Anti-Burmese sentiment

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Anti-Burmese sentiment, sometimes referred to as Burmanophobia, is a sentiment against Myanmar (Burma), its people, overseas Burmese, or Burmese culture. It targets people from Myanmar and views the Burmese as enemies. Mostly, it targets the Bamars majority, but there are also other minorities in Myanmar who support Naypyidaw.

There are many reasons that have led to anti-Burmese sentiment. The junta regime enforced massive ethnic killings against non-Bamars, which led to hostilities against Bamars. Historically, many Burmese Dynasties such as the Taungoo Dynasty and Konbaung Dynasty had invaded many Southeast Asian countries with the exception of Cambodia and Vietnam due to their influence; anti-Rohingya and Islamophobia movements in Myanmar thus led to anti-Burmese campaigns across Southeast Asia and other parts of the world.

Notable anti-Burmese sentiment in some countries

Thailand

Thailand is the most anti-Burmese country in Southeast Asia and the world, due to a series of wars and invasions from both sides. As a result, Thais see Myanmar and its people as a threat to Thailand's safety.

The fall of Ayutthaya

The fall of Ayutthaya is considered one of Thailand's greatest national calamities. A Siamese chronicler wrote: "The king of Hanthawaddy (Bayinnaung) waged war like a monarch but the king of Ava (Hsinbyushin) like a robber." In 1917, Siamese prince Damrong Rajanubhab published a highly nationalist history of the centuries-long hostility between the two countries, Our Wars with the Burmese (Thai Rop Pharma), which had a major influence on the development of Thailand's view of its national history, as found in school textbooks and popular culture. In his view, not only were the Burmese a savage and aggressive people but Siam was defeated in war only when it was unprepared and divided against itself. Kings who rallied the people, such as Naresuan and Rama I, waged successful wars of national liberation against an imperialist enemy. Thus ancient battles between rival rulers suddenly became wars between nations.

More recent scholarship has cautioned against casting the history of the 16th and 18th centuries in a 20th-century conceptual framework. Historian Donald Seekins writes that "the 24 Thai–Burmese wars described by Damrong were wars between Monarchs rather than between nations", and that "many prominent Siamese of the era, including Naresuan's father, were willing to accept Burmese overlordship". Another historian Helen James writes that "these wars were primarily struggles for regional and dynastic supremacy and were neither national nor ethnic conflicts." After all, many Siamese levies participated in the attack on Ayutthaya. This view is echoed by modern Thai academics such as Nidhi Eoseewong and Sunait Chutintaranond. According to Sunait "The negative attitude toward the Burmese does not occur solely as a result of the past relationship. It is, rather, the outcome of political maneuvers by the Thai nationalist governments, especially military regimes."

Nonetheless, the modern academic viewpoints have not replaced Damrong's viewpoints in Thai schoolbooks or popular culture. This has fostered a feeling of enmity among the Thai people towards the Burmese, and has colored the Thai-Burmese relations to the present day with real political ramifications. This enmity, at least in the Thai political leadership, manifested in the Thai "buffer zone" policy, which has provided shelter, at various times, and has actively encouraged and "sponsored" several ethnic resistance groups along the border.

World War II

Thailand, as an ally of Japan, invaded British Burma and occupied Shan state from Burma. This became a significant contribution, as Thais see the invasion as a "vengeance" for what the Burmese had done. Although Thailand later gave up the region in exchange for being allied with the United States and United Kingdom later, the Thais also successfully fueled Shan nationalism against Burma, which would be a major factor in the later Internal conflict in Myanmar.

After 1945–today

Thailand continued to support the Shan and Mon rebels against Myanmar, until they signed an economic deal in 1995. Nevertheless, Thailand remains a shield protector for ethnic rebels fighting against the Tatmadaw and Myanmar overall.

Malaysia and Indonesia

The exodus of Rohingya people has contributed to anti-Burmese sentiment in these two countries since they are majority Muslim countries. There have even been ethnic killings of Burmese migrant workers in both countries. Both have called for intervention against ethnic cleansing in Myanmar as well.

Laos and Vietnam

Some Laotians see Burmese people as thieves and drug-sellers due to the Golden Triangle. In Vietnam, despite having no border contact with Myanmar, many Vietnamese dislike Burmese people for drug activities and illegal border crossings through Laos and Vietnam.

China

Hostility against Myanmar has been recently growing in China due to numerous factors in the relationship between the two countries. Historically, Burma was seen as a tributary of China, although Burma denied these claims. Aside from that, after many series of invasions and war, especially the failed war against Burma in the Sino-Burmese War (1765–69), in which China lost over 70,000 troops, the hatreds against Burma have never slowed down.

Recently, due to the Tatmadaw's attack on Chinese people in Myanmar, notably the Kokang rebels and violation of air space, many Chinese have called for an invasion to avenge the war China lost more than two centuries ago. China has kept a skeptical view on Myanmar, as many Chinese rebels in Northern Myanmar receive aid, but China also supplies the Tatmadaw. Anti-Burmese support also receives many upvotes from Chinese netizens, as well as regular Chinese citizens.

Many Chinese see Myanmar as a disgraceful country which once benefited from China but is now trying to betray China, after the 2011 reforms.

India

India, traditionally, has better relations with Myanmar than most other countries in Asia. However, after the British Raj conquered Burma, ending the Konbaung Dynasty, Indian troops were often accused of killing and ethnic cleansing against Burmese.

During the British Administration, Indians were used to suppress Burmese national independence as well as Burmese culture. This led to turbulence between India and Myanmar in later times. Following Ne Win's 1962 Burmese coup d'état and the exodus of Indians from Burma, this led to some campaigns against Burma in India.

In 1988, following the 8888 Uprising and suppression by the regime, many Burmese fled to India and sought refuge. However, many Indians viewed Burmese refugees as immigrants and requested that Burmese adopt Indian culture, with discrimination against Burmese among Indians.

Bangladesh and Pakistan

Similar to Malaysia and Indonesia, anti-Burmese sentiment in Bangladesh and Pakistan stems from the exodus of Rohingya people, although there has also been hostility against Burmese migrant workers there.

Australia

Generally, Australia does not have problems with Myanmar. However, due to its brutal human rights record, Myanmar is seen by Australians as a ruthless and inhuman country, leading to anti-Burmese sentiment and killings in Australia.

See also

• Anti-Thai sentiment
• Anti-Vietnamese sentiment
• Anti-Malay sentiment
• Anti-Filipino sentiment
• Anti-Khmer sentiment

External links

This article "Anti-Burmese sentiment" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

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