Aden Region
Aden Region اقليم عدن | |
|---|---|
Federal Region | |
| The Federal Region of Aden | |
| Lua error in Module:Multiple_image at line 163: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'totalwidth' (a nil value). | |
 Flag  Seal | |
.svg) | |
| Coordinates: 12°48′N 45°02′E / 12.800°N 45.033°ECoordinates: 12°48′N 45°02′E / 12.800°N 45.033°E Fatal error: The format of the coordinate could not be determined. Parsing failed. | |
| Country |  Yemen |
| States | Aden Abyan Lahij Al-Dhale |
| Government | |
| • Type | Federal Autonomous Parliamentary |
| Area | |
| • Total | 34,440 km2 (13,300 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 2٬670٬564[citation needed] |
| • Rank | 1st[citation needed] |
| Demonym(s) | Adeni/ Adenies |
| Ethnicities | |
| • Majority | Arabs |
| • Minorities | Afro-Arabs, Indians, Somalis |
| Languages | |
| • Spoken | Adeni Arabic (Majority) Hindi,[3] Somali[4] (minorities) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 |
| Area code(s) | +967 |
| ISO 3166 code | YE |
The Aden region (Arabic: إقليم عدن, romanized: Iqlim 'Adan) is one of the proposed federal regions of Yemen that is expected to be activated in the next constitution, to be a federal autonomous region in southern Yemen. The Aden region includes four Yemeni “Wilayat” or States, which are Aden, Abyan, Lahij, and Al-Dhale.[6] Aden would serve as its capital.
The Aden region would make up about 7% of Yemen's total land, and be home to about 10% of Yemen's population.[6]
Etymology
![[icon]](/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
History
Antiquity
A local legend in Yemen states that Aden may be as old as human history itself. Some also believe that Cain and Abel are buried somewhere in the city.[7]
The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers who sought to possess it at various times throughout history. Known as Eudaemon (Ancient Greek: Ευδαίμων, meaning "blissful, prosperous,") in the 1st century BC, it was a transshipping point for the Red Sea trade, but fell on hard times when new shipping practices by-passed it and made the daring direct crossing to India in the 1st century AD, according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. The same work describes Aden as "a village by the shore," which would well describe the town of Crater while it was still little-developed. There is no mention of fortification at this stage, Aden was more an island than a peninsula as the isthmus (a tombolo) was not then so developed as it is today.
Medieval and Early Modern
Although the pre-Islamic Himyar civilization was capable of building large structures, there seems to have been little fortification at this stage. Fortifications at Mareb and other places in Yemen and the Hadhramaut make it clear that both the Himyar and the Sabean cultures were well capable of it. Thus, watchtowers, since destroyed, are possible. However, the Arab historians Ibn al Mujawir and Abu Makhramah attribute the first fortification of Aden to Beni Zuree'a. Abu Makhramah has also included a detailed biography of Muhammad Azim Sultan Qamarbandi Naqsh in his work, Tarikh ul-Yemen. The aim seems to have been twofold: to keep hostile forces out and to maintain revenue by controlling the movement of goods, thereby preventing smuggling. In its original form, some of this work was relatively feeble.
After 1175 AD, rebuilding in a more solid form began, and ever since Aden became a popular city attracting sailors and merchants from Egypt, Sindh, Gujarat, East Africa and even China. According to Muqaddasi, Persians formed the majority of Aden's population in the 10th century.[8][9]
In 1421, China's Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of Zheng He's fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden. This event was recorded in the book Yingyai Shenglan by Ma Huan who accompanied the imperial envoy.[10]
In 1513, the Portuguese, led by Afonso de Albuquerque, launched an unsuccessful four-day naval siege of Aden.[11]
After Ottoman rule, Aden was ruled by the Sultanate of Lahej, under suzerainty of the Zaidi imams of Yemen.
