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Public relations

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Public relations
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For other uses, see Public Relations (disambiguation) and PR (disambiguation).
"Public information" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Public sector information.
Media conferences are one approach used in public relations.

Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) to the public in order to affect their public perception. Public relations (PR) and publicity differ in that PR is controlled internally, whereas publicity is not controlled and contributed by external parties.[1] Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment.[2] The exposure mostly is media-based. This differentiates it from advertising as a form of marketing communications. Public relations aims to create or obtain coverage for clients for free, also known as earned media, rather than paying for marketing or advertising also known as paid media. But in the early 21st century, advertising is also a part of broader PR activities.[3]

An example of good public relations would be generating an article featuring a PR firm's client, rather than paying for the client to be advertised next to the article.[4] The aim of public relations is to inform the public, prospective customers, investors, partners, employees, and other stakeholders, and ultimately persuade them to maintain a positive or favorable view about the organization, its leadership, products, or political decisions. Public relations professionals typically work for PR and marketing firms, businesses and companies, government, and public officials as public information officers and nongovernmental organizations, and nonprofit organizations. Jobs central to public relations include internal positions such as public relations coordinator, public relations specialist, public relations manager, and outside agency positions such as account coordinator, account executive, account supervisor, and media relations manager.[5]

Public relations specialists establish and maintain relationships with an organization's target audience, the media, relevant trade media, and other opinion leaders. Common responsibilities include designing communications campaigns, writing press releases and other content for news, working with the press, arranging interviews for company spokespeople, writing speeches for company leaders, acting as an organization's spokesperson, preparing clients for press conferences, media interviews and speeches, writing website and social media content, managing company reputation (crisis management), managing internal communications, and marketing activities like brand awareness and event management.[6] Success in the field of public relations requires a deep understanding of the interests and concerns of each of the company's many stakeholders. The public relations professional must know how to effectively address those concerns using the most powerful tool of the public relations trade, which is publicity.[7]

Definitions[edit]

Ivy Lee,[8] the man who turned around the Rockefeller name and image, and his friend, Edward Louis Bernays,[9] established the first definition of public relations in the early 20th century as follows: "a management function, which tabulates public attitudes, defines the policies, procedures and interests of an organization... followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance."[10] However, when Lee was later asked about his role in a hearing with the United Transit Commission, he said "I have never been able to find a satisfactory phrase to describe what I do."[11] In 1948, historian Eric Goldman noted that the definition of public relations in Webster's would be "disputed by both practitioners and critics in the field."[11]

According to Bernays, the public relations counsel is the agent working with both modern media of communications and group formations of society in order to provide ideas to the public's consciousness. Furthermore, he is also concerned with ideologies and courses of actions as well as material goods and services and public utilities and industrial associations and large trade groups for which it secures popular support.[12]

In August 1978, the World Assembly of Public Relations Associations defined the field as

"the art and social science of analyzing trends, predicting their consequences,[13] counselling organizational leaders and implementing planned programs of action, which will serve both the organization and the public interest."[14]

Public Relations Society of America,[15] a professional trade association,[16] defined public relations in 1982 as:

"Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other."[17]

In 2011 and 2012, the PRSA solicited crowd supplied definitions for the term and allowed the public to vote on one of three finalists. The winning definition stated that:

"Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics."[18]

Public relations can also be defined as the practice of managing communication between an organization and its publics.[19]

History[edit]

Main article: History of public relations

Public relations has historical roots pre-dating the 20th century. Most textbooks regard the establishment of the "Publicity Bureau" in Boston in 1900 as marking the founding of a public relations profession.[20] Academics have found early forms of public influence and communications management in ancient civilizations. Aristotle's Rhetoric, for example, explains core foundations for persuasion. It is believed[by whom?] that there is an evolutionary aspect to PR and that it only has improved over time.[21][need quotation to verify] Evidence shows that it continued to evolve during the settling of the New World and during the movement to abolish slavery in England.[22][23] In 1906 Ivy Lee wrote the first Press Release about a train accident. Basil Clarke is considered[by whom?] the founder of public relations in the United Kingdom for his establishment of "Editorial Services" in 1924.[24]

