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Bear versus bull

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki



Bear versus Bull, the topic of the bear versus the bull is popular or well-known.[1][2][3] A difference between their fighting styles inspires the Economic concept of the "Bull market" versus the "bear market".[4][5] Confrontation or killing, between bears and bulls happened in places where they co-existed.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Biological classifications

Bears

Ursidae are a family of caniforms in the Mammalian Order Carnivora.[13] They are divided into the following species: Giant panda, Spectacled bear, Asiatic black bear, American black bear, Sun bear, Sloth bear,[14] Brown bear and Polar bear.[15]

Bulls

Bovidae are a family of terrestrial ungulates in the mammalian order of Artiodactyla. Besides Bovinae, the family of Bovidae includes the subfamilies of Aepycerotinae (impalas), Alcelaphinae (including bonteboks and wildebeest), Antilopinae (including dik-diks and gazelles), Caprinae (including goats and sheep), Cephalophinae (duikers), Hippotraginae (including oryxes and roan antelopes), and Reduncinae (including reedbucks and waterbucks). Besides Bovini-Bovinae, the sub-family of Bovinae includes other genera, like the kudu and nilgai.[16]

The word 'bull’ often refers to male, domesticated members of the Species Bos taurus,[17] which is in the same tribe as banteng, bison, Bubalus and Syncerus buffaloes, gaurs, yaks and others, which can also be domesticated, at least partially, or for most of these species or genuses, some of which can mate with Taurine cattle to produce fertile offspring,[18][19] and their males may also be called 'bulls'.[20][21] Their tribe is that of Bovini in the Sub-family of Bovinae in the Family of Bovidae[20][22]

Distribution

Bovini-Bovinae

Bovini-Bovinae are found worldwide, including North America and Eurasia, either wild or domesticated (in which case, they can be transported outside their native areas).[16]

Banteng are found in South Asia[23] (Bangladesh and India), the Malay Peninsula and mainland Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam), and the islands of Borneo (Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia) and Java (Indonesia), either domesticated, or in forests that are dense, or have bamboo.[19]

Ursidae

Bears are currently found in Eurasia and the Americas, including the Arctic Region.[14][12][13][15][24]

American black bears, which are the most widely distributed bears of North America, are found in Canada, Mexico, and the United States.[25]

Asian black bears are found in mainland Asia, Japan and Taiwan.[14][26][24]

Brown bears are found in Mexico, North America and Eurasia.[6]

Giant pandas are limited to central China.[27][28]

Polar bears are distributed throughout the Arctic Region.[24]

Sloth bears are found in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Sri Lanka.[14]

Spectacled bears are in South America.[6][24]

Sun bears are in Asia, from Northeast India, Bangladesh and China's Yunnan Province in the west, through Indochina, to the islands of Sumatra and Borneo.[29][30]

Size

Bulls

As with other groups of Bovidae, males tend to be larger than females,[16][31] and the largest bulls are bigger than bears. The sheer size of bulls would make them less vulnerable to predators like bears, than calves.[7] For example, in North America, brown bears tended to prey on calves, more than adults,[7][6] and black bears tend to prey on calves.[25] However, even then, brown bears may occasionally fight or kill bulls or adult Bovinae.[6][32]

Banteng can reach 1.6 m (5.2 ft) at the shoulder, measure 1.90–2.25 m (6.2–7.4 ft), and weigh 600.0–800.0 kg (1,322.8–1,763.7 lb).[19]

In 2010, a Hereford steer called 'Cletus' weighed 2,950.0 lb (1,338.1 kg), after it had been about 3,100.0 lb (1,406.1 kg) a year earlier. It lost weight due to being transited.[33]

Bears

Male polar bears weighed 300.0–800.0 kg (661.4–1,763.7 lb) and females weighed 150.0–300.0 kg (330.7–661.4 lb) (DeMaster and Stirling, 1981).[34] In Alaska in the 19th century, a polar bear weighing about 998.0 kg (2,200.2 lb) was shot.[35]

Large brown bears may rival polar bears in size, and are the largest of current terrestrial carnivores apart from them, if one were to exclude Crocodilia.[24] In 1866, in what is now Valley Center, California, a Californian grizzly bear weighing about 2,200.0 lb (997.9 kg) was killed.[36]