British administration 1839–1967
In 1609 The Ascension was the first English ship to visit Aden, before sailing on to Mocha during the fourth voyage of the East India Company.[13]
British interests in Aden began in 1796 with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, after which a British fleet docked at Aden for several months at the invitation of the sultan. The French were defeated in Egypt in 1801, and their privateers were tracked down over the subsequent decade.[citation needed] By 1800, Aden was a small village with a population of 600 Arabs, Somalis, Jews, and Indians—housed for the most part in huts of reed matting erected among ruins recalling a vanished era of wealth and prosperity.[citation needed] As there was little British trade in the Red Sea, most British politicians until the 1830s had no further interest in the area beyond the suppression of piracy. However, a small number of government officials and the East India Company officials thought that a British base in the area was necessary to prevent another French advance through Egypt or Russian expansion through Persia. The emergence of Muhammad Ali of Egypt as a strong local ruler only increased their concerns. The governor of Bombay from 1834 to 1838, Sir Robert Grant, was one of those who believed that India could only be protected by preemptively seizing "places of strength" to protect the Indian Ocean.[citation needed]
The Red Sea increased in importance after the steamship Hugh Lindsay sailed from Bombay to the Suez isthmus in 1830, stopping at Aden with the sultan's consent to resupply with coal. Although cargo was still carried around the Cape of Good Hope in sailing ships, a steam route to the Suez could provide a much quicker option for transporting officials and important communications. Grant felt that armed ships steaming regularly between Bombay and Suez would help secure British interests in the region and did all he could to progress his vision. After lengthy negotiations due to the costs of investing in the new technology, the government agreed to pay half the costs for six voyages per year and the East India Company board approved the purchase of two new steamers in 1837. Grant immediately announced that monthly voyages to Suez would take place, despite the fact that no secure coaling station had been found.[14]
In 1838, under Muhsin bin Fadl, Lahej ceded 194 km2 (75 sq mi) including Aden to the British. On 19 January 1839, the British East India Company landed Royal Marines at Aden to secure the territory and stop attacks by pirates against British shipping to India. In 1850 it was declared a free trade port, with the liquor, salt, arms, and opium trades developing duties as it won all the coffee trade from Mokha.[15] The port lies about equidistant from the Suez Canal, Mumbai, and Zanzibar, which were all important British possessions. Aden had been an entrepôt and a way-station for seamen in the ancient world. There, supplies, particularly water, were replenished, so, in the mid-19th century, it became necessary to replenish coal and boiler water. Thus Aden acquired a coaling station at Steamer Point and Aden was to remain under British control until November 1967.[citation needed]
Until 1937, Aden was governed as part of British India and was known as the Aden Settlement.[citation needed] Its original territory was enlarged in 1857 by the 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi) island of Perim, in 1868 by the 73 km2 (28 sq mi) Khuriya Muriya Islands, and in 1915 by the 108 km2 (42 sq mi) island of Kamaran. The settlement would become Aden Province in 1935.[citation needed]
In 1937, the settlement was detached from India and became the Colony of Aden, a British Crown colony. The change in government was a step towards the change in monetary units seen in the stamps illustrating this article. When British India became independent in 1947, Indian rupees (divided into annas) were replaced in Aden by East African shillings. The hinterland of Aden and Hadhramaut were also loosely tied to Britain as the Aden Protectorate, which was overseen from Aden.
Aden's location also made it a useful entrepôt for mail passing between places around the Indian Ocean and Europe. Thus, a ship passing from Suez to Bombay could leave mail for Mombasa at Aden for collection (See Postage stamps and postal history of Aden).
The 1947 Aden riots saw more than 80 Jews killed, their property looted and schools burned by a Muslim mob. After the Suez Crisis in 1956, Aden became the main location in the region for the British.[citation needed]
Aden sent a team of two to the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia.[citation needed]
Little Aden 1955 to 1967
Little Aden is still dominated by the oil refinery built for British Petroleum. Little Aden was well known to seafarers for its tanker port with a very welcoming seaman's mission near to the BP Aden tugs' jetties, complete with swimming pool and air conditioned bar. The accommodation areas for the refinery personnel were known by the original Arabic names of Bureika and Ghadir.
Bureika was wooden housing bunkhouses built to accommodate the thousands of skilled men and laborers imported to build the refinery, later converted to family housing, plus imported prefabricated houses "the Riley-Newsums" that are also to be found in parts of Australia (Woomera). Bureika also had a protected bathing area and Beach Club.
Ghadir housing was stone built, largely from the local granite quarry; much of this housing still stands today, now occupied by wealthier locals from Aden. Little Aden also has a local township and numerous picturesque fishing villages, including the Lobster Pots of Ghadir. The British Army had extensive camps in Bureika and through Silent Valley in Falaise Camp, these successfully protected the refinery staff and facilities throughout the troubles, with only a very few exceptions. Schooling was provided for children from kindergarten age through to primary school, after that, children were bussed to The Isthmus School in Khormaksar, though this had to be stopped during the Aden Emergency.
Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency
In order to stabilize Aden and the surrounding Aden Protectorate from the designs of the Egyptian backed republicans of North Yemen, the British attempted to gradually unite the disparate states of the region in preparation for eventual independence. On 18 January 1963, the Colony of Aden was incorporated into the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South against the wishes of North Yemen. The city became the State of Aden and the Federation was renamed the Federation of South Arabia (FSA).
An insurgency against British administration known as the Aden Emergency began with a grenade attack by the communist National Liberation Front (NLF), against the British High Commissioner on 10 December 1963, killing one person and injuring fifty, and a "state of emergency" was declared.[citation needed]
In 1964, Britain announced its intention to grant independence to the FSA in 1968, but that the British military would remain in Aden. The security situation deteriorated as NLF and FLOSY (Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen) vied for the upper hand.[citation needed]
In January 1967, there were mass riots between the NLF and their rival FLOSY supporters in the old Arab quarter of Aden town. This conflict continued until mid February, despite the intervention of British troops. On 20 June 1967, 23 British Army soldiers were ambushed and shot dead by members of Aden Police during the Aden Mutiny in the Crater District. During the period there were as many attacks on the British troops by both sides as against each other culminating in the destruction of an Aden Airways DC3 plane in the air with no survivors.[16]
The increased violence was a determining factor in the British ensuring all families were evacuated more quickly than initially intended, as recorded in From Barren Rocks to Living Stones.[17]
On 30 November 1967, British troops were evacuated, leaving Aden and the rest of the FSA under NLF control. The Royal Marines, who had been the first British troops to arrive in Aden in 1839, were the last to leave – with the exception of a Royal Engineer detachment (10 Airfields Squadron left Aden on 13 December 1967). As part of a larger Royal Navy task force, HMS Albion's helicopters lifted off remaining Royal Marine commandos left to secure the airfield.[18]
Independence from the United Kingdom
Aden ceased to be a Colony of the United Kingdom and became the capital of a new state known as the People's Republic of South Yemen which, in 1970, was renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. With the unification of northern and southern Yemen in 1990, Aden was no longer a national capital but remained the capital of Aden Governorate which covered an area similar to that of the Aden Colony.
On 29 December 1992, Al Qaeda conducted its first known terrorist attack in Aden, bombing the Gold Mohur Hotel, where US servicemen were known to have been staying en route to Somalia for Operation Restore Hope. A Yemeni and an Austrian tourist died in the attack.[19]
Aden was briefly the centre of the secessionist Democratic Republic of Yemen from 21 May 1994 but was reunited by Republic of Yemen troops on 7 July 1994.[citation needed]
Members of al Qaeda attempted to bomb the US guided-missile destroyer The Sullivans at the port of Aden as part of the 2000 millennium attack plots. The boat that had the explosives in it sank, forcing the planned attack to be aborted.[citation needed]
The bombing attack on destroyer USS Cole took place in Aden on 12 October 2000.[citation needed]
In 2007 growing dissatisfaction with unification led to the formation of the secessionist South Yemen Movement. According to The New York Times, the Movement's mainly underground leadership includes socialists, Islamists and individuals desiring a return to the perceived benefits of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.[20]
Civil war
President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi fled to Aden, his hometown, in February 2015 after being deposed in the coup d'état that many consider to be the start of the Yemeni civil war. Others consider that the civil war began in September 2014 when Houthi forces took over the capital city Sana'a, which was followed by a rapid Houthi takeover of the government.
