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Muslims

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Muslims
Muslims praying in 1865 Cairo by Jean-Léon Gérôme
Total population
c. 2 billion worldwide (2020)[1][2]
Founder
Muhammad[3]
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia231,070,000[4][5]
 Pakistan213,161,100[6] [7]
Republic of India207,000,000[8] [9]
 Bangladesh153,700,000[10][11] [12]
 Nigeria99,100,000[13]
 Egypt95,000,000[14]
 Iran82,900,000[15]
 Turkey82,800,000[16]
 China60,000,000—80,000,000[17][18]
 Algeria42,000,000[19]
Religions
80–90% Sunni Islam[20][21]
12–17% Shia Islam[22][23]
~1% Ahmadiyya[24]
~1% Other Muslim traditions, e.g. Ibadi Islam[25]
Scriptures
Quran[26]
Languages
Arabic (also liturgical), Urdu, Bengali, Malay, Persian, Javanese, Punjabi, Turkish, Hausa, Mandarin Chinese & other Sinitic languages and languages of the Muslim world[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]
Part of a series on
Islam

Muslims (Arabic: مسلم‎, romanized: Muslim) are people who follow or practice Islam, an Abrahamic monotheistic religion. The derivation of "Muslim" is from an Arabic word meaning "submitter (to God)".[34] Muslims consider the Quran, their holy book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet and messenger Muhammad. The majority of Muslims also follow their own versions of compilations claimed to be the teachings and practices of Muhammad (sunnah) as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith).[35]

The beliefs of Muslims include: that God (Arabic: الله‎ Allah) is eternal, transcendent and absolutely one (tawhid); that God is incomparable, self-sustaining and neither begets nor was begotten; that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that has been revealed before through many prophets including Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Moses, and Jesus;[36] that these previous messages and revelations have been partially changed or corrupted over time (tahrif)[37] and that the Quran is the final unaltered revelation from God.[38]

As of 2015, 1.8 billion or about 24.1% of the world population are Muslims.[39] By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the Middle East–North Africa (MENA),[40] 81% in Central Asia,[41][42] 65% in the Caucasus,[43][44][45][46][47][48] 40% in Southeast Asia,[49][50] 31% in South Asia,[51][52] 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa,[53] 25% in Asia–Oceania,[54] around 6% in Europe,[55] and 1% in the Americas.[56][57][58][59]

Most Muslims are of one of two denominations; Sunni (75–90%)[60] and Shia (12-17%).[22] About 12% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country;[61][62] 31% of Muslims live in South Asia,[63] the largest population of Muslims in the world;[64] 20% in the Middle East–North Africa,[65] where it is the dominant religion;[66] and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa.[67] Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia,[68] the majority in the Caucasus[43][44] and widespread in Southeast Asia.[50] India is the country with the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.[69] Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, and Europe.[70][71][72] Islam is the fastest-growing major religion in the world.[73][74][75]

Qualifier[edit]

To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter the Shahada, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger.[76] It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh (أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله) "I testify that there is no god [worthy of worship] except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."[77]

In Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but Allah), and Muhammadun rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God),[78] which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada.[79] The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl.[80]

In Shia Islam, the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam: وعليٌ وليُّ الله (wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God".[81]

In Quranist Islam, the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but Allah (la ilaha illa'llah ).

The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the Five Pillars of Islam: the declaration of faith (shahadah), daily prayers (salah), almsgiving (zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm), and the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.[82][83]

Etymology[edit]

See also: Islam § Etymology

The word muslim (Arabic: مسلم‎, IPA: [ˈmʊslɪm]; English: /ˈmʌzlɪm/, /ˈmʊzlɪm/, /ˈmʊslɪm/ or moslem /ˈmɒzləm/, /ˈmɒsləm/[84]) is the active participle of the same verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M "to be whole, intact".[85][86] A female adherent is a muslima (Arabic: مسلمة‎) (also transliterated as "Muslimah"[87] ). The plural form in Arabic is muslimūn (مسلمون) or muslimīn (مسلمين), and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt (مسلمات).

