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Persecution of Christians in the modern era

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Freedom of religion
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Persecutions
of the Catholic Church
This article is about persecution of Christians since 1989. For persecution of Christians in previous centuries, see Persecution of Christians.

In a number of countries, Christians are subject to restrictions on speech, and suffer communal violence and hate crimes.

Anti-Christian expressions[edit]

The Cross of St. Peter or Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross traditionally used as a Christian symbol, but in recent times also used as an anti-Christian symbol.

Arson[edit]

Main article: Church arson

Arson attacks on churches have been seen in Norway and the United States. Some arson attacks are considered hate crimes perpetrated for racial reasons by people inspired by racial hate groups.[1][2] Headliners of 1990's second wave black metal groups have claimed responsibility for inspiring (and sometimes perpetrating) over fifty Norwegian church burnings from 1992 to 1996.[3] Among the most notable was Fantoft Stave Church, which the police believed was destroyed by the one-man band Burzum, Varg Vikernes, also known as 'Count Grishnackh'.[3] The burnt-out shell of the building is featured on the cover of his 1993 EP Aske (Norwegian for 'ashes').

Vandalism[edit]

The vandalism or defacement of Christian property is one form of the expression of anti-Christian sentiment. The destruction of property held by churches and Christian individuals can be in violation of various criminal laws, and can violate hate speech laws if it is racially or religiously motivated.[4]

Examples of anti-Christian sentiment in politics and culture[edit]

Middle East[edit]

See also: Christianity in the Middle East

Former Lebanese president Amine Gemayel stated in 2011 that Christians had become the target of genocide after dozens of Christians were killed in deadly attacks in Egypt and Iraq.[5]

According to Israeli ambassador to the United States Michael Oren, in the hundred years leading up to 2010 the Middle East's Christian population dwindled from 20% to less than 5%. Oren argues that with the exception of Israel, Christians in the Middle East have endured severe political and cultural hardships: in Egypt, Muslim extremists have subjected Coptic Christians to beatings and massacres, resulting in the exodus of 200,000 Copts from their homes; in Iraq, 1,000 Christians were killed in Baghdad between the years 2003 and 2012 and 70 churches in the country were burned; in Iran, converts to Christianity face the death penalty and in 2012 Pastor Yousef Nadarkhani was sentenced to death; in Saudi Arabia, private Christian prayer is against the law; in the Gaza Strip, half of the Palestinian Christian population has fled since Hamas seized power in 2007 and Gazan law forbids public displays of crucifixes; in the West Bank, the Christian population has been reduced from 15% to less than 2%.[6]

Egypt[edit]

See also: Maspero demonstrations

In Egypt, the government does not recognize religious conversions from Islam to Christianity.[7] Foreign missionaries are allowed in the country if they restrict their activities to social improvements and refrain from proselytizing. The Coptic Pope Shenouda III was internally exiled in 1981 by President Anwar Sadat, who then chose five Coptic bishops and asked them to choose a new pope. They refused, and in 1985 President Hosni Mubarak restored Pope Shenouda III, who had been accused of fomenting interconfessional strife. Particularly in Upper Egypt, the rise in extremist Islamist groups such as the Gama'at Islamiya during the 1980s was accompanied by increased attacks on Copts and on Coptic Orthodox churches; these have since declined with the decline of those organizations, but still continue. The police have been accused of siding with the attackers in some of these cases.[8]

In April 2006, one person was killed and twelve injured in simultaneous knife attacks on three Coptic Orthodox churches in Alexandria.[9]

Since the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak in 2011, Egypt's Coptic Christians have been the target of increasing opposition and discrimination.[citation needed] In 2011, anti-Christian activity in Egypt included church burnings, protests against the appointment of a Coptic Christian governor in Qena, and deadly confrontations with the Egyptian army. On television Islamists referred to Christians as heretics and said they should be made to pay the jizya tax. A Coptic priest accused Islamists in the country of massacring uninfected pigs predominantly owned by Copts during a swine flu scare: "They killed these innocent pigs just because they thought they violated their religion in some way." In October 2011 a draft resolution passed by the European Parliament accused Egypt of persecuting the country's Christian population. By mid-2012 10,000 Christians had fled the country.[10][11][12]

