Anti-Bengali sentiment
Anti-Bengali sentiment, also known as Anti-Bangladesh sentiment and Banglaphobia, refers to hatred, fear, criticism, hostility or irrational fixation toward Bengal, Bengalis and Bengali culture. The opposite is pro-Bengali sentiment.
India[edit]
The Indian government officially denies the legitimacy of Bangladesh as a distinct 'nation' that is in need of its own independent homeland.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Anti-Bangladesh sentiments are frequently used by Indian right-wing political parties to garner votes during election seasons.[8][9] The historiography of both Hindutva and Indian nationalism reject partition, and thus Bangladesh, for their own reasons.
Expansionism[edit]
Pre-partition[edit]
Indian nationalists led by Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to make what was then cosmopolitan British India, as well as the 562 princely states under British paramountcy, into a single state.[10] The United Independent Bengal Movement, which represented the likes of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Sarat Chandra Bose, Abul Hashim and Ashrafuddin Ahmad Chowdhury,[11] voiced support for a Bengal that was independent of India. Although this was supported by the Governor of Bengal Frederick Burrows,[12][13][14], Jawaharlal Nehru formally stated that he would only agree to a united Bengal if it was to remain in India. Nehru's fellow Congressman J. B. Kripalani mentioned that he wanted to "save as much territory for a Free Indian Union as is possible". Furthermore, parties like the Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha outright opposed ideas of an independent united Bengal in totality.[15]
Post-partition[edit]
In an interview with Leonard Mosley following the Partition of Bengal, Nehru said that he and his fellow Congressmen were "tired" after the independence movement and that they "expected that partition would be temporary" and that the territory would return to India.[16] Gandhi also thought that the Partition would be undone.[17] In a resolution adopted on 14 June 1947, the All India Congress Committee openly stated that "geography and the mountains and the seas fashioned India as she is, and no human agency can change that shape or come in the way of its final destiny… at when present passions have subsided, India’s problems will be viewed in their proper perspective and the false doctrine... will be discredited and discarded by all."[18] Congress president Acharya Kripalani stated that strengthening India as a nation would ensure that they could "win back the seceding children to its lap".[19]
The idea of Akhand Bharat, 'undivided India', continues to be supported by Hindu nationalists in India, who consider the partition of Bengal to be an illegitimate act. The All India Committee of the Hindu Mahasabha issued a resolution stating that "there will never be peace unless and until the separated areas are brought back into the Indian Union and made integral parts there of."[20] Giving a more general assessment, Paul Brass mentions that "many speakers in the Constituent Assembly of India expressed the belief that the unity of India would be ultimately restored".[21]
Conspiracy theories[edit]
Indian conspiracy theorists have discussed Bengali reunification in the context of Greater Bangladesh,[22] a fringe theory promoted by the Indian far-right.[23]
Sports[edit]
Cinema[edit]
Several major Bollywood films have depicted Bangladesh in a hostile manner by portraying Bangladeshis and the state as a hostile enemy.[24] Other Bollywood movies, however, have been highly popular in Bangladesh. Although Bollywood films were banned for 40 years prior to 2008 because Indian culture was officially viewed as being "vulgar", there had been an active black market during the period and little was done to disrupt it.[25]
Pakistan[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
The United Kingdom has one of the largest overseas Bangladeshi communities, who are known as British Bangladeshis. There have been periodic ethnic tensions faced by the Bangladeshi community. The ethnic slur "Paki" was commonly used to refer to British Bangladeshis (who were formally known as East Pakistanis prior to 1971).[26]
Starting in the late 1960s,[27] and peaking in the 1970s and 1980s, violent gangs opposed to immigration took part in frequent attacks known as "Paki-bashing", which targeted and assaulted Bangladeshis (formerly East Pakistanis).[28] "Paki-bashing" was unleashed after Enoch Powell's inflammatory Rivers of Blood speech in 1968,[27] and peaked during the 1970s–1980s, with the attacks mainly linked to far-right fascist, racist and anti-immigrant movements, including the white power skinheads, the National Front, and the British National Party (BNP).[29][30] These attacks were usually referred to as either "Paki-bashing" or "skinhead terror", with the attackers usually called "Paki-bashers" or "skinheads".[27] "Paki-bashing" was also fueled by the media's anti-immigrant rhetoric at the time,[30] and by systemic failures of state authorities, which included under-reporting racist attacks, the criminal justice system not taking racist attacks seriously, constant racial harassment by police, and sometimes police involvement in racist violence.[27]
United States[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Yale H. Ferguson and R. J. Barry Jones, Political space: frontiers of change and governance in a globalizing world, page 155, SUNY Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-7914-5460-2 Search this book on
.
