Miqra

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This article is about the Jewish scriptures. For the various Christian canons, see Old Testament.

11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum.

The Hebrew Bible, which is also called the Tanakh or Miqra is the Biblical canon of Hebrew scriptures, including the Torah, Nevi'im and Ketuvim. These texts are almost exclusively in Hebrew, with a few passages in Aramaic.

It means the same as the Jewish Tanakh and the Protestant Old Testament, but does not include the deuterocanonical portions of the Roman Catholic Old Testament and is meant for the text only, not for naming, numbering or ordering of books (what both Tanakh and Old Testament do).

The "Tawrat" (Arabic: توراة‎) is the Arabic name for the Torah within its context as an Islamic holy book believed by Muslims to be given by God (Allah) to prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel, and often refers to the entire Hebrew Bible.

Usage

On the one hand, the term "Hebrew Bible" is not often used among adherents of either Judaism or Christianity. On the other hand, it is widely used in academic writing and interfaith discussion.

Written versions

In Judaism, the version used today is the Masoretic Text. It was put together between the 6th and 10th centuries. Another version is the Septuagint, which was translated from Hebrew into Greek. The Septuagint was started between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE.

Further reading

• Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews (First, hardback ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79091-9. Search this book on
• Kuntz, John Kenneth. The People of Ancient Israel: an introduction to Old Testament Literature, History, and Thought, Harper and Row, 1974. ISBN 0-06-043822-3 Search this book on .
• Nothing old about it by Shmuley Boteach (Jerusalem Post, November 28, 2007).

Other websites

• A Hebrew Bible from around the year 1300

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