Hadi declared in Aden that he was still Yemen's legitimate president and called on state institutions and loyal officials to relocate to Aden.[21] In a televised speech on 21 March 2015, he declared Aden to be Yemen's "economic and temporary capital" while Sana'a is controlled by the Houthis.[22]
Aden was hit by violence in the aftermath of the coup d'état, with forces loyal to Hadi clashing with those loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh in a battle for Aden International Airport on 19 March 2015.[23] After the airport battle, the entire city became a battleground for the Battle of Aden, which left large parts of the city in ruins and has killed at least 198 people since 25 March 2015.[24]
On 14 July 2015, the Saudi Arabian Army launched an offensive to win control of the city. Within three days, the city was cleared of Houthi rebels, ending the Battle of Aden with a coalition victory.[25]
Beginning on 28 January 2018, separatists loyal to the Southern Transitional Council (STC) seized control of the Yemeni government headquarters in Aden in a coup d'état against the Hadi-led government.[26][27]
The next day, President of the STC Aidarus al-Zoubaidi announced a state of emergency in Aden and that "the STC has begun the process of overthrowing Hadi's rule over the South".[28]
On 1 August 2019, General Munir Al Yafi the serving commander of the STC was killed in a Houthi-missile strike alongside dozens of Yemeni soldiers in a military camp in western Aden.[29] Later that month, the STC took control of Aden, and in April 2020 they declared self-rule.[30]
On 30 December 2020, the undersecretary of labour and deputy minister of public works were killed along with between 20 and 30 others at the Aden airport while they conducted an international press briefing about their new arrangements with the STC, which includes the partition of forces inside Aden, as they returned from hiding in the Saudi capital. Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed, his ministers and his entourage were conducted to safety under the barrage of hostile fire.[30][31]
Geography
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Government
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Military
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Education
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Languages and dialects
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Economy
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Agriculture
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Tourism
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Administrative Divisions and Population
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Media
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Cinema and Television
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Culture
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Folk Dances
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Traditional Clothing
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
Architecture
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
References
- ↑ "What Languages Are Spoken in Yemen?". WorldAtlas. 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
- ↑ An Investigation about the Importance of Speaking English as a Second Research Paper." Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/social-science/1732558-an-investigation-about-the-importance-of-speaking-english-as-a-second-language-in-the-republic-of-yemen.
- ↑ Rodrigues, Charlene. "From Aden to Trafalgar: Arabic leaves its mark on world's languages". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
- ↑ "Yemen: Two Young Somalis Become Role Models In Their Community - Somalia | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
- ↑ "Aden Population". World Population Review. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Aden region could serve as basis for a thriving Yemen | عادل مجاهد الشرجبي". السفير العربي. 2014-05-07. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ↑ Modern Middle East Nations and Their Strategic Place in the World: Yemen, 2004, by Hal Markovitz. ISBN 1-59084-521-8 Search this book on
.
- ↑ Lawrence G. Potter (2009). The Persian Gulf in History. Springer. p. 180. ISBN 9780230618459. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2016. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) Search this book on
- ↑ Dr Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh (2013). Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 9781136817175. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2016. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) Search this book on
- ↑ Ma Huan Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, 1433, translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, Hakluty Society, London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. ISBN 974-8496-78-3 Search this book on .
- ↑ Broeze (28 October 2013). Gateways Of Asia. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-136-16895-6. Search this book on
- ↑ Port of Aden inner harbour[permanent dead link]
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, 'Jourdain, John (c.1572–1619)', rev. H. V. Bowen, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008
- ↑ Christie, Nikki (2016). Gaining and Losing an Empire: Britain 1763–1914. Pearson. pp. 53–55. Search this book on
- ↑ Great Britain Hydrographic Dept (1900). The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot (5th ed.). Order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. p. 348. Search this book on
- ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas R4D-1 (DC-3) VR-AAN Wadi Rabtah". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ↑ "From Barren Rocks...to Living Stones". Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Brian Lapping, "End of Empire," 308, 310.
- ↑ "Timeline: Al Qaeda's Global Context: Al Qaeda's First Attack". Frontline: The Man Who Knew. pbs.org. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2007. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Worth, Robert F. (28 February 2010). "In Yemen's South, Protests Could Cause More Instability". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2010. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Head of GCC visits embattled Hadi in Aden". The Daily Star. 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2015. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Yemen's President Hadi declares new 'temporary capital'". Deutsche Welle. 21 March 2015. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Hendawi, Hamza (20 March 2015). "Fierce gun battle between factions at Yemen airport". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Fahim, Karim; Bin Lazrq, Fathi (10 April 2015). "Yemen's Despair on Full Display in 'Ruined' City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2015. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Proxies and paranoia". The Economist. Economist Group. The Economist. 25 July 2015. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2015. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Separatist clashes flare in south Yemen". BBC News. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Yémen: les séparatistes sudistes, à la recherche de l'indépendance perdue". Le Point. 28 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "South Yemen separatists send reinforcements to Aden". Almasdarnews.com. 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "All You Need To Know About The Killed Separatist Leader "Abu Al-Yamamah"". adennews. 13 July 2020. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Yemen war: Deadly attack at Aden airport as new government arrives". BBC. 31 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Hatem, Mohammed (30 December 2020). "Blasts at Yemen Airport Said to Kill 30 as New Cabinet Lands". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help)
Template:Federalization of Yemen
 | This Yemen-related article is a stub. You can help EverybodyWiki by expanding it. |
This article "Aden Region" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Aden Region. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
.jpg){kind=link}
