Islamic Republic of Balochistan

This article is about the self-declared country. For the region encompassing areas of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran, see Balochistan. For the provience in Pakistan, see Balochistan, Pakistan. For other uses, see Balochistan (disambiguation).

Islāmic Republic of Balochistan اسلامی جمہوریہ بلوچستان (Balochi) د بلوچستان اسلامي جمهوریت (Pashto) بلاچستان دا اسلامی جمہوریت (Brahui)
Flag of the Islamic Republic of Balochistan
File:Balochistan on globe.png
Capital	Quetta (provisional) 30°11′00″N 67°00′00″E Fatal error: The format of the coordinate could not be determined. Parsing failed.
Largest city by metropolitan area population	Quetta
Official languages	English, Balochi, Hindi
Other languages	Pashto, Brahui, Urdu
Religion (2023)	99.09% Islam 00.91% Others
Demonym(s)	Baloch, Balochistani
Government	Provisional Government-in-Exile
• President (Provisional)	Mir Yar Baloch
• Prime minister (Provisional)	Naela Quadri Baloch
Establishment
• Partition of India	15 August 1947
• Declared independence	8 May 2025
Area
• Total	347,190 km2 (134,050 sq mi)
Population
• 2023 census	14,894,402
• Density	43/km2 (111.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2022  estimate
• Total	$80 billion
• Per capita	$6,485
GDP (nominal)	2022  estimate
• Total	$20 billion
• Per capita	$1,621
HDI (2019 low)	0.475 low
Currency	N/A (currently using India rupee (₨) (PKR))
Time zone	UTC+5
Date format	dd-mm-yyyy
Calling code	N/A (currently using India +91)
Statistics above are composed of data collected as representing the Province of Balochistan, Pakistan

The Islamic Republic of Balochistan is a self-proclaimed quasi-state in South Asia. It shares its boundaries with Iran in the west, Afghanistan in the northwest and with Pakistan in the north and east. It also has a coastline with the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. It was proclaimed on 15 August 1947 alongside the Dominion of India and Pakistan. On 8 May 2025, key Baloch writer and activist Mir Yar Baloch, along with other prominent Baloch leaders and activists, officially declared the independence of the Pakistani province of Balochistan as the Republic of Balochistan. The separation of the Baloch homeland from Pakistan was announced with the Balochistan Freedom Declaration, marking an escalation in the decades-long Baloch nationalist struggle.

History

Main article: History of Balochistan

See also: Insurgency in Balochistan, Baloch nationalism, and Balochistan Liberation Army

The Balochistan region of southwest Pakistan has experienced several separatist movements seeking independence on the basis of political marginalization, cultural suppression, and economic exploitation by the Pakistani government. Along the course of its history, Balochistan maintained its independence until the late 1950s, when it was annexed by the Pakistani Army through force. Since then, the Pakistani government and Army have brutally crushed the Baloch identity. Moreover, the Balochi language has suffered due to the imposition of Urdu by the Pakistani government. Over the years, militant groups like the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) have engaged in armed insurgencies, while exiled leaders and activists have pursued diplomacy and media campaigns.

In the region of Balochistan, separatists began to take down Pakistani flags and replace them with their own flags, and have attacked and killed several Pakistani army personnel with the involvement of the Balochistan Liberation Army, an armed separatist group based in the Balochistan that advocates for the independence of Balochistan from Pakistan. On 10-11 May 2025, the Balochistan Liberation Army carried out attacks at 39 places in order to take control of the region. They targeted several Pakistani military convoys, police stations, highways and other infrastructure. They removed Pakistani flags at these places and replaced them with Baloch flags. They claimed to have captured police stations in the region, and are conducting blockades on key roads in the region.

Baloch writer and leader Mir Yar Baloch proclaimed the formation of the Democratic Republic of Balochistan, called for Pakistan to end their military presence within Balochistan's territory, waters and airspace, and urged the United Nations to provide financial support so Balochistan can print currency and passports. It was announced that separatist leaders were preparing to establish a transitional government. They also promised that Baloch women would have representation in the future government. After the formation of the transitional government, the control of Balochistan would be handed over to the new transitional interim government. In the cabinet, the representation of Baloch women would be provided to fulfill the proposed nation's commitment. The Baloch leadership has also assured that Hindus would be safe in the region while addressing a public gathering and appealing for international support. Fellow Baloch activist and leader Mahrang Baloch said "Our fight is for the restoration of real peace, where no Pakistani will ask a Hindu to recite Kalma nor will dare to kill him in front of his wife and children."