Adult, male American black bears weighed 60.0–140.0 kg (132.3–308.6 lb) and females weighed 40.0–70.0 kg (88.2–154.3 lb). Occasionally, males may exceed 80.0–145.0 kg (176.4–319.7 lb) and females 250.0–300.0 kg (551.2–661.4 lb).[14] In November 2010, a bear weighing about 879.0 lb (398.7 kg) was shot in Pike County, Pennsylvania, and was the biggest of black bears killed since 1992 that weighed at least 800.0 lb (362.9 kg), in Pennsylvania.[37]

Male Asiatic black bears can weigh up to 200.0 kg (440.9 lb).[14]

Male sloth bears generally weighed 80.0–145.0 kg (176.4–319.7 lb) and females weighed 55.0–95.0 kg (121.3–209.4 lb). Nevertheless, Brander (1982) reported a male weighing 192.0 kg (423.3 lb) and a female weighing 124.0 kg (273.4 lb).[14]

Adult, male spectacled bears weighed 140.0–175.0 kg (308.6–385.8 lb) and measured 1.5–2.0 m (4.9–6.6 ft), with females being about two-thirds their size (Peyton 1980, Mondolfi 1971).[14] They rarely weighed more than 400.0 lb (181.4 kg), or measured more than 6.0 ft (1.8 m) long.[10]

Adult, male giant pandas weighed 85.0–125.0 kg (187.4–275.6 lb), and measured 1.6–1.9 m (5.2–6.2 ft). Adult females weighed 70.0–100.0 kg (154.3–220.5 lb).[14]

Sun bears are the smallest, weighing 27.0–65.0 kg (59.5–143.3 lb), measuring 1.2–1.5 m (3.9–4.9 ft)[30] and averaging 1.15 m (3.8 ft) in body length (Pocock, 1941).[24]

Prehistoric times

The South American short-faced bear was believed to have been the largest bear ever to have existed. A skeleton was found in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, in 1935. Paleontologists Blaine Schubert (from East Tennessee State University in Johnson City, Tennessee, the United States of America) and Leopoldo Soibelzon (from Argentina), used its huge humerus, about the size of that of an elephant to estimate the bear's weight as being 3,500.0 lb (1,587.6 kg).[35]

The North American short-faced bear was estimated to have weighed up to 2,500.0 lb (1,134.0 kg).[35]

Speed

Grizzly bears may run at about 35.0 mph (56.3 km/h).[38]

Styles of attacking or fighting

When attacking or fighting, a bull would thrust its head, which is armed with horns, upwards, whereas a bear would swoop its paw, which is armed with claws,[6][14] downwards.[4] For that reason, in Economics, if a market has a downward trend for a prolonged period of time, then it is called a "bear market", whereas, if it has an upward trend for a prolonged period of time, then it is called a "bull market".[4][5] However, these are not the only styles that they may use.[6][16]

Bears

In addition to claws, bears have canine teeth, with which they can bite flesh or food.[6][25][8] They prey on victims by biting them on the head, neck or back, and eating contents in the abdomen,[6] or using their paws to claw those parts of the body, or break them or their bones.[8]

Bulls

When locking horns, which involves using their strengths, fights between bulls are not normally fatal or injurious, as they tend to aim for each other's horns, rather than their bodies. In addition to horns, which they can swing with their necks, bulls have hooves with which they can kick opponents. Due to the arrangements of their bones, their limbs can have wide angles of flexion and extension, but lateral movement is limited.[16]

History of fighting or killing

Natural cases

Polar bears prey on cattle in the Arctic Region. Their bite force allows them to crush skulls with their teeth.[11]

Brown bears prey on cattle.[3][7][16][24] They are usually the only predators in North America, besides groups of grey wolves, that can kill the largest Bovidae.[6][7][16] However, brown bears tend to prey more on calves and yearlings, and in forests, rather than in open areas.[6]

American black bears sometimes prey on Bovidae, including calves and adult cattle.[25][8]

Asian black bears prey on cattle and water buffaloes.[39]

In South America, spectacled bears sometimes prey on cattle, despite often being herbivorous. They may do this by jumping onto their backs, then biting at their shoulders, and they can be strong enough to drag carcasses of cows from farms into the jungle, according to a number of newspapers, and fall 30.0 ft (9.1 m) from branches of trees, to the ground, without being noticeably harmed by the fall.[10]

Organized fights

The Roman Empire

Ancient Romans used to keep animals for bloody spectacles or Gladiatorial games, including bears and bulls.[40]