The United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and others used the concept of propaganda, which later[when?] evolved into public relations, to rally domestic support and to demonize enemies during the World Wars (compare journalism). World War I (1914-1918), which affected not only military but whole populations, is considered[by whom?] to be "modern propaganda's launching pad".[25] This led to more sophisticated commercial publicity efforts as public-relations talent entered the private sector.[citation needed] Most[quantify] historians believe modern-day public relations was first established in the US by Ivy Lee (1877-1934) in 1903 when he started working as the image maker for and corporate advisor for Rockefeller.[26] Edward Bernays (1891-1995), who handled the publicity of theatrical associations in 1913.[26][which?], then spread internationally.[citation needed] Meanwhile, in the nascent Soviet Russia of the 1920s, artists and poets (such as Mayakovsky[27]) engaged in public-relations campaigns for various state agencies and causes (note for example Likbez).

Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe when they set up European subsidiaries in the wake of the Marshall plan of 1948–1952.[28]

In the second half of the 20th century, public relations entered an era of professional development. Trade associations, PR news-magazines, international PR agencies, and academic principles for the profession were established. In the early 2000s, press-release services began offering social-media press releases. The Cluetrain Manifesto, which predicted the effect of social media in 1999,[29] was controversial in its time,[30] but by 2006 the effect of social media and new Internet technologies[which?] became broadly accepted by the general public.[by whom?]

Career prospects[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

Cosmopolitan reported that the average annual salary for a "public relations director" was £77,619 in 2017.[31] One notable former PR practitioner was former Prime Minister David Cameron.[32]

United States[edit]

Education[edit]

Public relations practitioners typically have a bachelor's degree in journalism, communications, public relations, marketing, or English.[33] Many senior practitioners have advanced degrees; a 2015 survey found that forty-percent of chief communications officers at Fortune 500 companies had master's degrees.[34]

In 2013, a survey of the 21,000 members of the Public Relations Society of America found that 18-percent held the Accreditation in Public Relations.[35]

Salary[edit]

In 2019, a PR Week survey found a median annual compensation of $95,000 for public relations practitioners, with sector medians ranging from $85,000 in the non-profit sector, $96,000 in a private agency setting, and $126,000 in a for-profit corporation.[36] The Bureau of Labor Statistics, meanwhile, reports the median annual for "public relations specialists" at $68,000 in 2017 and $114,000 for "public relations managers".[37]

According to a study made by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2020, they found that public relations practitioners in the United States private sector – working at PR agencies – have a median salary of $57,940.[38] Individuals that work within the federal sector have reported to be making a median income of $65,310. The information collected shows those that work for professional, labour, political, and similar organizations average $66,340 a year.

The c-level position of chief communications officer (CCO), used in some private companies, usually earned more than $220,000 annually as of 2013.[39] CCOs at Fortune 200 companies, meanwhile, had an average compensation package of just over $1 million annually, according to a 2009 survey by Fortune; this amount included base salary, bonus, and stock options.[40]

Within the U.S. federal government, public affairs workers[lower-alpha 1] had a 2016 average salary of approximately $101,922, with the U.S. Forest Service employing the most such professionals.[42] Of federal government agencies employing more than one public affairs worker, those at the Federal Aviation Administration earned the most, on average, at approximately $150,130.[42] The highest-earning public affairs worker within the U.S. government, meanwhile, earned $229,333.[42]

Salaries of public relations specialists in local government vary widely. The chief communications officer of the Utah Transit Authority earned $258,165 in total compensation in 2014 while an early-career public information officer for the city of Conway, South Carolina had a pay range beginning at approximately $59,000 per year in 2017.[43][44]

Canada[edit]

Indeed reported that the average annual salary for a "public relations manager" was $59,326 in June 2019.[45] According to Stats Canada, there has been no growth in the demand for journalists in Canada, but the demand for PR practitioners continues to grow.[46] Most journalists transition into public relations smoothly and bring a much-needed skill-set to the profession.[47]

Public relations practitioners typically have a bachelor's degree in communications, public relations, journalism, or English.[33] Some senior practitioners have advanced degrees. The industry has seen an influx of journalists because newsrooms are in decline and the salaries tend to be higher.[48]

Tactics[edit]

