Big Four (banking)
The Big Four is the colloquial name for the four main banks in several countries, where the banking industry is dominated by just four institutions and where the phrase has gained currency.
International use[edit]
Internationally, the term "Big Four Banks" has traditionally referred to the following central banks:[1]
The Federal Reserve
The Bank of England[2]
The Bank of Japan
The European Central Bank
Australia/New Zealand[edit]
In Australia, the "big four banks" refers to the four largest banks[3] by market share, who between them hold 80% of the home loan markets in the country. In 2012, their combined total asset is A$2.66 trillion, which is about 200% of Australian GDP in 2011. In order of total assets, these are:
- National Australia Bank (NAB)
- Commonwealth Bank (CBA) (was owned by Australian Government until 1996[4])
- Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ)
- Westpac (WBC)
A longstanding policy of the federal government in Australia has been to maintain this status quo, called the "four pillars policy". The policy has been maintained through the Global Recession of 2008–09, as Westpac acquired St.George Bank and the Commonwealth Bank acquired Bankwest, reinforcing the special status of the "big four".
Being New Zealand's closest neighbour, with very close ties culturally and economically, has helped Australia dominate the banking sector there. Often referred to collectively as the 'big banks'[5][6][7] or the 'big Aussie banks', the "Big Four" Australian banks also dominate the New Zealand banking sector in the form of:
- Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, or ANZ, also comprising the former business of The National Bank.
- ASB Bank, formerly Auckland Savings Bank, wholly owned by the Commonwealth Bank
- The Bank of New Zealand (BNZ), wholly owned by the National Australia Bank
- Westpac, formerly known as WestpacTrust after a merger with the Trust Bank.
Together they hold over 90% of gross loans and advances in New Zealand [8] as well as close to 90% of all mortgages.[9]
These four subsidiaries are massively profitable and in some cases even outperform the Australian parent company.[10] The extent to which they dominate the banking sector can be seen in profits: In the 2012/2013 financial year, the largest of the Big Banks, ANZ New Zealand, made a profit of NZ$1.37 billion. The smallest, BNZ, made a profit of NZ$695 million.[5] State-owned Kiwibank, community trust-owned TSB Bank, SBS Bank (formerly Southland Building Society) and Heartland Bank, the next four largest banks by profit, made NZ$97 million,[11] NZ$73.5 million,[12] NZ$14 million[13] and NZ$7 million (albeit with an underlying result of about NZ$30 million) respectively.[14] In other words, the profit of New Zealand's next four largest banks (after the Big Four) is equal to less than 30% of the smallest of the Big Four, BNZ.
Austria[edit]
The "Big Four" banks of Austria are [15]:
- Erste Bank / Sparkasse* (credit unions)
- UniCredit Bank Austria (formerly Creditanstalt)
- Raiffeisen Bankengruppe*
- Österreichische Postsparkasse
*separate legal entities operating under a common brand
Belgium[edit]
The "Big Four" banks of Belgium are a result of national- and international mergers in the early 90s.
- Belfius, government owned bank
- BNP Paribas Fortis, subsidiary of BNP Paribas
- ING Bank, subsidiary of the ING Group
- KBC Bank, including its CBC Banque subsidiary in the French Community of Belgium and KBC Brussels brand in the Brussels-Capital Region
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil, the "big four", according to Exame Magazine [16] in 2016:
| Name | Description | Year | Net Assets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Itaú Unibanco | Largest Private bank | 2017 | US$ 452.6 billion |
| Banco do Brasil | Largest State Owned Bank | 2017 | US$ 430.2 billion |
| Caixa Econômica Federal | State Owned Bank | 2017 | US$ 406.0 billion |
| Banco Bradesco | Private Bank | 2017 | US$ 391.6 billion |
Canada[edit]
There are five banks dominating the Canadian banking sector, hence the "Big Five" is used instead of "Big Four". The operation of Canadian banks include retail banking, mutual funds, insurance, credit cards, and brokerage activities. In addition, the five banks all have significant international operations in the form of subsidiaries (i.e. CIBC FirstCaribbean International Bank, and TD Bank, N.A.). The Canadian banking operations of the Big Five are largely conducted out of each parent company, unlike U.S. banks that use a holding company structure to hold their primary retail banking subsidiaries. The Big Five include:
- Royal Bank of Canada (RBC)
- Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD)
- Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank)
- Bank of Montreal (BMO)
- Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC)
China[edit]
During the 1920s, the term "Big Four" applied to the Four Northern Banks of the Republic of China (i.e. the four most capitalized commercial banks in Northern China).[17] These were the Yien Yieh Commercial Bank, the Kincheng Banking Corporation, the Continental Bank and The China & South Sea Bank. These were contrasted with the Three Southern Banks of Southern China.