Similarly, Baloch American Congress (BAC) president Tara Chand urged the Indian prime minister Narendra Modi for a strategic approach to Balochistan's independence. Baloch people living in India urged the United Nations to recognise Balochistan as an independent nation. In India, the Baloch Welfare Association issued a letter addressing UN Secretary-General António Guterres, demanding that he support the Baloch nation's legitimate rights. The association also appealed to Narendra Modi, requesting that he play a significant role in the recognition of Balochistan as an independent state. In the letter to Guterres, the association expressed that, for more than seven decades, the people of Balochistan have been subjected to persistent atrocities by the Pakistani government, including forced disappearances, military operations, exploitation of resources, and systematic cultural suppression, saying that these acts amount to crimes against humanity and threaten the very existence of the Baloch identity.

The Balochistan Liberation Army stated:

"Our armed struggle on the motherland Balochistan is proof that the Baloch nation is defeating the seventh nuclear state of the world on its own soil without any external military or financial support. We have rendered the enemy helpless on mountain fronts, urban fronts and every other front. If we get political, diplomatic and defence support from the world – especially from India – the Baloch nation can eliminate this terrorist state and lay the foundation of a peaceful, prosperous and independent Balochistan. A Balochistan that will not only permanently stop the export of terrorism to the subcontinent but will also start a new chapter of peace and prosperity in the region."

Balochistan Liberation Army spokesperson Jeeyand Baloch appealed to the international community, including India, for political, diplomatic, and defence support through a press release with the goal of achieving a peaceful, prosperous and independent Balochistan.

Declaration of independence

On 21 February 2025, representatives of the Free Balochistan Movement urged the United Nations to take action in Balochistan, establish the United Nations Mission in Balochistan (UNMIB), and force the Pakistani occupation forces to retreat. The most recent declaration for the independence of Balochistan was made by the Baloch separatist writer and leader Mir Yar Baloch. According to reports from India Today, Mir Yar Baloch declared the independence of Balochistan from Pakistan at midnight on 8 May 2025, urged the United Nations to recognize Balochistan as an independent nation-state, and announced his declaration on X. He sought global support, including from UN peacekeeping forces, amid rising conflict in the region, and called on the international community in his declaration to formally recognize Balochistan as a nation. He urged the Government of India to allow the opening of a Baloch embassy in New Delhi.

Following the announcement, the BLA claimed control of the city of Mangochar in Kalat District, Pakistan and launched coordinated attacks across the region. These military actions appeared to synchronize with the independence declaration, suggesting a coordinated effort to establish de facto territorial control.

International reactions

While the declaration has gained traction in Baloch diaspora circles and international media, No country or major international organization has formally recognized the Islamic Republic of Balochistan. The development has, however, triggered commentary in Indian and European media outlets on regional stability and self-determination.

• Ireland: Tánaiste Simon Harris stated that the Irish Embassy in Islamabad is actively tracking developments in the region and is coordinating with the European Union delegation and other like-minded partners to evaluate an appropriate diplomatic response to the crisis.

• Pakistan: Chief Minister of Balochistan, Pakistan Sardar Sarfraz Bugti said on May 14, that “What happened with the Kurds in Türkiye after 40 long years is also where these groups will end up too.”

• United Nations: On May 15, UN Deputy Spokesperson Farhan Aziz Haq, stated that the world body stands for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all member states, including Pakistan, thus rejecting any kind of suggestion to recognize the Islamic Republic of Balochistan.

See also

• Balochistan
• Baloch people
• Baloch National Movement
• Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan
• History of Balochistan
• List of districts in Balochistan
• Balochistan Liberation Army
• Baloch nationalism
• Human rights in Balochistan
• Lists of active separatist movements
• List of states with limited recognition
• Self-determination
• Chief Minister of Balochistan, Pakistan
• Government of Balochistan, Pakistan
• Khanate of Kalat
• Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)
• Makran (princely state)
• Las Bela (princely state)
• Kharan (princely state)
• Kalat State National Party
• List of princely states of British India

References

Bibliography

• Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (2015), "Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan", in Roger D. Long; Ian Talbot; Gurharpal Singh; Yunas Samad, State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-44820-4
• Talbot, Ian (1988), Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement: The Growth of Muslim League in North-West and North-East India, 1937-1947, Oxford University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-19-577387-3
• Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (2015), A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947-1955, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199066490
• Siddiqi, Farhan Hanif (2012). The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-33697-3. Search this book on
• Axmann, Martin (2008), Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915-1955, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-547645-3
• Khanam, Attiya (January–June 2016). "An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States" (PDF). Journal of Historical Studies. 2 (1): 97–98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-09-16. Retrieved 2025-08-09.

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