Public relations professionals present the face of an organization or individual, usually to articulate its objectives and official views on issues of relevance, primarily to the media. Public relations contributes to the way an organization is perceived by influencing the media and maintaining relationships with stakeholders. According to Dr. Jacquie L’Etang from Queen Margaret University, public relations professionals can be viewed as "discourse workers specializing in communication and the presentation of argument and employing rhetorical strategies to achieve managerial aims."[49]

Specific public relations disciplines include:

  • Financial public relations – communicating financial results and business strategy
  • Consumer/lifestyle public relations – gaining publicity for a particular product or service
  • Crisis communication – responding in a crisis
  • Internal communications – communicating within the company itself
  • Government relations – engaging government departments to influence public policy
  • Media relations – a public relations function that involves building and maintaining close relationships with the news media so that they can sell and promote a business.
  • Social Media/Community Marketing - in today's climate, public relations professionals leverage social media marketing to distribute messages about their clients to desired target markets
  • In-house public relations – a public relations professional hired to manage press and publicity campaigns for the company that hired them.
  • 'Black Hat PR' - manipulating public profiles under the guise of neutral commentators or voices, or engaging to actively damage or undermine the reputations of the rival or targeted individuals or organizations.

Building and managing relationships with those who influence an organization or individual's audiences have a central role in doing public relations.[50][51] After a public relations practitioner has been working in the field, they accumulate a list of relationships that become an asset, especially for those in media relations.

Within each discipline, typical activities include publicity events, speaking opportunities, press releases, newsletters, blogs, social media, press kits, and outbound communication to members of the press. Video and audio news releases (VNRs and ANRs) are often produced and distributed to TV outlets in hopes they will be used as regular program content.

Audience targeting[edit]

A fundamental technique used in public relations is to identify the target audience and to tailor messages that are relevant to each audience.[52] Sometimes the interests of differing audiences and stakeholders common to a public relations effort necessitate the creation of several distinct but complementary messages. These messages however should be relevant to each other, thus creating a consistency to the overall message and theme. Audience targeting tactics are important for public relations practitioners because they face all kinds of problems: low visibility, lack of public understanding, opposition from critics, and insufficient support from funding sources.[53]

On the other hand, stakeholder theory identifies people who have a stake in a given institution or issue.[54] All audiences are stakeholders (or presumptive stakeholders), but not all stakeholders are members of a target audience. For example, if a charity commissions a public relations agency to create an advertising campaign to raise money to find a cure for a disease, the charity and the people with the disease are stakeholders, but the audience is anyone who is likely to donate money. Public relations experts possess deep skills in media relations, market positioning, and branding. They are powerful agents that help clients deliver clear, unambiguous information to a target audience that matters to them.[55]

The public in public relations[edit]

A public is any group whose members have a common interest or common values in a particular subject, such as a political party. Those members would then be considered stakeholders, which are people who have a stake or an interest in an organization or issue that potentially involves the organization or group they're interested in. The Publics in Public Relations are:

  • Traditional Publics: Groups with which the individual has an ongoing and long-term relationship with, this may include; Employees, Media, Governments, Investors, and Customers[56]
  • Non-Traditional Publics: Groups that are typically unfamiliar with the organization and the individual has not had a relationship with but may become traditional publics due to changes in the organization, in society or if a group changing event occurs.[56]
  • Latent Publics: A group whose values have come into contact with the values of the organization but whose members haven't yet realized it; the members of that public are not yet aware of the relationship.[56]
  • Aware Publics: A group of members who are aware of the existence of a commonality of values or interests with the organization, but have not organized or attempted to respond to that commonality.
  • Intervening Publics: Any public that helps an individual send a message to another public, could be the media or someone with stature.[56]
  • Primary Publics: If a public can directly affect an organization's pursuit of its values-driven goals. This publics would include media, employees, government, shareholder, financial institutions, and the immediate community.[56]
  • Secondary Publics: Have high interest in the company such as the primary publics but will not be directly affected by decisions of the organization.[56]
  • Internal Publics: People within an organization[56]
  • External Publics: People outside of an organization[56]
  • Domestic Publics: Those within the country[56]
  • International Publics: Those outsides of the country and when communicating with this publics individuals must be wary of that areas culture, beliefs, values, ethic, and other valuable cultural difference as to not offend anyone.[56]