By 1949, the Big Four banks were the Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, the Central Bank of China and the Farmers Bank of China. All four were state-owned banks. These four, together with Central Trust of China, Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau of China, Central Cooperative Treasury of China, were called the "Four Banks, Two Bureaus, One Treasury" or "四行两局一库".[18]
In the People's Republic of China, the Big Four state-owned commercial banks ("四大国有商业银行") are:
- Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
- Bank of China
- China Construction Bank
- Agricultural Bank of China
and have been described as such in the Western press.[19] All four are state-controlled banks with commercial banking operations.
Colombia[edit]
In Colombia, the ten biggest banking service networks are:[20][21]
| Name | Description | Year | Net Assets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Banco de Bogotá | Largest Private Bank | 2017 | COP 3.6 trillions |
| Bancolombia | Largest Private Bank | 2017 | COP 2.6 trillions |
| Banco Davivienda | Largest Private Bank | 2017 | COP 1,204 trillions |
| Banco de Occidente Credencial | Private Bank | 2017 | COP 932.827 billions |
| BBVA Colombia | Private Bank | 2017 | COP 346.333 billions |
| Banco Agrario de Colombia | State owned Bank | 2017 | COP 339.410 billions |
| Banco Colpatria | Private Bank | 2017 | COP 253.572 billion |
| Banco Caja Social | Private Bank | 2017 | COP 238.116 billions |
| Citibank Colombia | Private Bank | 2017 | COP 172.051 billions |
| Banco Popular | Private Bank | 2017 | COP 156.033 billions |
Czech Republic[edit]
In Czech Republic, according to R. Pazderník,[22] the "big four" are:
- Česká spořitelna, subsidiary of Erste Group
- Československá obchodní banka, subsidiary of KBC Bank
- Komerční banka, subsidiary of Société Générale (formerly Státní banka československá, or State Bank of Czechoslovakia)
- Investiční a poštovní banka.
Finland[edit]
The biggest banks in Finland are:
Osuuspankki (fully Finnish), Nordea (predominantly Swedish), Danske Bank, the fourth place is a tie between Aktia, S-pankki and Ålandsbanken.
Finland does not follow the Big 4 model so much as a model of 3 Major + 3 minor.
France[edit]
Greece[edit]
In Greece, after a series of mergers and acquisitions following the Greek government-debt crisis, the sector has concentrated with the below four banks controlling more than 90% of the market.
In 2013 the National Bank of Greece attempted to acquire Eurobank Ergasias but later the plan was abandoned.
Hong Kong[edit]
- The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
- Bank of China (Hong Kong)
- Hang Seng Bank
- Standard Chartered Hong Kong
Hungary[edit]
India[edit]
In India, the largest four banks are:
Ireland[edit]
In Ireland, the term "big four" applies to the four largest banks by market capitalisation.[24][25] These all operate in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, and have a wider international presence; these banks also issue banknotes in Northern Ireland.[26][27]
- Bank of Ireland
- Allied Irish Banks (operates as First Trust Bank in Northern Ireland)[28]
- Danske Bank (also operates as Danske Bank in Northern Ireland[29]) - Irish Branch of Danske Bank A/S since 2007.