California

California used to have organized fights between bears and bulls, in the 19th century, and before that, during Spanish colonial rule.[1][2][3]

Irving, in his book, The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, wrote that a bear was baited, and likewise, a wild, fierce bull, before they were brought to an arena is a small amphitheatre in Monterey, California, to fight each other. He called the fight "a favorite, though barbarous sport." In this case, he said that the bear used its sharp claws against the nose of the bull, before catching its tongue, after being repeatedly gored by the bull. Then the bull overturned it “with a desperate effort,” and then ‘dispatched’ it rather easily.[2]

Storer and Trevis (1955) mentioned a number of stories of organized fights between California grizzly bears and bulls. They said that bears usually won, even in cases of bulls outnumbering bears. In a case of the bear winning, the bear would use its teeth to catch a bull between its horns, on its nose, which would allow the bear to move its head enough to twist its neck, or bite a part of the bull's body, like the tongue, or use its paws to catch or harm the bull, like in squeezing its neck, or catching its tongue. In a case of the bull winning, victory could come early, when the bull used its strength to gore the bear to death, with its horns, or toss the bear into the air. Kingsley (1920) said that the bulls that fought the bears, at least while California was part of the United States, were not domesticated Hereford bulls, but Spanish fighting bulls, whose weight, agility, speed, sharp horns and hot temper were said to be dangerous to both bears and humans, and Wistar (1937) said that those bulls were fearless.[1]

According to Cahuilla people, who claimed to be able to communicate with bears, one of their men attended a fight at a pueblo in Los Angeles. During the first part of the fight, the bull kept knocking down the bear, before the man whispered to the bear that it had to defend itself, or else it would be killed. Upon that, the bear fought back, and broke the bull's neck (Ibid, p. 116).[1]

