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Pashtunistan conflict

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Hostilities existed between Afghanistan and the newly independent Pakistan since 1947,[1] when Afghanistan became the only country to vote against the admission of Pakistan to the United Nations.[2] Before Pakistan's independence, Afghanistan advocated the independence of its north-west frontier,[3] although the region's predominant Pashtun population had voted overwhelmingly in favor of Pakistan over India in the referendum held in July 1947. 99.02% of votes were cast in favor of Pakistan.[4][5] Though the proposed Pashtunistan state by Afghanistan fluctuated in size over time,[6] the Balochistan province of Pakistan was also frequently included in the Greater Pashtunistan definition to gain access to the Arabian sea in case Pakistan failed as a state,[1] as Afghanistan had expected, but the idea became unpopular.[2]. Border clashes first occurred in 1949 and continued until the decisive Afghan defeat in Bajaur Campaign although Afghanistan continued to back insurgents.

Map of Pashtunistan as claimed by Afghan government (1949-1973)

Background

The international border between British India and Afghanistan was established after the 1893 Durand Line Agreement between British Mortimer Durand of British India and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan for fixing the limit of their respective spheres of influence. The single-page agreement, which contains seven short articles, was signed by Durand and Khan, agreeing not to exercise political interference beyond the frontier line between what was then the Emirate of Afghanistan and what was also then the British Indian Empire.[7] The Durand Line was reaffirmed as the International Border between Afghanistan and British India in the 1919 Anglo-Afghan War after the Afghan independence. The Afghans undertook to stop interference on the British side of the line in the subsequent Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 in Rawalpindi.[8]

Pakistan inherited the Durand Line agreement after its independence in 1947, but the Afghan Government has always refused to accept the Durand Line Agreement. Afghanistan has several times tried to seize Pakistan's western provinces of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The then Afghan Prime Minister, Muhammad Hashim, said "if an independent Pashtunistan cannot be set up, the frontier province should join Afghanistan. Our neighbor Pakistan will realize that our country, with its population and trade, needs an outlet to the sea, which is very essential", in an interview with the Statesman.[1] In 1949, Pakistan Air Force bombed the Afghan sponsored militant camps in border areas including an Afghan village to curb an unrest led by Ipi Faqir propagating independent Pashtunistan.[9] Border clashes were reported in 1949–50 for the first time.[2]

Waziristan rebellion

Main article: Waziristan rebellion of 1948-1954
Waziristan rebellion (1948-1954)
Part of the Pashtunistan insurgency and Pakistan-Afghanistan skirmishes
Location
Waziristan
Result Pakistani victory[10][11]
Territorial
changes		 Datta Khel area of Waziristan recaptured by Pakistan
Belligerents

Faqir of Ipi's forces

Supported by
 Afghanistan[10][11]		 Pakistan Pakistan
Units involved
Faqir of Ipi's forces

link = Pakistan Air Force

Strength
Unknown 40000+[12]
Casualties and losses
Military Compound destroyed None

Between 1948 and 1954, Waziristan was subject to a rebellion led by Faqir of Ipi and his followers who occupied the area of Datta Khel and declared the independent state of Pashtunistan.In 1949 Pakistan airforce warplane accidentally bombed an Afghan village killing 23 people which led to nullification of Durand line by Afghanistan. The rebellion was suppressed by 1953-1954 PAF bombing campaign which led to the surrender of most of the forces effectively ending the rebellion.

1950 Chaman campaign

1950 Chaman campaign
Part of Pashtunistan insurgency and Pakistan-Afghanistan skirmishes
Location
Bogra Pass and Dobandi, Balochistan, Pakistan
Result Pakistani victory
Belligerents
Pashtunistan separatists
 Afghanistan [citation needed]		 Pakistan Pakistan
Units involved
Pro-Pashtunistan tribesmen
 Afghanistan Army		 Pakistan Army
link = Pakistan Air Force

Invasion

On 30 September 1950, Afghan forces and allied pro-Pashtunistan tribesmen crossed the Durand line[13]and occupied Bogra pass[14], a strategic pass about 30 km north of Chaman with the aim of capturing the Quetta-Chaman railway link[15]. The invading force containing Afghan troops was also supported by Afghan artillery[16]. Although Afghanistan government officially denied its involvement and asserted that the invaders were pro-Pashtunistan tribesmen.[17][9][2][18]

Counteroffensive

Upon the reception of reports about Afghan invasion, Pakistan Army was rushed to the area of Bogra pass about 30km northwest of Chaman to repel the invasion[19].Pakistan Air Force also bombed enemy positions and it had a key impact. Invading force soon retreated to the mountainous area of Dobandi, which was a strategic stronghold it became very difficult to dislodge enemy positions but Pakistan Air Force led a bombing campaign against the invading force[9]. At last after 6 days of fighting Pakistani forces retook the control of area and Afghan invading force was pushed back into Afghan territory.[9]

1950-51 Khyber campaign

In 1950 Afghan Air Force planes airdropped pro-Pashtunistan into the Khyber agency of Pakistan. Similarly during 1950-51 Three Lashkars led by Afghan military and supported by Afghan artillery attacked Pakistani positions across the Durand Line in Khyber Agency.The invading force was declared as ‘Freedom Fighters’ by the official Radio and Press of Afghanistan. Pakistan responded by blockading Afghanistan’s trade transit routes.