- Ulster Bank - Subsidiary of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group since 2000/2001
Ever since Danske Bank has phased out its personal banking services, it has been suggested that either KBC Ireland or Permanent TSB could replace, in the medium-term, Danske Bank in the "Big Four" ranking.
Italy[edit]
In Italy the term "big four" is not explicitly used. As of 2017, the four largest banks by total assets are:
Japan[edit]
In Japan, the "big four"[30] are:
- Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group
- Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
- Mizuho Financial Group
- Japan Post Bank
However, a widely cited grouping is the three "megabanks," which include only the first three listed above.[31]
Lebanon[edit]
In Lebanon, where the banks have retained their banking secrecy laws since 1956, which is prevalent in the whole MENA region, and while adopting international measures to fight money laundering, the "big four" banks consist of:[32]
- Audi Saradar Bank (founded in 1830 and ranked on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest public companies in the world in 2016)
- Byblos Bank (founded in 1950 as "Société Commerciale et Agricole Byblos Bassil Frères & Co.")
- BLOM Bank: Banque du Liban et d'Outre-Mer S.A.L (founded in 1951)
- Fransabank (founded in 1921 as Société Centrale de Banque)
Furthermore, as of September 2016, there are more than 51 banks in Lebanon, one of the smallest countries in the middle east, the fact that has always made investors from the Arab countries, especially the GCC petrodollar in addition to the European and world investors, to place their funds in the Lebanese banks.
Luxembourg[edit]
The big four full-service in Luxembourg are:[33]
- Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État (Spuerkeess), state owned bank
- Banque Internationale à Luxembourg,
- BGL BNP Paribas
- ING Luxembourg
There are bigger banks in Luxembourg, but these only deliver a limited number of services such as investment banking, private banking or corporate banking only. Luxembourg is a financial center.
Netherlands[edit]
The "big four" banks in the Netherlands by market concentration are:[34]
- ING Group
- Rabobank
- ABN AMRO
- de Volksbank, state owned banking arm of SNS Reaal
The market leader for the Netherlands, ING Group, is one of the largest multinational banking and financial service corporations in the world, with products and services reaching over 41 countries worldwide.[35]
Nigeria[edit]
The term "Big Five" is used instead of four, with five banks dominating the Nigerian banking world. In 2011, these top five banks had a combined balance sheet, including contingents, of 12.9 trillion naira ($821 billion), 33 percent higher than the prior year.[36]
Pakistan[edit]
The "top five" banks of Pakistan are:[37]
Philippines[edit]
There are four banks that have at least ₱1 trillion (around US$20 billion) worth of assets as of 2017, making them the "big four" banks by default:[38]
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, the "big four" are:[39]
- Banco Comercial Português
- Banco Português de Investimento
- Caixa Geral de Depósitos (state-owned)
- Novo Banco (former Banco Espírito Santo)
Romania[edit]
- Banca Comercială Română (of the Erste Group)
- BRD – Groupe Société Générale
- Banca Transilvania
- Raiffeisen Bank
Singapore[edit]
The term 'Big Three' is used instead of four. 'Big Four' was previously used before Overseas Union Bank was acquired by United Overseas Bank. The 'Big Three' are:
South Africa[edit]
In South Africa, the "big five" are:[40]
- Standard Bank (Not at all related to Standard Chartered Bank)
- FirstRand Bank (operators of First National Bank)
- Nedbank - owned by Old Mutual.
- Barclays Africa Group Limited trading as ABSA (also capitalised as Absa)- majority owned by Barclays since 2005; remainder owned by the public.
- Capitec Bank by 1 August 2017 businesstech.co.za said Capitec is now the second biggest bank in South Africa.