In July 2012, Dahshur's entire Christian community, which some estimate to be as many as a hundred families, fled to nearby towns due to sectarian violence. The violence began in a dispute over a badly ironed shirt, which in turn escalated into a fight in which a Christian burned a Muslim to death, which in turn sparked a rampage by angry Muslims, while the police failed to act. At least 16 homes and properties of Christians were pillaged, some were torched, and a church was damaged during the violence.[13]

From 2011 to 2013, more than 150 kidnappings, for ransom, of Christians had been reported in the Minya governorate.[14]

There is a long-running tension between Christians and Muslims in areas like Minya over whether churches may appear in the village. It is possible, legally speaking, for Christians to get a permit for built churches. However, civilian mobs are liable to attack the building if one's house is thought of as an unlicenced or not-yet-licensed church, or if one is thought to be building a new church. Some Muslim villagers see churches as unclean. [15]

In 2016, Egyptian poet Fatima Naoot was convicted of "contempt of religion" and sentenced to three years in jail for a 2014 Facebook post criticising animal killing during Eid.[16][17] Four Coptic Christian juveniles were convicted of "contempt of religion" the next month, with three of them sentenced to five years in prison.[18]

Iraq and Syria[edit]

See also: Christianity in Syria, Persecution of Christians by ISIL, and Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War § Christians

The consolidation of power in the hands of Shiite Islamists in Iraq since the overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime has been to the detriment of Iraq's Assyrian and Armenian Christian communities. Friction between rival sects in Iraq has frequently resulted in violence being directed against Christians in the country. Consequently, there has been a flight of Christians from some areas to Europe and to the United States. Since 2003, hundreds of thousands of Christians have fled Iraq, such that the Christian population, which may have been as high as 1.4 million prior to the Iraq War, has dropped to 500,000, with numbers continuing to decline. Between 2003 and 2012 more than 70 churches were bombed. In 2007 Al Qaeda militants killed a young priest in Mosul, and in 2010 gunmen massacred 53 Assyrian Christians in a Baghdad church.[12][19][20][21]

During the Syrian Civil War and the spillover into Iraq, persecution of Christians by ISIL and other militant groups has been ongoing. The Fall of Mosul and the Assyrian town of Qaraqosh in the 2014 ISIL advance in Iraq led to an estimated 100,000 Assyrian Christian civilians being displaced. After the fall of Mosul, ISIL demanded Assyrian Christians in the city to convert to Islam, pay tribute, or face execution.[22] ISIL begun marking homes of Christian residents with the letter nūn for Nassarah ("Christian").[23][24] Thousands of Christians, Yazidis (the latter whom were given only the choice of conversion or death) and other, mostly Shi'a Muslims (whom ISIL consider to be apostates) have abandoned their homes and land. The destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL has included the Mosque of the Prophet Jonah, revered in all Abrahamic faiths.

Israel[edit]

A vandalized Christian graveyard in Bethlehem. The text says "Death to Arabs" in Hebrew.

In Jerusalem, there have been instances of Christian churches and monasteries being vandalized with spray-painted offensive remarks against Christianity, including death threats. These are believed to be price tag attacks by extremist settlers.[25][26]

In Tel Aviv in 2008, three teenagers burned hundreds of Christian Bibles.[27][28]

A number of Ultra-Orthodox/Haredi youth have reportedly spat at Christian clergymen. Archbishop Aris Shirvanian, of Jerusalem's Armenian Patriarchate, says he personally has been spat at about 50 times in the past 12 years.[29][30] The Anti-Defamation League has called on the chief Rabbis to speak out against the interfaith assaults.[31] Father Goosan, Chief Dragoman of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, stated that, "I know there are fanatical Haredi groups that don't represent the general public but it's still enraging. It all begins with education. It's the responsibility of these men's yeshiva heads to teach them not to behave this way".[32] In January 2010, Christian leaders, Israeli Foreign ministry staff, representatives of the Jerusalem municipality and the Haredi community met to discuss inter-faith tolerance. The Haredi Community Tribunal of Justice published a statement condemning harassment of Christians, stating that it was a "desecration of God's name." Several events were planned in 2010 by the Orthodox Yedidya congregation to show solidarity with Christians and improve relations between the Haredi and Christian communities of Jerusalem.[33][34]

In July 2012, a former member of the Knesset, Michael Ben-Ari, who supports Kahanism, videotaped himself tearing up a copy of the New Testament and throwing it in the trash. Ben-Ari referred to it as a "despicable book" that should be "in the dustbin of history".[35] In response, the American Jewish Committee urged the Knesset to censure Ben-Ari, while a spokesman for Benjamin Netanyahu also condemned Ben-Ari's actions.[36]