Bajaur campaign

Main article: Bajaur campaign
Bajaur Campaign
Part of the Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflict and the Cold War

Location of Afghanistan (orange) and Pakistan (green)
DateSeptember 1960 – September 1961
(1 year)
Location
Bajaur, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan
Result Pakistani victory
Belligerents
 Afghanistan
Supported by:
 Soviet Union (alleged)[20][21]		  Pakistan
Supported by:
 United States (alleged)[21][22]
Commanders and leaders
 Zahir Shah
 Daoud Khan		  Ayub Khan
 Musa Khan
 Mian Ghulam Jilani
 Asghar Khan
Units involved
 Royal Afghan Army  Pakistan Army
 Pakistan Air Force
Strength
~1,000 (claimed)[21] Unknown

The Bajaur Campaign was an armed conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan that began in September 1960[23] and ended in September 1961. It primarily took place in and around Bajaur District in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Hostilities broke out after Afghan prime minister Mohammad Daoud Khan, who was a vocal opponent of the Durand Line, sent in the Royal Afghan Army to occupy strategic regions in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which is considered to be an essential part of the Pashtun homeland.[24] Ultimately, the Afghan invasion was brought to a halt following Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan's Kunar Province.[22][20] The Bajaur Campaign may have been a proxy conflict of the Cold War, as it has been alleged that the Afghans and the Pakistanis were actively receiving support from the Soviet Union and the United States, respectively.

1970s operation in Balochistan

Main article: 1970s operation in Balochistan
Fourth Balochistan Conflict
Part of the Insurgency in Balochistan and the Cold War

Pakistan Army Attack Helicopters HueyCobra AH-1S Cobras at AVN Base, Multan.
DateFebruary 1973 – November 1977
Location
Balochistan, Pakistan
Result

Pakistani victory[31]

Belligerents
 Pakistan
Supported by:
Iran
 United States		 Baloch separatists
Pashtun Zalmay[25]
Supported by:
Afghanistan[26][27][28]
 India[25]
Iraq[29]
 Soviet Union (from 1974)[30]
Commanders and leaders
Tikka Khan
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Akbar Bugti
Armed by:
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
Post-combat:
Rahimuddin Khan		 Khair Bakhsh Marri
Ataullah Mengal
Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo
Sher Mohammad Marri
Strength
145,000 Unknown
Casualties and losses
~3,000 casualties[32] ~5,300 casualties[32]
~16,000 civilian casualties[32]

The Fourth Balochistan Conflict was a five-year military conflict in Balochistan, the largest province of Pakistan, between the Pakistan Army and Baloch separatists and tribesmen that lasted from 1973 to 1977.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Emadi, Hafiullah (1990). "Durand Line and Afghan-Pak relations". Economic and Political Weekly. 25 (28).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hasan, Khurshid (1962). Pakistan-Afghanistan relations. 2. pp. 14–24. Search this book on
  3. ↑ C. Christine Fair; Sarah J. Watson (18 February 2015). Pakistan's Enduring Challenges. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 281–. ISBN 978-0-8122-4690-2. Search this book on
  4. ↑ Electoral History of NWFP (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  5. ↑ Michael Brecher (25 July 2017). A Century of Crisis and Conflict in the International System: Theory and Evidence: Intellectual Odyssey III. Springer. ISBN 9783319571560. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  6. ↑ C. Christine Fair; Sarah J. Watson (18 February 2015). Pakistan's Enduring Challenges. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 281–. ISBN 978-0-8122-4690-2. Search this book on
  7. ↑ Smith, Cynthia (August 2004). "A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line". United States: Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Sidebotham, Herbert (16 August 1919). "The Third Afghan War". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Amin, Abdul Hameed (2001). "Remembering our Warriors: Major-General Baber and Bhutto's Operation Cyclone". Pakistan Military Consortium and Directorate for the Military History Research (DMHR). Pakistan Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Sultan M Hali. "Breaking the myths of Pakistan ruining Afghanistan". defence.pk. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 2024-01-25. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kaur 1985, p. 108-109.
  12. ↑ "faqir of ipi remembered on 115th anniversary". 17 April 2016.
  13. ↑ Afghanistan and it's neighbours a dangerous neighbourhood. Search this book on
  14. ↑ "Afghanistan and Pakistan's often ignored history".
  15. ↑ "forgotten history of Pak Afghan relations".
  16. ↑ "Timeline of Pakistan Afghanistan relations".
  17. ↑ "Did Pakistan destroy Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 2016-04-28.
  18. ↑ Afghanistan, Pakistan and India a deadly triangle. Search this book on
  19. ↑ "Timeline of Pakistan Afghanistan relations".
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Riedel 2014.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Jun 1961 – 'Pakhtoonistan' Dispute. – Military Operations in Frontier Areas. – Pakistani Allegations of Afghan Incursions" (PDF). Keesing's Record of World Events. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Wahab, Shaista; Youngerman, Barry (2007). A Brief History of Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8160-5761-0. Search this book on
  23. ↑ Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed; Vassefi, Tara (February 22, 2012). "The Forgotten History of Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations". Yale Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  24. ↑ Blood, P.R.; Baxter, C.; Dupree, N. Hatch; Gouttierre, T.E.; Newell, R.S. (2001). "Afghanistan: A Country Study". In Gladstone, Cary. Afghanistan Revisited. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p. 111. ISBN 1-59033-421-3. Search this book on
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Paliwal, Avinash (2017). My Enemy's Enemy: India in Afghanistan from the Soviet Invasion to the US Withdrawal. Oxford University Press. pp. 38, 240 and 241. ISBN 9780190685829. Search this book on
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ab
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cd
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ef
  29. ↑ "Discovery of Arms in the Iraq Embassy, Islamabad – 1973". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ "Baluch Liberation Front – Mapping Millitant Organisation". web.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  31. ↑ "Balochistan Insurgency".
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Retrieved 12 December 2014.

Bibliography


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