Mexico

Storer and Trevis (1955) mentioned the account of Albert Evans, who said that he saw an uncommon incident at a Plaza de Toros in Veracruz, Mexico, in January 1870. A bear called 'Samson' dug a hole so large that it could hold an elephant, before using its large paws to carry and throw an opposing bull headfirst into the hole, paw-swipe its side till its breath appeared to have been half-knocked out of its body, and then use one paw to hold the bull, and the other to bury it alive.[1]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Tracy Irwin Storer; Lloyd Pacheco Tevis (1996). California Grizzly. University of California Press. pp. 42–187. ISBN 978-0-520-20520-8. Retrieved 2016-03-23. Search this book on
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Washington, Irving (1837), "Gay life at Monterey – Mexican horsemen – A bold dragoon – Use of the lasso – Vaqueros – Noosing a bear – Fight between a bull and a bear – Departure from Monterey – Indian horse stealers – Outrages committed by the travellers – Indignation of Captain Bonneville", The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U.S.A., in the Rocky Mountains and the far West, retrieved 2016-03-24
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Brown, David E. (1996). The Grizzly in the Southwest: Documentary of an Extinction. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806128801. Retrieved 2016-03-25. Search this book on
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Bull Market". Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 George Fontanills; Tommy Gentile (2001). The Stock Market Course. John Wiley and Sons Inc. p. 77. ISBN 9780471036708. Search this book on
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 "Mammalian Species - Ursus arctos" (PDF). American Society of Mammalogists, Smith College. 1993-04-23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Brink, Jack W. (2008). Imagining Head-Smashed-In: Aboriginal Buffalo Hunting on the Northern Plains (PDF). Athabasca University Press. ISBN 978-1-897425-09-1. Retrieved 2016-03-18. Search this book on
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Bear Predation — Description". Texnat.tamu.edu. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  9. ↑ Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. (1999). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 LaFee, Scott (2009-09-07). "Hanging on, bearly: South America's only bear species struggles to avoid extinction". SignOnSanDiego.Com. The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 2009-11-07. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bruemmer, Fred (1989). World of the Polar Bear. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Key Porter Books. ISBN 1-55013-107-9. Search this book on
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Bear Planet. "Spectacled Bears". Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wang, Xiaoming; Malcolm C. McKenna; Demberelyin Dashzeveg (2005). "Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, Central Mongolia and Phylogeny of Basal Arctoids with Comments on Zoogeography" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3483): 57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 Servheen, C.; Salter, R. E. (1999). "Chapter 11: Sun Bear Conservation Action Plan" (PDF). In Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp. 219–224. Retrieved 2016-06-25. Search this book on
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Waits, Lisette (1999). "Rapid radiation events in the family Ursidae indicated by likelihood phylogenetic estimation from multiple fragments of mtDNA" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 13 (1): 82–92. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0637. PMID 10508542. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Gomez, W.; Patterson, T. A.; Swinton, J.; Berini, J. (2011). "Bovidae: antelopes, cattle, gazelles, goats, sheep, and relatives". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  17. ↑ "G Jayawardhana (2006), Testicle Size - A Fertility Indicator in Bulls, Australian Government Agnote K44" (PDF). March 2006. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  18. ↑ "Yattle What?". Washington Post. 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Bear Planet. "Ultimate ungulate page on banteng". Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Maceachern S.; McEwan J.; Goddard M. (2009-04-24). "Phylogenetic reconstruction and the identification of ancient polymorphism in the Bovini tribe (Bovidae, Bovinae)". BMC Genomics. 10 (10(1):177): 177. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-177. PMC 2694835. PMID 19393045.
  21. ↑ Cattle Today. "Breeds of Cattle at CATTLE TODAY". Cattle-today.com. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
  22. ↑ Groves, C. P., 1981. Systematic relationships in the Bovini (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 4:289–299., quoted in Grubb, P. (2005). "Genus Bison". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Search this book on
  23. ↑ John McLeod, The history of India, page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0-313-31459-4 Search this book on .
    Milton Walter Meyer, South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent, pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, ISBN 0-8226-0034-X Search this book on .
    Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-04-910121-8 Search this book on .
    Boniface, Brian G.; Christopher P. Cooper (2005). Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5997-0. Search this book on
    Judith Schott & Alix Henley, Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society, pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, ISBN 0-7506-2050-1 Search this book on .
    Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7 Search this book on .
    Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9 Search this book on .
    Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1 Search this book on .
    Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, pages 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-30787-2 Search this book on .
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998) [1967]. "Family Ursidae". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)]. 2. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. pp. 586–733. ISBN 1-886106-81-9. Search this book on
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Lariviere, S. (2001). "Ursus americanus" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 647: 1–11. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2001)647<0001:UA>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
  26. ↑ Garshelis, D.; Steinmetz, R. (2016). "Ursus thibetanus (errata version published in 2017)". 2016: e.T22824A114252336. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22824A45034242.en. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  27. ↑ Lindburg, Donald G.; Baragona, Karen (2004). Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23867-2. Search this book on
  28. ↑ Lü, Z.; Wang, D.; Garshelis, D. L. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Ailuropoda melanoleuca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T712A13069561. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T712A13069561.en.
  29. ↑ Scotson, L.; Fredriksson, G.; Augeri, D.; Cheah, C.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wai-Ming, W. (2017). "Helarctos malayanus (errata version published in 2018)". 2017: e.T9760A123798233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.en. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Servheen, C. (1993). The Sun Bear. p. 124 in: Stirling, I., Kirshner, D., Knight, F. (eds.). Bears, Majestic Creatures of the Wild. Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylvania.
  31. ↑ The Animal Files. "American Bison". Retrieved 2016-03-15.
  32. ↑ Wyman T (2002). "Grizzly bear predation on a bull bison in Yellowstone National Park" (PDF). Ursus. 13: 375. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  33. ↑ TIM TRAINOR Montana Standard (2010-04-28). "Example of large steer". Missoulian.com. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  34. ↑ Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 589. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Search this book on
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Dell'Amore, C. (2011): Biggest Bear Ever Found, National Geographic News, Published February 3, 2011
  36. ↑ LaFee, Scott (2008-05-29). "Seeds of doubt". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  37. ↑ Record-busting, 879-pound bear bagged in Poconos Archived 2014-10-22 at the Wayback Machine. PoconoRecord.com (November 19, 2010). Retrieved 2016-03-09.
  38. ↑ Batin, Christopher (31 January 2006). "How to Outrun a Grizzly [and other really bad ideas]". Outdoor Life. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  39. ↑ Humphrey, S. R., Bain, J. R. (1990). Endangered animals of Thailand. Issue 6 of Flora & Fauna handbook. Sandhill Crane Press. ISBN 1-877743-05-4 Search this book on .
  40. ↑ Hoage, Robert J., Roskell, Anne and Mansour, Jane, "Menageries and Zoos to 1900", in New World, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century, Hoage, Robert J. and Deiss, William A. (ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996, pp.8-18. ISBN 0-8018-5110-6 Search this book on .

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