Palestine[edit]

Further information: Islamization of the Gaza Strip and The Teacher's Bookshop

Palestinian Media Watch (PMW) reported that state-controlled Palestinian media frequently demonize religions like Judaism and Christianity. PMW translated into English a children's television program aired twice in 2012 it said featured a young girl saying Jews and Christians are "cowardly and despised."[37]

West Bank[edit]

In 2002, a mob of Palestinian Muslims burned Christian property in Ramallah.[38] A dossier submitted in 2005 to Church leaders in Jerusalem listed 93 incidents of abuse alleged to have been committed against Palestinian Christians by Muslim extremists and 140 cases of gangs allegedly stealing Christian land in the West Bank.[39] In May 2012 a group of 100 Muslims attacked Taybeh, a Christian village in the West Bank.[40]

Gaza[edit]

In 2007, the Gaza Strip had a tiny Christian minority of 2,500–3,000. The Hamas overthrow of the Palestinian Authority in Gaza during that year was accompanied by violent attacks against Christians and Christian holy sites by Islamic militants. A Catholic convent and Rosary Sisters school were ransacked, with some Christians blaming Hamas for the attack. In September 2007 Christian anxiety grew after an 80-year-old Christian woman was attacked in her Gaza home by a masked man who robbed her and called her an infidel.[41][42] That attack was followed less than a month later by a deadly assault on the owner of the only Christian bookstore in Gaza City. Muslim extremists were implicated as being behind the incident.[43] The library of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) was bombed in 2008 by gunmen who, according to guards at the site, asked why the guards worked for "infidels."[44]

In 2011, the Christian population of Gaza Strip was less than 1,400. A member of the Catholic faith told The Guardian he was stopped by a Hamas official and told to remove a wooden crucifix he was wearing.[45]

Saudi Arabia[edit]

The human rights advocacy group International Christian Concern (ICC) told the Christian Post that 35 Christian Ethiopians – men and women – were violently arrested in Jeddah in December 2011 while holding a prayer meeting in their home. The prisoners complained of being persecuted on account of their faith and of being pressured to convert to Islam, and the women reported undergoing a humiliating strip search. According to the ICC, one prisoner said, "The Muslim preacher [that was sent by officials to speak to the prisoners] vilified Christianity, denigrated the Bible and told us that Islam is the only true religion."[46]

Europe[edit]

Norway[edit]

Anti-Christian graffiti in Tampere, Finland

On 6 June 1992, the Fantoft Stave Church, a wooden structure originally built in 1150 in Fortun and moved to Bergen in 1883, was burnt down.[47] At first the fire was attributed to lightning and electrical failure. In January 1993 Varg Vikernes, also known as "Count Grishnackh", was interviewed by a local journalist in his apartment decorated with 'Nazi paraphernalia, weapons and Satanic symbols'. Vikernes, at the time a proponent of White nationalism, social conservatism, survivalism and his Neo-völkisch ideology, declared that he wanted to blow up Blitz House and Nidaros Cathedral. He has publicly supported black metal fans burning down eight churches in Norway. He used a photo of the charred remnants of one church taken soon after the fire on his band Burzum's EP entitled Aske (Norwegian for ashes). Following his statement, the Norwegian authorities began to clamp down on black metal musicians.[48]

In 1994, Vikernes was found guilty of murder, arson and possession of illegal weapons (including explosives) and given the maximum sentence under Norwegian law of 21 years in prison.[48] He was released in 2009.[49]

The following is a partial list of Norwegian Christian church arsons in 1992 by anti-Christian groups[citation needed] reported by English-language media sources:

Russia[edit]

Many attacks, arsons and acts of vandalism against churches in Russia are reported each year.[55][56] The acts of vandalism are often accompanied by Satanic symbolism and graffiti.[57] In many instances, icons and crosses are burned and vandalized, and swastikas and Satanic symbols are painted on the walls of the churches (while in other attacks on churches in Russia they can be understood as more simple robberies).[56] Some of the attacks on the churches, such as the cutting down of crosses, appear to be conducted by groups organized online and by local youth.[58]

United Kingdom[edit]