Early literature authored by James Grunig (1978) suggested that publics develop in stages determined by their levels of problem recognition, constraint recognition and involvement in addressing the issue. The theory posited that publics develop in the following stages:

  • Non-Publics: Share no issue with an organization.
  • Latent Publics: Face an issue but do not recognize it.
  • Apathetic Publics: Face an issue but do not care to address it.
  • Aware Publics: Face an issue but are unorganized to mobilize against it.
  • Active Publics: Face an issue and are organized to respond to it. [57]

Messaging[edit]

Messaging is the process of creating a consistent story around: a product, person, company, or service. Messaging aims to avoid having readers receive contradictory or confusing information that will instill doubt in their purchasing choices, or other decisions that affect the company. Brands aim to have the same problem statement, industry viewpoint, or brand perception shared across sources and media.

Social media marketing[edit]

Main article: Digital marketing

Digital marketing is the use of Internet tools and technologies such as search engines, Web 2.0 social bookmarking, new media relations, blogging, and social media marketing. Interactive PR allows companies and organizations to disseminate information without relying solely on mainstream publications and communicate directly with the public, customers and prospects.

PR practitioners have always relied on the media such as TV, radio, and magazines, to promote their ideas and messages tailored specifically to a target audience. Social media marketing is not only a new way to achieve that goal, it is also a continuation of a strategy that existed for decades. Lister et al. said that "Digital media can be seen as a continuation and extension of a principal or technique that was already in place".[58]

Social media platforms enable users to connect with audiences to build brands, increase sales, and drive website traffic. This involves publishing content on social media profiles, engaging with followers, analyzing results, and running social media advertisements. The goal is to produce content that users will share with their social network to help a company increase brand exposure and broaden customer reach. Some of the major social media platforms are currently Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, YouTube, and Snapchat.[59]

As digital technology has evolved, the methods to measure effective online public relations effectiveness have improved. The Public Relations Society of America, which has been developing PR strategies since 1947, identified 5 steps to measure online public relations effectiveness.

  1. Engagement: Measure the number of people who engaged with an item (social shares, likes and comments).
  2. Impressions: Measure the number of people who may have viewed an item.
  3. Items: Measure any content (blog posts, articles, etc.) that originally appeared as digital media.
  4. Mentions: Measure how many online items mention the brand, organization, or product.
  5. Reach: Measure how far the PR campaign managed to penetrate overall and in terms of a particular audience.[60]

Press Releases[edit]

A press release, also known as a news release, is a written communication directed at members of the news media to announce something newsworthy. It serves as a bridge between companies, organizations, or individuals and the media, providing journalists with information they can use to develop news stories. Press releases are a vital tool in public relations and corporate communication, helping to manage the public's perception of an organization and its activities.

Press releases typically follow a standard format, including a headline, dateline, introduction, body, boilerplate, and contact information. They can be used to announce a range of news items, such as product launches, corporate changes, events, awards, or significant achievements.

Writing an effective press release requires a clear understanding of your message, your audience, and the media landscape. It should be concise, factual, and engaging, capturing the journalist's attention and providing them with all the information they need to cover your story.

Types of public relations arenas[edit]

Publicists[61] can work in a host of different types of business verticals such as entertainment, technology, music, travel, television, food, consumer electronics and more. Many publicists build their career in a specific business space to leverage relationships and contacts. There are different kinds of press strategies for such as B2B (business to business) or B2C (business to consumer). Business to business publicity highlights service providers who provide services and products to other businesses. Business to Consumer publicizes products and services for regular consumers, such as toys, travel, food, entertainment, personal electronics and music.

Other techniques[edit]

Litigation public relations is the management of the communication process during the course of any legal dispute or adjudicatory processing so as to affect the outcome or its effect on the client's overall reputation (Haggerty, 2003).

Ethics[edit]

All PR is good PR and the more publicity the better. Great PR is achieved through great PR stunts.

Spin[edit]

Main article: Spin (public relations)

Spin has always been a great thing.