South Korea[edit]
In South Korea, the term "Big Five", is used as opposed to four. The "big five" are:[citation needed]
Spain[edit]
In Spain, the "big four" are, as of March 2017:[41]
- Santander
- BBVA (Bank of Bilbao and Biscay)
- Caixabank (Bank of Barcelona)
- Bankia (Bank of Madrid and Valencia)
Sweden[edit]
In Sweden, the "big four" are:[42]
Taiwan[edit]
The "Big Five" also includes:
Thailand[edit]
Before the Siamese Revolution, the banking system were controlled by foreign powers, particularly the "big four" European banks.
- The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank in 1888 (Now HSBC)
- The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China in 1894 (Now Standard Chartered Bank Thailand)
- Banque de l'Indochine in 1897 (Now Banque Calyon, a subsidiary of Crédit Agricole)
- Mercantile Bank of India in 1923 (Now Citibank Thailand, a subsidiary of Citigroup)
in 2014, the "big four" Bank [43] Together they hold over 66% of gross loans and controlling more than 67% of total assets in banking system [44]
United Kingdom[edit]
In relation to the United Kingdom (England and Wales), the phrase "big four banks" is currently used to refer to the four largest UK-based banking groups, being:
Until 1970, the phrase "big five banks" was used to refer to the five largest UK clearing banks (institutions which clear bankers' cheques), which in England and Wales were:
- Barclays Bank (now part of Barclays);
- Midland Bank (now HSBC Bank and part of HSBC);
- Lloyds Bank (now part of Lloyds Banking Group);
- National Provincial Bank and
- Westminster Bank
After the merger of Westminster Bank and National Provincial Bank to form NatWest (now part of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group) in 1970, the term "big four" was used.
In Scotland the "big four" are:
- The Royal Bank of Scotland ("RBS") (part of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group);
- Bank of Scotland (part of Lloyds Banking Group);
- Clydesdale Bank (part of CYBG plc); and
- Trustee Savings Bank ("TSB") (now part of TSB ).[47]
United States[edit]
In the United States, the "big four" banks hold 39% of all U.S. customer deposits (as of 2015), and consist of:[48][49]
- Bank of America (headquartered and bank chartered in Charlotte, North Carolina)
- Citigroup (headquartered in New York, New York, bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)
- JPMorgan Chase (headquartered in New York, New York, bank chartered in Columbus, Ohio)
- Wells Fargo (headquartered in San Francisco, California, bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)
From a retail banking perspective, U.S. Bancorp (headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota/bank charter Cincinnati, Ohio) and PNC Financial Services (headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania/bank charter Wilmington, Delaware) both have significantly more branches than Citibank, the retail banking arm of Citigroup.[50] However, Citibank still has significantly more assets than U.S. Bancorp and PNC.[51]
Vietnam[edit]
In Vietnam, the "big four" banks by total assets are four commercial banks:
References[edit]
- ↑ Adler, Lee. "The Big Four Central Banks Muddy The Same Sea of Liquidity". WolfStreet.com. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ↑ "Top 4 Banks dominating the global economy". Investopedia. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ↑ "Big four banks lower fixed rates". ABC News.
- ↑ "Quiggin, J. (2001), 'The 'People's Bank': the privatisation of the Commonwealth Bank and the case for a new publicly-owned bank', Australian Options".
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Parker, Tamsyn. NZ's big banks record $3.5b profit, The New Zealand Herald, November 5, 2013. Accessed April 14, 2014.
- ↑ Gray, Jamie. NZ's big banks under pressure, The New Zealand Herald, August 5, 2011. Accessed April 14, 2014.
- ↑ "Big Four banks' New Zealand profit up". Stuff.
- ↑ "Insights - KPMG - NZ". KPMG. 9 February 2018.
- ↑ "Kiwibank has the largest mortgage market share percentage growth in 2011; ANZ NZ adds the most volume". interest.co.nz.
- ↑ Westpac NZ outperforms Australian parent, The New Zealand Herald, August 16, 2011. Accessed April 14, 2014.