In the 2011 UK Census, 59.5% of the population marked their religion as "Christian", making Christianity still the majority religion.[59] Rowan Williams said in 2013 that Christians in the UK who feel "mildly uncomfortable" at "not being taken very seriously" or "being made fun of" in the UK should not compare themselves to minority groups facing "murderous hostility" in countries that lack freedom of religion.[60]

Conservative politician Mark Pritchard has said that a "politically correct brigade" were causing, "Christianophobia". Keith Porteous Wood, of the National Secular Society, replied "Christians have absolutely nothing to complain about in this country", he cited the facts that 26 bishops sit in the House of Lords, that England has an established church, and added: "The head of state is a Christian, the prime minister is a Christian and almost all the cabinet are self-identified Christians. How on earth can anyone imagine that Christians are disadvantaged or pushed to the margins?" [61]

Africa[edit]

Sudan[edit]

The Foreign Missionary Society Act of 1962 put a limit on the number of churches constructed. Students in military training were forbidden from praying unlike Muslims.[62]

Zanzibar[edit]

In Muslim-majority Zanzibar, part of Tanzania there have been numerous attacks on churches. A bishop condemned the lack of action by the government.[63]

Americas[edit]

Bolivia[edit]

An angry mob of Indigenous peoples destroyed the only Protestant church in the remote village of Chucarasi in the Bolivian Andes after beating a congregational elder unconscious. Villagers apparently attacked their Christian neighbors because they blamed them for a hail storm that damaged local crops.[64]

Chile[edit]

The killing of the priest Faustino Gazziero in 2004.[65] CNTV program The Comedy Club parodies of Jesus,[66] the burning of the image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (national Patroness),[67] and the subsequent mock of the faithful's grief in a nationwide newspaper.[68]

Since 2015, twelve churches have been burned in southern Chile, 10 Catholic ones and two Protestant ones. Attacks are supposedly from the Mapuche indigenous people, who are campaigning to reclaim ancestral lands, according to authorities.[69]

"We are going to burn all churches." Thus declared the note left at the ruins of the Christian Union Evangelical church in Ercilla, Chile, after an arson attack on March 31, 2016.[70]

Cuba[edit]

Government regulations aimed at curbing the growth of Christian house churches in Cuba[71]

Asia[edit]

India[edit]

A Christian girl who was bruised and burnt by Hindu nationalists during anti-Christian violence in Orissa in August 2008.
Main article: Anti-Christian sentiments in India

Indonesia[edit]

Main page: Category:Persecution of Christians in Indonesia

North Korea[edit]

Main article: Human rights in North Korea

Pakistan[edit]

Christians in Pakistan are a minority, making up 1.6% of the population, and religious minorities are frequently discriminated against.[72] The Pakistan blasphemy law mandates that blasphemy of the Qur'an is to be punished. Critics of the laws say that Christians like Asia Bibi are sentenced to death with only hearsay for evidence of alleged blasphemy.[73] At least a dozen Christians have been given death sentences,[74] and half a dozen of them have been murdered after being accused of violating blasphemy laws. In 2005, 80 Christians were behind bars due to these laws.[75]

Christians in Pakistan have been murdered in outbreaks of communal violence, such as the 2009 Gojra riots, and they have been targeted by militant groups, with the Peshawar church attack killing 75 Christians in Peshawar in 2013,[76] and the Lahore church bombings killing 15 Christians in 2015.[77][78] The campaign of violence by the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan has been described as a genocide.[79][80][81]

See also[edit]


Other articles of the topic Christianity : Think Big Ministries, Christian Church, Association of Croatian Orthodox Believers (civic association), Ang Dating Daan, Full communion, Orthodox-Catholic Church of America, First Council of Constantinople
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References[edit]