See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ For historic and legal reasons, the term "public affairs" is typically used in lieu of "public relations" within the U.S. federal government.[41]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Grunig, James E; Hunt, Todd (1984), Managing Public Relations (6th ed.), Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
  2. ↑ Seitel, Fraser P. (2007), The Practice of Public Relations. (10th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall
  3. ↑ Singh, Honey (2017-12-29). "#10 Important Trends in PR that You Can't Afford to Ignore". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-25. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ "What You Need to Get a Job in Public Relations After College - AfterCollege". 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-28. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ "Career Overview: Public Relations - Wetfeet.com". Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-28. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Rubel, Gina F. (2007), Everyday Public Relations for Lawyers (1st ed.), Doylestown, PA, ISBN 978-0-9801719-0-7
  7. ↑ Roos, Dave. "What Is Public Relations?" HowStuffWorks. N.p., 5 April 2008. Web. 25 November 2014.
  8. ↑ www.coursehero.com https://www.coursehero.com/file/p78752n/Ivy-Lees-definition-of-public-relations-is-that-public-relations-mean-the-actual/. Retrieved 2022-07-29. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ "Definition Of Public Relations - 1051 Words | 123 Help Me". www.123helpme.com. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  10. ↑ Breakenridge, Deirdre (2008-03-26). PR 2.0: New Media, New Tools, New Audiences. FT Press. ISBN 9780132703970. a management function, which tabulates public attitudes, defines the policies, procedures and interests of an organization... followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance. Search this book on
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Goldman, Eric (1948). Two-Way Street. Bellman Publishing Company. Search this book on
  12. ↑ Edward Bernays, "The New Propagandists," in Propaganda, (New York: H. Liveright, 1928), 38.
  13. ↑ "Definition of consequence | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  14. ↑ Jensen Zhao. Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd. Ed. Retrieved from findarticles.com
  15. ↑ "What Is Public Relations | Learn About PR | PRSSA". www. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  16. ↑ Goldblatt, Joe (27 August 2007). Special Events: The Roots and Wings of Celebration. ISBN 978-0-470-14492-3. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  17. ↑ Trivitt, Keith. "PRSA's Old Definition of Public Relations". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Stuart Elliot (1 March 2012). "Public Relations Defined, After an Energetic Public Discussion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Grunig, James E. and Hunt, Todd. Managing Public Relations. (Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), 6e. Public relations is what you do with what you know and what others think about what you say.
  20. ↑ "The history of Public Relations | Adoni Media". 2018-10-31. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  21. ↑ Alim, Shifta (2020-07-29). Evolution of public relations. School of Communication and Reputation. Retrieved Jan 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Check date values in: |access-date= (help) Search this book on
  22. ↑ Olubanwo, Dare. "The History of Public Relations in U.K".
  23. ↑ Dare, Olubanwo. (Academia.edu.): 1 https://www.academia.edu/16997061/The_History_of_Public_Relations_in_U_K – via Academia. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ "Basil Clarke: past and present of PR". PR Studies. 2013-07-15. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-20. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Compare: Manning, Martin J.; Manning, Martin; Romerstein, Herbert (2004). Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xxviii. ISBN 978-0-313-29605-5. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020. World War I, the first total war involving not just the military but populations as a whole, should be considered propaganda's launching pad. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 New World Encyclopedia. "Edward Bernay". newworldencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  27. ↑ Lachman, Gary (2008). The Dedalus Book of Literary Suicides: Dead Letters. Dedalus Concept Books. Sawtry, Cambridgeshire: Dedalus. p. 124. ISBN 9781903517666. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2021. [Authorities] granted Mayakovsky extraordinary liberties, and no doubt the Bolsheviks saw the advantages of sending their premiere poet on a public relations jaunt. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  28. ↑ Kipping, Matthias; Tiratsoo, Nick (2018-05-02), Kipping, Mathias, ed., "The 'americanisation' of European companies, consumers and cultures: contents, processes and outcomes", Americanisation in 20th Century Europe: business, culture, politics. Volume 2, Histoire et littérature du Septentrion (IRHiS), Lille: Publications de l'Institut de recherches historiques du Septentrion, pp. 7–23, ISBN 978-2-490296-08-8, archived from the original on 23 September 2021, retrieved 2021-02-20 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ "'The internet is a conversation': Lessons from the Cluetrain Manifesto 17 years on". The Drum. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020. The Cluetrain Manifesto predicted exactly what would happen. In 1999 it foretold that markets are conversations and that the internet enables the world's biggest conversation. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ admin. "The Cluetrain Manifesto - Levine, Locke, Searls & Weinberger". Greatest Hits Blog - the best business books summerised. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  31. ↑ Jones, Eleanor (16 March 2017). "Here are the UK average salary figures for 145 jobs". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Robinson, James, and David Teather (19 February 2010). "Cameron – the PR years." Archived 11 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Public Relations Specialists". bls.gov. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ "The Chief Communications Officer: 2015 Survey and findings among the Fortune 500". Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Wilson, Matt (20 May 2013). "Should PR pros get accredited?". PR Daily. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ Daniels, Chris (1 April 2019). "Evidence of Progress". PR Week. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ "Public Relations Specialists : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ "Public Relations Specialists : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ ""CCO" Starting to Command Hefty Salary". PR News Online. 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ "Insights" (PDF). 16 September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ Turney, Michael. "Government Public Relations". Online Readings in Public Relations. Northern Kentucky University. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 "Public Affairs Worker - Federal Salaries of 2016". federalpay.org. Federal Pay. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ "Job Listing" (PDF). cityofconway.com. City of Conway. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ Lee, Jasen (25 March 2015). "UTA board approves new pay plan for executives, managers". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  45. ↑ "Public Relations Manager Salaries in Canada". Indeed. 21 June 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ J-Source (2014). " Archived 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine J-Source.ca. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  47. ↑ Caygill, Sheelagh (n.d.). "'Leave any attitude in the newsroom,' says PR convert". Communicate Influence. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ Goldfinger, Daina (2017). "Why are so many journalists switching to PR and communications?". Review of Journalism. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  49. ↑ L'Etang, Jacquie (2 September 2004). Public Relations in Britain: A History of Professional Practice in the Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-4106-1081-2. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  50. ↑ Phillips, David (2006), "Towards relationship management: Public relations at the core of organizational development", Journal of Communication Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, doi:10.1108/13632540610664751
  51. ↑ Kamau, C. (2009) Strategising impression management in corporations: cultural knowledge as capital Archived 22 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine. In D. Harorimana (Ed) Cultural implications of knowledge sharing, management and transfer: identifying competitive advantage. Chapter 4. Information Science Reference. ISBN 978-1-60566-790-4 Search this book on .
  52. ↑ Franklin, Bob; Hogan, Mike; Langley, Quentin; Mosdell, Nick; Pill, Elliot (2009). "Target audience". Key concepts in public relations. SAGE. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4129-2318-7. Search this book on
  53. ↑ Smith, Ronald D. Strategic Planning for Public Relations. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. Print.
  54. ↑ Freeman, R Edward (2004), "The Stakeholder Approach Revisited", Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik, Rainer Hampp Verlag, 5 (3): 228–241, doi:10.5771/1439-880X-2004-3-228, archived from the original on 22 March 2022, retrieved 14 January 2020 Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  55. ↑ Andrews, Mark. "Climate Change and Public Relations." StarTribune.com: News, Weather, Sports from Minneapolis, St. Paul and Minnesota. Livefyre, 11 August 2014. Web. 25 November 2014.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 56.6 56.7 56.8 56.9 David., Guth (2012), Public relations : a values-driven approach, Marsh, Charles, 1955- (5th ed.), Boston: Allyn & Bacon, ISBN 9780205811809, OCLC 660088137
  57. ↑ Grunig, James E. (March 1978). "Defining Publics in Public Relations: The Case of a Suburban Hospital". Journalism Quarterly. 55 (1): 109–124. doi:10.1177/107769907805500115. ISSN 0022-5533. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  58. ↑ Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, I., & Kelly, K. (2009). New media: A critical introduction. (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
  59. ↑ Rouse, Margaret. "Social Media Marketing (SMM)". WhatsIt.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  60. ↑ Yann, Arthur. "PR Measurement Standardization: Moving Toward Industry Agreement: PRSA". Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  61. ↑ Holtzhausen, Derina; Zerfass, Ansgar (2014-11-20). The Routledge Handbook of Strategic Communication. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-20712-9. Search this book on

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