The ordinary word in English is "Muslim". The word Mosalman (Persian: مسلمان‎, alternatively Mussalman) is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans.[88] Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.[89] Other obsolete terms include Muslimite[90] and Muslimist.[91]

The Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi said:

A Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God...Islam means making one's religion and faith God's alone.[92]

Other prophets[edit]

It is stated in a hadith from Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha that the Prophet of Islam said: "God created 124 thousand prophets, of whom I am dearer to God, at the same time I do not boast (and I do not show pride) and God created 124 thousand wills, of which Ali is more esteemed and superior to God than all of them."[citation needed] The Qur'an describes many prophets and messengers within Judaism and Christianity, and their respective followers, as Muslim: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus and his apostles are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur'an. The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, Jesus' disciples tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (wa-shahad be anna muslimūn)." In Muslim belief, before the Qur'an, God had given the Tawrat (Torah) to Moses, the Zabur (Psalms) to David and the Injil (Gospel) to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets.[citation needed]

Demographics[edit]

Main article: Islam § Demographics
See also: List of countries by Muslim population
World Muslim population by percentage (2010 data from Pew Research Center)
A map of Muslim populations by absolute number

The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims,[93] followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), Nigeria (5.3%) and Egypt (4.9%).[61] About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa.[93][94]

Sizable minorities are also found in India, China, Ethiopia, the Americas, Australia and parts of Europe. The country with the highest proportion of self-described Muslims as a proportion of its total population is Morocco.[95]

Over 75–90% of Muslims are Sunni.[20][21] The second and third largest sects, Shia and Ahmadiyya, make up 10–20%,[22][23] and 1%[24] respectively.

With about 1.8 billion followers (2019), almost a quarter of earth's population,[96] Islam is the second-largest and the fastest-growing religion in the world.[97] due primarily to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims,[98] with Muslim having a rate of (3.1) compared to the world average of (2.5). According to the same study, religious switching has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal.[98]

A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest fertility rates (3.1) of any major religious group.[99] The study also found that Muslims (tied with Hindus) have the lowest average levels of education with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions.[99] About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling,[99] and Muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group, with only 8% having graduate and post-graduate degrees.[99]

Culture[edit]