  1. ↑ Fulton, Greg (2006-03-08). "Time Magazine". Time.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  2. ↑ "Washington Post article". Washington Post article. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grude, Torstein (Director) (1 January 1998). Satan rir Media (motion picture). Norway: Grude, Torstein.
  4. ↑ "Vandals scrawl hate speech across Phoenix church". azcentral. 7 January 2015.
  5. ↑ "Ex-Lebanon Leader: Christians Target of Genocide". CBS News. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  6. ↑ Oren, Michael (9 March 2012). "Israel and the Plight of Mideast Christians". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  7. ↑ Fowler, Lilly (18 June 2012). "Coptic Christian ex-patriots keep a wary eye on Egyptian elections". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  8. ↑ "Funerals for victims of Egypt clashes". BBC News. 4 January 2000. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  9. ↑ "Knife attacks on Egypt churches". BBC News. 14 April 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  10. ↑ Fathi, Yasmine (4 December 2011). "Egypt Copts react to Islamist electoral win". Ahram Online. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  11. ↑ Mostafa, Abdallah (28 October 2011). "EU parliament accuses Egypt of persecuting Christian minority". Egypt Independent. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Tevrov, Daniel (16 June 2012). "Syrian Christian Support For Assad Regime May Turn Out To Be A Losing Strategy". International Business Times. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  13. ↑ El Deeb, Sarah (4 August 2012). "Riot leaves an Egyptian village without Christians". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  14. ↑ Hendawi, Hamza (7 April 2013). "Christians being targeted by kidnappers in Egypt". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 11A.
  15. ↑ Arraf, Jane (14 June 2017). "For Christians In Egypt, Building A New Church Can Set Off Violence". National Public Radio. NPR. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  16. ↑ Mourad, Mahmoud (2015-01-28). "Egyptian poet goes on trial accused of contempt of Islam". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  17. ↑ "Egyptian writer Fatima Naoot sentenced to 3 years in jail for 'contempt of religion' - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  18. ↑ "Egypt sentences Christian teens to jail for contempt of Islam". News.yahoo.com. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  19. ↑ "Pope marks Easter with call for end to violence in Syria". Fox News. Associated Press. 8 April 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  20. ↑ "Christians fleeing Iraq". Watertown Daily Times. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  21. ↑ Arraf, Jane (8 April 2012). "A northern Iraqi Easter". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  22. ↑ "BBC News - Iraqi Christians flee after Isis issue Mosul ultimatum". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  23. ↑ "Iraqi Christians flee after Isis issue Mosul ultimatum". BBC News. August 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  24. ↑ Loveluck, Louisa (August 7, 2014). "Christians flee Iraq's Mosul after Islamists tell them: convert, pay or die". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  25. ↑ Zaimov, Stoyan (21 February 2012). "Christianity in Jerusalem Under Attack? Extremists Hit Another Church". The Christian Post. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  26. ↑ Elgot, Jessica. "Rabbis condemn attacks on Israel's Christian sites". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  27. ↑ In a 2008 Tel Aviv incident, hundreds of copies of the New Testament, which had been handed out in the city (allegedly by Messianic Jews in order to convert Ethiopian Jews), were burned by three teenaged Orthodox students of Judaism. Uzi Aharon, the town's deputy mayor, told CNN he had collected the New Testaments but that he did not plan for them to be burned. The youths had done so while he was not present. Once he found out that the fire was going, he put it out.
  28. ↑ Bixler, Mark (28 March 2008). "Hundreds of New Testaments torched in Israel". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  29. ↑ Barkat, Amiram (27 June 2009). "Christians in Jerusalem want Jews to stop spitting on them". Haaretz.
  30. ↑ Rosenberg, Oz (4 November 2011). "Ultra-Orthodox spitting attacks on Old City clergymen becoming daily". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  31. ↑ "ADL Calls On Chief Rabbis to Speak Out Against Interfaith Assaults In Old City". 17 October 2004. Archived from the original on 29 November 2008.
  32. ↑ Oz Rosenberg (15 November 2011). "Ultra-Orthodox spitting attacks on Old City clergymen becoming daily". Haaretz.
  33. ↑ Ahren, Rachel (5 March 2010). "Capital Anglos mobilize against practice of spitting at Christians". Haaretz.
  34. ↑ Ahren, Raphael. "Capital Anglos mobilize against practice of spitting at Christians". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  35. ↑ "MP tears up copy of New Testament". The Australian. 18 July 2012.
  36. ↑ "AJC Urges Knesset to Censure MK Ben-Ari for New Testament Desecration". Archived from the original on 23 July 2012.
