Seamus Woods
Seamus Woods commanded a Division of the Irish Republican Army during a period of intense conflict and was a senior leader of the newly formed Irish Free State Army.
Northern IRA Leadership
Seamus Woods was born in Belfast and prior to becoming active in Irish Republicanism was trained in accounting.[1] Woods became a senior member of the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1922), commanded a IRA Division during a critical period of warfare and rose to a senior Commander position in the newly formed Irish Free State Army. In 1920 Seamus Woods was already in a leadership role as a Captain in the "radical" B Company of the Belfast Brigade.[2]
Seamus Woods claimed to have taken part in a number of attacks against the Crown forces that resulted in the deaths of seven policemen in 1921.[3] In 1921 Woods and Roger McCorley were leaders of a very active IRA Active Service Unit in Belfast (consisted of 32 men) which targeted the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) - Auxiliaries and Black and Tans.[4] In March 1922 Seamus Woods was appointed Officer Commanding (O/C) of the Third Northern Division of the IRA, which saw much action in Belfast and east Ulster.[5] Woods had replaced Joe McKelvey who had been removed from his leadership position by the IRAs General Headquarters (GHQ) due to his opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 (McKelvey was executed by Free State forces on December 8, 1922). In March 1922 the O/C of the IRAs Second Northern Division Charlie Daly (who was also anti Treaty) was also dismissed by the GHQ.[6][7] Daly was also executed by Free State forces (14 March 1923).[8]
Officer Commanding IRA Third Northern Division
Seamus Woods commanded the IRAs Third Northern Division (which had up to 1,000 members)[9] during a period of intense intercommunal violence. Woods friend and fellow northern IRA leader Roger McCorley described him as"...worthy of the greatest admiration. He was by nature highly strung but very cool in action. Never, on any occasion, did he try to avoid any operation."[10] Woods claimed he had the "sympathy and support" of the Nationalist minority within Belfast: "...not so much for their national aspirations, and our fight for national freedom, but more on account of the part the army (I.R.A.) had played in defending the minority against organized attacks by uniformed and non-uniformed Crown Forces."[11] Under Woods and McCorley (and in coordination with members of the Belfast Brigade), the Third Northern Division conducted numerous attacks on RIC barracks. One of the boldest attacks was against the RIC Belfast Headquarters (Musgrave Street Barracks) on May 18, 1922. O/C Woods was quoted on this attack: "The whole Loyalist population is at a loss to know how such a raid could be attempted during curfew hours on the headquarters in Belfast and the largest barrack in Ireland. They are in a state of panic."[12] Multiple IRA attacks also took place in the rural areas of Counties Down and Antrim but when the Northern IRA assassinated a member of the new Northern Parliament (W.J. Twaddell - May 22, 1922) large scale arrests of Irish Republicans occurred. Within hours of Twaddell's assassination, approximately 350 prisoners were taken and internment was introduced with only 12 of the internees being Protestants.[13][14]
By July 1922 O/C Woods acknowledged that the Third Northern Division of the IRA was suffering from exhaustion: "The men are in a state of practical starvation and are continually making application for transfer to Dublin to join the 'Regular Army'. Under the present circumstances it would be impossible to keep our Military Organization alive and intact, as the morale of the men is going down day by day and the spirit of the people is practically dead."[15]
Collapse of Northern IRA, Arrest/Internment and move to Leadership Roles in the Free State Army
The death of Michael Collins (22 August 1922) dealt a severe blow to the northern IRA. Collins had taken a active interest in reversing the Partition of Ireland and with his death, many northern IRA men felt that their cause was unwinnable. Roger McCorley stated "When Collins was killed the northern element (of the IRA) gave up all hope."[16] In August 1922 Woods gave a bleak assessment of the situation in the North of Ireland: "The National Spirit among the people is practically dead at the moment...Without the civil population, our position is hopeless."[17]
In November 1923 Woods was arrested and charged with the murder of W.J. Twaddell. While awaiting trial he was held under brutal conditions on the Prison Ship HMS Argenta in Belfast Lough. The prisoners on the Argenta were often forced to use broken toilets, which overflowed frequently into their communal area. Deprived of tables, the already weakened men ate off the floor, frequently succumbing to disease and illness as a result. There were several hunger strikes by the internees on the Argenta, including a major strike involving upwards of 150 men in the winter of 1923.[18]
Although Woods was found innocent of the Twaddell murder charge he continued to be held and was the last prisoner to be released from the Argenta (17 April 1924). Woods was then served with a prohibition order which excluded him from Northern Ireland.[19] Upon his release, he joined McCorley in the newly formed Free State Army where Woods served as a Colonel on GHQ Staff and as the Assistant Chief of Staff. Both Woods and McCorley were severe critics of the newly formed Provisional Governments policy towards the north of Ireland.[20]As a result of partition being made permanent and the violence of the Irish Civil War, Woods resigned from the Free State Army in 1926 and made a successful career for himself as a businessman in Dublin.[21]
References
- ↑ McDermott, Jim, (2001), Northern Divisions The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920-22, BTP Publications, Belfast, pg 28, ISBN 1-900960-11-7
- ↑ Lynch, Robert, (2006), The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition, Irish Academic Press, Portland, pg 70, ISBN 0-7165-3378-2
- ↑ "The British soldier who joined 1916 Easter Rising on leave". The Irish News. Belfast. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ↑ Lynch pg 74.
- ↑ Lynch, pg 21.
- ↑ Pheonix, Eamon, (1994), Northern Nationalists, Ulster Historical Foundation, Belfast, pg 218, ISBN 0-901905-64X Search this book on
.
- ↑ Glennon, Kieran, (2013), From Pogrom to Civil War, Mercer Press, Cork, pg. 286, ISBN 9781781171462
- ↑ Thorne Kathleen, (2014) Echoes of Their Footsteps, The Irish Civil War 1922-1924, Generation Organization, Newberg, OR, pg 187, ISBN 978-0-692-245-13-2
- ↑ "An Irishmans Diary". The Irish Times. Dublin. 3 September 2001. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ↑ Lynch pg 71.
- ↑ Pheonix pg 229.
- ↑ Glennon, pg 121.
- ↑ Lynch pg 181.
- ↑ Cottrell, Peter, (2008),The Irish Civil War 1922-23, Osprey Pub, Oxford, pg 92, ISBN 139781846032707
- ↑ McDermott, pg 254.
- ↑ McDermott, pg. 266.
- ↑ Glennon, pg 187.
- ↑ Kleinrichert, Denise, (2001), Republican internment and the prison ship Argenta 1922, Irish Academic Press, pg. 76, ISBN 978-0-7165-2683-4
- ↑ Thorne, pg 257.
- ↑ McDermott, pg 273.
- ↑ McDermott, pg 273.
Further reading
Pheonix, Eamon, (2010), Conflicts in the North of Ireland, 1900-2000, Four Courts Press Ltd, Dublin, ISBN 978-1-84682-189-9
Category:Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
Category:National Army (Ireland) officers
Category:People of the Irish Civil War (Pro-Treaty side)
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