Main article: Islamic culture

Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to early Umayyad period, were predominantly Arab, Byzantine, Persian and Levantine. With the rapid expansion of the Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Persian, Egyptian, Caucasian, Turkic, Mongol, South Asian, Malay, Somali, Berber, Indonesian, and Moro cultures.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Muslim Population By Country 2021". World Population Review. Retrieved 22 July 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Lipka, Michael, and Conrad Hackett. [2015] 6 April 2017. "Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group" (data analysis). Fact Tank. US: Pew Research Center.
  3. ↑ Welch, Alford T, Moussalli, Ahmad S, Newby, Gordon D (2009). "Muḥammad". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (rasūl Allāh), called to be a “warner,” first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.
  4. ↑ [go.id/agamadanstatistik/umat "Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut"] Check |url= value (help) [Population by Region and Religion]. Sensus Penduduk 2018. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2020. Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian (Protestant), Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religions. Muslim 231,069,932 (86.7), Christian (Protestant)20,246,267 (7.6), Catholic 8,325,339 (3.12), Hindu 4,646,357 (1.74), Buddhist 2,062,150 (0.72), Confucianism 71,999 (0.03),Other Religions/no answer 112,792 (0.04), Total 266,534,836
  5. ↑ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  6. ↑ https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf
  7. ↑ "Pakistan Population (2020) - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
  8. ↑ "Muslim Population in India - Muslims in Indian States". www.indiaonlinepages.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ "India's religions by numbers". The Hindu. 26 August 2015 – via www.thehindu.com.
  10. ↑ "South Asia :: Bangladesh — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
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  13. ↑ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  14. ↑ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  15. ↑ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  16. ↑ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  17. ↑ Gorder, A. Christian van (2014-05-29). Islam, Peace and Social Justice: A Christian Perspective. ISD LLC. ISBN 978-0-227-90200-4. Search this book on
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  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 See:
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 From Sunni Islam: See:
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Shīʿite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010. Shīʿites have come to account for roughly one-tenth of the Muslim population worldwide. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010. Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide... Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 See:
  25. ↑ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Qurʼān". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. England: Kube Publishing. p. 2. Bengali-speaking Muslims... one of the largest linguistic groups... second only to the Arabs Search this book on
  28. ↑ Talbot & Singh 2009, p. 27, footnote 3.
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  30. ↑ "What are the top 200 most spoken languages?". Ethnologue. 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  31. ↑ Al-Jallad, Ahmad. "Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects". Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom – China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)". Refworld. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  33. ↑ Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), SIL Ethnologue
  34. ↑ "Muslim". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ The Qurʼan and Sayings of Prophet Muhammad: Selections Annotated & Explained. SkyLight Paths Publishing. 2007. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-1-59473-222-5. Retrieved 31 August 2013. Search this book on
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  37. ↑ See:
    • Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiyya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
    • Esposito (1998), pp.6,12
    • Esposito (2002b), pp.4–5
    • F. E. Peters (2003), p.9
    • F. Buhl; A. T. Welch. "Muhammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
    • Hava Lazarus-Yafeh. "Tahrif". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
  38. ↑ Submission.org, Quran: The Final Testament, Authorized English Version with Arabic Text, Revised Edition IV,ISBN 0-9729209-2-7 Search this book on ., p. x.
  39. ↑ Michael Lipka & Conrad Hackett (6 April 2017). "Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ "Region: Middle East-North Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2012. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape" (PDF). Pew. December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ Rowland, Richard H. "CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2. pp. 161–164. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus". Eurasianet. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
  45. ↑ "Statistical Service of Armenia" (PDF). Armstat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ "Armenia Population". countrymeters.info. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ humans.txt. "Azərbaycan əhalisinin sayı 10 milyon nəfərə çatıb". /. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
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  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Yusuf, Imtiyaz. "The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring". Oxford Islamic Studies. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.
  51. ↑ "Region: Asia-Pacific". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  52. ↑ Burke, Daniel Burke (ed.). "The moment American Muslims were waiting for". CNN Religion. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  53. ↑ "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2012. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  54. ↑ "Region: Asia-Pacific". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2012. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  55. ↑ "Region: Europe". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2012. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  56. ↑ "Region: Americas". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2012. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  57. ↑ Tom Kington (31 March 2008). "Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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  60. ↑
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  84. ↑ "Muslim" Archived 20 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: /ˈmʌzlɪm/, /ˈmʊzlɪm/, /ˈmʊslɪm/; moslem Archived 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine /ˈmɒzləm/, /ˈmɒsləm/
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  86. ↑ Entry for šlm, p. 2067, Appendix B: Semitic Roots, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, ISBN 0-618-08230-1 Search this book on ..
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  89. ↑ Gibb, Sir Hamilton (1969). Mohammedanism: an historical survey. Oxford University Press. p. 1. Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ. Search this book on
  90. ↑ "Muslimite". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
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  94. ↑ Esposito, John L. (15 October 2002). What everyone needs to know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0. Search this book on and Esposito, John (2005). Islam : the straight path (Rev. 3rd ed., updated with new epilogue. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2, 43. ISBN 978-0-19-518266-8. Search this book on
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  96. ↑ "The Changing Global Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center. April 5, 2017.
  97. ↑ Burke, Daniel. "The fastest growing religion in the world is ..." CNN. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 The Future of the Global Muslim Population (PDF) (Report). Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 "Religion and Education Around the World" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 13 December 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

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