  37. ↑ Zaimov, Stoyan (20 June 2012). "Palestinian TV Criticized for Using Young Girl to 'Promote Hate' Toward Christians, Jews". The Christian Post. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  38. ↑ Radin, Charles A. (6 February 2002). "Defendants killed in court; mob fears grow in West Bank". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  39. ↑ de Quetteville, Harry (9 September 2005). "'Islamic mafia' accused of persecuting Holy Land Christians". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  40. ↑ "Muslim attacks against Christians on the rise in West Bank". World Tribune. 28 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  41. ↑ Hadid, Diaa (27 June 2007). "For Gaza's Christians, new reality unsettling". The Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  42. ↑ Abu Toameh, Khaled (25 April 2007). "Christian-Muslim tensions heat up". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  43. ↑ Silver, Eric (8 October 2007). "Gaza's Christian bookseller killed". The Independent. London. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  44. ↑ "Militants bomb Gaza YMCA library". BBC News. 15 February 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  45. ↑ Greenwood, Phoebe (23 December 2011). "Gaza Christians long for days before Hamas cancelled Christmas". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  46. ↑ Oleszczuk, Luiza (9 February 2012). "Christians Imprisoned in Saudi Arabia Pressured to Convert to Islam". The Christian Post. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  47. ↑ In Cod We Trust, By Eric Dregni. p.185. Books.google.com. 2008-09-22. Retrieved 12 February 2013. Search this book on
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Chris Campion (21 February 2005). "In the face of death". London: Guardian. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  49. ↑ "Ute av fengsel". Dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  50. ↑ "New Page 1". thetruemayhem.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009.
  51. ↑ Lords of Chaos (1998): 78
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 Lords of Chaos (1998): 79
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Satan rides the Media (1998)
  54. ↑ Satan rides the Media
  55. ↑ Pope Supports Russian Church’s Position on Vandalism MOSCOW, October 18 (RIA Novosti)
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Acts of vandalism against Orthodox churches in Russia, 1998-2008 RIA Novosti, 14:46 01.12.2008
  57. ↑ ПО РОССИИ КАТИТСЯ ВОЛНА ВАНДАЛИЗМА: В ГОРОДАХ ОСКВЕРНЯЮТСЯ ЦЕРКВИ И ХРАМЫ http://tbn-tv.ru/
  58. ↑ Антирелигиозные вандалы нашлись в Интернете 28 августа 2012, Russia Today
  59. ↑ http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/index.html
  60. ↑ "'Persecuted' British Christians need to 'grow up', says former Archbishop Rowan Williams". Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  61. ↑ Christianophobia warning from MP BBC News 4 December 2007
  62. ↑ Human rights and religion – Page 257 Liam Gearon – 2002
  63. ↑ Tanzanian church leaders demand action retrieved 17 August 2012
  64. ↑ [1][dead link]
  65. ↑ "Estupor en Chile por sacerdote asesinado, El Nuevo Diario, Nicaragua". Archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  66. ↑ "Sigue la disputa por parodia del Club de la Comedia, Observatorio de Medios FUCATEL, 11/10/10". Observatoriofucatel.cl. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  67. ↑ "Chilean bishops deplore attack against Our Lady of Carmel at Cathedral of Santiago". Catholic News Agency.
  68. ↑ "No permitas que The Clinic ofenda a la Virgen del Carmen, Muévete Chile, 12/05/08". Muevetechile.org. 2012-12-03. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  69. ↑ "Indigenous militants burn another church in southern Chile". 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  70. ↑ "Chile's burning discontent - The Irish Catholic". Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  71. ↑ [2][dead link]
  72. ↑ "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005. Retrieved 2013-02-19. Religion: Approximately 1.6 percent of the population is Hindu, 1.6 percent is Christian, and 0.3 percent belongs to other religions, such as Bahaism and Sikhism.
  73. ↑ Debra Killalea (4 Nov 2014). "Last ditch appeal to save Asia Bibi, sentenced to death under Pakistan's tough blasphemy laws". News.com.au.
  74. ↑ "Q&A: Pakistan's controversial blasphemy laws". BBC. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  75. ↑ "Christians often victims under Pakistan's blasphemy law". Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  76. ↑ New York Times: "Suicide Attack at Christian Church in Pakistan Kills Dozens" by ISMAIL KHAN and SALMAN MASOOD September 22, 2013
  77. ↑ "Two blasts at Lahore churches claim 15 lives - PAKISTAN - geo.tv". geo.tv. 15 March 2015.
  78. ↑ Agencies - Imran Gabol - Nadeem Haider - Waseem Riaz - Abbas Haider - Akbar Ali. "15 killed in Taliban attack on Lahore churches". dawn.com.
  79. ↑ "After the Malala Yousafzai shooting, can shock therapy free Pakistan?". Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  80. ↑ "The Problem Of Pakistan". Ibtimes.com. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  81. ↑ "Pakistan should be on the genocide watch list: US think tank". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 2012-09-26. Retrieved 18 February 2013.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]


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