inspections". CNA. April 23, 2020.
- ↑ Stevens, Harry; Tan, Shelly (March 31, 2020). "From 'It's going to disappear' to 'WE WILL WIN THIS WAR' / How the president's response to the coronavirus has changed since January". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 1, 2020. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Blake, Aaron; Rieger, J. M. (June 24, 2020). "Timeline: The more than 60 times Trump has downplayed the coronavirus threat". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) See 24 June archive for quote. - ↑ Blake, Aaron; Rieger, J. M. (November 3, 2020). "Timeline: Timeline: The 201 times Trump has downplayed the coronavirus threat". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) Reference contains chronologically ordered list of quotations. - ↑ 19.0 19.1 · Walters, Joanna; Wong, Julia Carrie (August 5, 2020). "Trump again claims Covid-19 will 'go away' as Fauci warns of long road ahead". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help)
· Walters and Wong cite Pilkington, Ed (July 26, 2020). "Six months of Trump's Covid denials: 'It'll go away … It's fading'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Unknown parameter|url-status=
ignored (help)
· Most case data was explicit in the Guardian articles; three data items for the chart were obtained from CDC data at "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) / Cases in the U.S. / New Cases by Day / View Data". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Unknown parameter|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Larry Kudlow Claims Coronavirus 'Contained' In U.S. as CDC Warns of Likely Spread". HuffPost. February 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Trump's Biggest Supporters Think the Coronavirus Is a Deep State Plot". BuzzFeed. February 26, 2020.
- ↑ "Trump's reckless coronavirus statements put the entire US at risk". The Verge. February 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Trump is facing a coronavirus threat. Let's look back at how he talked about Ebola". Vox. February 26, 2020.
- ↑ Madrigal, Alexis C. (March 3, 2020). "The Official Coronavirus Numbers Are Wrong, and Everyone Knows It". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ Palc, Joe (February 12, 2020). "Timetable for a Vaccine Against the New Coronavirus? Maybe This Fall". NPR. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ Jackson, David. "Coronavirus death rate is 3.4%, World Health Organization says, Trump says 'hunch' tells him that's wrong". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Trump says he has a hunch about the coronavirus. Here are the facts". Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020 – via YouTube. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Trump has many hunches about the coronavirus. Here's what the experts say". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ Sargent, Greg. "Opinion | Trump's latest coronavirus lies have a galling subtext". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ 30.0 30.1 Walters, Joanna; Aratani, Lauren (March 5, 2020). "Trump calls WHO's global death rate from coronavirus 'a false number'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Media 'using virus to topple Trump' – White House". BBC News. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ Thielking, Megan (26 February 2020). "Experts warn Trump's misinformation about coronavirus is dangerous". STAT. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ↑ "U.S. unready to deal with potential coronavirus spread". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ "Coronavirus may spread faster than WHO estimate". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ "New China coronavirus data buttress fears about high fatality rate". 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ "Now Trump says it's wrong to compare coronavirus to regular flu". Agence France-Presse. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ↑ Baker, Peter (1 April 2020). "Trump Confronts a New Reality Before an Expected Wave of Disease and Death". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ Turse, Nick (6 April 2020). "Misinformation hampered Ebola response. The same thing could happen with coronavirus". The Intercept. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ↑ "Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in a Fox News Virtual Town Hall". The White House. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ↑ Blake, Aaron (3 March 2020). "Trump's baffling coronavirus vaccine event". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ Lopez, German (15 May 2020). "A coronavirus vaccine may take longer than 12 to 18 months". Vox. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ↑ Greenberg, Jon (6 March 2020). "False: Donald Trump stated on March 4, 2020 in a meeting at the White House: "The Obama administration made a decision on testing that turned out to be very detrimental to what we're doing" on the coronavirus". Politifact. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ Rogers, Katie; Hauser, Christine; Yuhas, Alan; Haberman, Maggie (24 April 2020). "Trump's Suggestion That Disinfectants Could Be Used to Treat Coronavirus Prompts Aggressive Pushback". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ↑ Valverde, Miriam (12 March 2020). "Donald Trump's Wrong Claim That 'Anybody' Can Get Tested For Coronavirus". Kaiser Health News. Retrieved 18 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help) - ↑ Dale, Daniel; Subramaniam, Tara (20 March 2020). "Trump made 33 false claims about the coronavirus crisis in the first two weeks of March". CNN. Retrieved 23 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help) - ↑ "FDA Warns Against Wide Use of the Drugs Trump Hailed As 'Game Changers'". NPR.