- ↑ Ulrika Mårtensson and Jennifer Bailey, Fundamentalism in the Modern World (Volume 1), page 97, I.B.Tauris, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84885-330-0 Search this book on .
- ↑ Jyotirmaya Sharma, "Ideological heresy?, The Hindu, 19 June 2005
- ↑ Radhika Ramaseshan, "Advani fires Atal weapon", The Telegraph, 16 June 2005
- ↑ Ashish Vashi, "Anti-Sardar Patel book sold from RSS HQ in Gujarat", The Times of India, 27 August 2009
- ↑ Manini Chatterjee, "Only by Akhand Bharat", The Indian Express, 1 February 2007
- ↑ Sucheta Majumder, "Right Wing Mobilization in India", Feminist Review, issue 49, page 17, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-12375-4 Search this book on .
- ↑ Mehta, Akshita (15 April 2021). "'They Come To India Because They Are Hungry', Says Amit Shah, Bangladesh Foreign Minister Calls It 'Unacceptable'". The Logical Indian.
- ↑ Mostofa, Anando (15 April 2021). "Opinion: By belittling Bangladesh, Amit Shah has jeapordised India's ties with the country". Scroll.in.
- ↑ Hardgrave, Robert. "India: The Dilemmas of Diversity", Journal of Democracy, pp. 54–65
- ↑ Misra, Chitta Ranjan (2012). "United Independent Bengal Movement". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir. Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ↑ The Transfer of Power in India By V.P. Menon
- ↑ Shoaib Daniyal (2019-01-06). "Why did British prime minister Attlee think Bengal was going to be an independent country in 1947?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
- ↑ "UK PM Attlee believed Bengal may opt to be a separate country - Newspaper". Dawn.Com. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
- ↑ Fraser, Bashabi; Sengupta, Sheila, eds. (2008). Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter. Anthem Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-84331-225-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Sankar Ghose, Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography, Allied Publishers (1993), pp. 160–161
- ↑ Raj Pruthi, Paradox of Partition: Partition of India and the British strategy, Sumit Enterprises (2008), p. 443
- ↑ Graham Chapman, The Geopolitics of South Asia: From Early Empires to the Nuclear Age, Ashgate Publishing (2012), p. 326
- ↑ G. C. Kendadamath, J.B. Kripalani, a study of his political ideas, Ganga Kaveri Pub. House (1992), p. 59
- ↑ Ted Svensson, Production of Postcolonial India and Pakistan: Meanings of Partition, Routledge (2013), pp. 110–111
- ↑ Paul R. Brass, The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press (1994), p. 10
- ↑ Willem van Schendel, The Bengal borderland: beyond state and nation in South Asia, page 233-34, Anthem Press, 2005, ISBN 1-84331-145-3 Search this book on .
- ↑ Rashiduzzaman, M. (1994). "The Liberals and the Religious Right in Bangladesh". Asian Survey. 34 (11): 974–990. doi:10.2307/2645348. ISSN 0004-4687.
- ↑ Hasan, Khalid (3 April 2004). "Indian film festival to screen anti-Pakistan films". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2005. Retrieved 30 December 2011. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood. Foreign Policy (15 March 2010). Retrieved 3 June 2012.
- ↑ Rajni Bhatia (11 June 2007). "After the N-word, the P-word". BBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Its first recorded use was in 1964, when hostility in Britain to immigration from its former colonies in the Asian sub-continent, was beginning to find a voice.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Ashe, Stephen; Virdee, Satnam; Brown, Laurence (2016). "Striking back against racist violence in the East End of London, 1968–1970". Race & Class. 58 (1): 34–54. doi:10.1177/0306396816642997. ISSN 0306-3968. PMC 5327924. PMID 28479657.
- ↑ "In the eye of the storm". Red Pepper. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ↑ Nahid Afrose Kabir (2012), Young British Muslims, Edinburgh University Press
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Taylor, Max; Currie, P. M.; Holbrook, Donald (2013). Extreme Right Wing Political Violence and Terrorism. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 40–53. ISBN 9781441140876. Search this book on
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