- ↑ Dale, Daniel (20 March 2020). "Fact check: Trump wrongly claims FDA 'approved' drug chloroquine to treat the coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ↑ Flaherty, Anne; Phelps, Jordyn (21 March 2020). "Fauci throws cold water on Trump's declaration that malaria drug chloroquine is a 'game changer'". ABC News. Retrieved 24 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help) - ↑ Chiu, Allyson; Flynn, Meagan. "Trump blocks Fauci from answering question about drug Trump is touting". The Washington Post.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Vergano, Dan (23 March 2020). "Chloroquine Is Being Touted As A Miracle Drug For Coronavirus, But There Are Reasons To Be Wary". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ Kime, Patricia (23 March 2020). "Drug Touted as COVID-19 Treatment Has Troubling Side Effects, Experts Say". military.com. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ Busari, Stephanie; Adebayo, Bukola (23 March 2020). "Nigeria records chloroquine poisoning after Trump endorses it for coronavirus treatment". CNN. Retrieved 24 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help) - ↑ Edwards, Erika; Hillyard, Vaughn (24 March 2020). "Man dies after ingesting chloroquine in an attempt to prevent coronavirus". NBC News. Retrieved 24 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help) - ↑ Krisher, Tom; Yen, Hope (23 March 2020). "AP Fact Check: Trump hype on auto industry and ventilators". Associated Press. Retrieved 24 March 2020. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Remarks by President Trump at the 2020 Salute to America". WhiteHouse.gov. The White House. July 4, 2020. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ 56.0 56.1 Rabin, Roni Caryn; Cameron, Chris (5 July 2020). "Trump Falsely Claims '99 Percent' of Virus Cases Are 'Totally Harmless'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Remarks by President Trump in Press Conference". WhiteHouse.gov. July 14, 2020. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ Naughtie, Andrew (August 4, 2020). "'You can't do that': Trump refuses to discuss coronavirus death rate and says US beating rest of world on cases". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Press Briefing by Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany 9/9/2020". WhiteHouse.gov. 9 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Donald Trump & Bob Woodward Covid Conversation Transcript: Trump 'Playing it down'". Rev.com (transcription service). 9 September 2020. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Fact-Checking the Trump and Biden Town Halls". The New York Times. 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ Various (5 March 2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMC 7092802 Check
|pmc=
value (help). PMID 32004427 Check|pmid=
value (help). - ↑ Greenberg, Jon (31 March 2020). "Trump blames past administrations for a flawed COVID-19 test. The test couldn't have existed earlier". Politifact. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ↑ Rupar, Aaron (20 April 2020). "Why Trump's efforts to blame Obama for the coronavirus make absolutely no sense". Vox. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ↑ Darcy, Oliver (10 April 2020). "White House reverses position after blocking health officials from appearing on CNN". CNN. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ↑ Business, Analysis by Brian Stelter, CNN. "Propaganda on full display at Trump's latest coronavirus task force briefing". CNN. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ↑ C-SPAN, Source (14 April 2020). "The coronavirus 'propaganda' video Trump played to media". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ↑ Baier, Bret (15 April 2020). "Sources believe coronavirus outbreak originated in Wuhan lab as part of China's efforts to compete with US". Fox News Channel.
- ↑ Holland, Steve; Brunnstrom, David (15 April 2020). "Trump says U.S. investigating whether virus came from Wuhan lab". Reuters.
- ↑ "Wuhan lab denies claims of coronavirus origination". The Hill. 18 April 2020.
- ↑ Timm, Jane (24 April 2020). "'It's irresponsible and it's dangerous': Experts rip Trump's idea of injecting disinfectant to treat COVID-19". NBC News. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ↑ Samuels, Brett (23 April 2020). "Trump suggests using light, heat as coronavirus treatment". The Hill. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ↑ Cathey, Libby (25 April 2020). "After backlash that his disinfectant 'injection' idea could be deadly, Trump claims he was being 'sarcastic'". ABC News. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ↑ Rupar, Aaron (24 April 2020). "Trump says his comments on injecting disinfectants were "sarcastic". Let's review the tape". Vox. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ↑ "'Under No Circumstance': Lysol Maker, Officials Reject Trump's Disinfectant Idea". NPR.
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 Aleem, Zeeshan (26 April 2020). "Governors say Trump's disinfectant comments prompted hundreds of poison center calls". Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 Shorman, Jonathan; Chambers, Francesca (27 April 2020). "Kansas official says man drank cleaner after Trump floated dangerous disinfectant remedy". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Dugyala, Rishika (5 July 2020). "FDA commissioner declines to back Trump assertion on 'harmless' coronavirus cases". Politico. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ 79.0 79.1 Bump, Philip (8 July 2020). "The more data we get, the more obviously wrong Trump's 'it's just because of testing' becomes / More deaths isn't a function of more tests". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Forgey, Quint; Choi, Matthew (9 September 2020). "'This is deadly stuff': Tapes show Trump acknowledging virus threat in February". POLITICO.
- ↑ Stokols, Eli; Hook, Janet (9 September 2020). "Furor erupts over Trump deliberately downplaying the coronavirus". Los Angeles Times.
- ↑ Ehley, Brianna. "White House science office takes credit for 'ending' pandemic as infections mount". POLITICO.
- ↑ Alper, Trevor Hunnicutt, Alexandra (30 October 2020). "Trump derides doctors as COVID surges, Biden says Trump 'giving up' on virus" – via www.reuters.com.
- ↑ "Trump falsely tells Michigan rally: 'Our doctors get more money if someone dies of Covid' – video". The Guardian. Reuters. 30 October 2020.
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