- ↑ Weir, James. Kiwibank lifts profit as customer base expands
- ↑ TSB profit rises despite mortgage market competition, Radio New Zealand, May 31, 2013. Accessed April 14, 2014.
- ↑ "SBS Bank lifts annual net profit nearly 22%". Radio New Zealand. 26 June 2013.
- ↑ "Heartland sees core growth". Radio New Zealand. 26 August 2013.
- ↑ "Österreich - Größte Banken nach Bilanzsumme 2016". Statista.
- ↑ "Os 20 maiores bancos do Brasil em valor de ativos". exame.abril.com.br.
- ↑ "A History of Modern Shanghai Banking".
- ↑ Yao Sui: Chinese Finance History, High Education Publisher in 2007, Beijing. (in Chinese: 《中国金融史》，姚遂 主编，高等教育出版社，2007年版)
- ↑ Li, C., China's Centralized Industrial Order (Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, 2015), pp. 126–147.
- ↑ "El top 10 de bancos con mayores ganancias en Colombia a septiembre". dinero.com.
- ↑ "Cinco bancos del país están entre los 50 más grandes de A. L".
- ↑ Pazderník, R., Banking supervision in transition: Czech experience 1990-2000 (master's thesis, 2003), Charles University, Prague.
- ↑ "World's Largest Banks 2018". www.relbanks.com.
- ↑ "Anglo Irish Bank Corporation (Executive Summary)". SME Financial. Archived from the original on 2011-05-04. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
...The only banks with higher market capitalisation were Allied Irish Banks (AIB) and Bank of Ireland, both with strong retail and commercial presences. Ulster Bank and National Irish Bank are the other members of the 'Big Four' retail and commercial banks, both owned by overseas parents and not listed on the Irish Stock Exchange
- ↑ Hardiman, Cyril (12 February 2005). "'Big Four' Northern banks face probe on pricing and competition claims". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ↑ "Cross-Border Personal Banking in Ireland" (PDF). Centre for Cross-Border Studies. Retrieved 2012-01-22.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Current Banknotes :: Current Banknotes". www.acbi.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
- ↑ Ryan, Susan. AIB's First Trust refunds £350,000 to customers over fee error, Business ETC, November 30, 2011. Accessed April 14, 2014.
- ↑ "Northern Bank to close four branches". BBC News. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ↑ "Japan's Biggest Banks See Profit Declining in Second Half". Bloomberg. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
- ↑ Nakano, M., Financial Crisis and Bank Management in Japan (1997 to 2016) (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), p. 128.
- ↑ "Top Lebanese Banks by Assets".
- ↑ "Luxembourg Banking Insights 2015" (PDF). pwc. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ↑ "Nederlandse Bankensector "(dutch)"". Banken.nl. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
- ↑ "Products and Services". ING Group. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
- ↑ "Business: The 5 Biggest Banks in Nigeria". Ventures Africa. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ↑ "The top five banks in Pakistan".
- ↑ "Ranking as to total assets".
- ↑ "CGD, BCP, BES e BPI reúnem-se com a Comissão Europeia (portuguese)". tvi24.pt.
- ↑ "Banks and foreign exchange in SA". SouthAfrica.info. Brand South Africa. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
- ↑ Bancos más grandes de España (Biggest banks in Spain): http://economipedia.com/ranking/bancos-mas-grandes-espana.html
- ↑ Östlund, Carl-Viggo. "Kunderna gisslan hos storbankerna (The customers held hostage by the big banks) (swedish)". Aftonbladet.se. Archived from the original on 2013-04-18.
- ↑ Fitch Affirms Thailand's 4 Largest Banks https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSFit92350320150522
- ↑ "Foreign banks consider branching into Thai banking". www.globalcapital.com.
- ↑ Kar-Gupta, Sudip. UK banks prepare for inevitable shake-up, Reuters, September 1, 2011. Accessed April 14, 2014.
- ↑ Kar-Gupta, Sudip. UK to prioritise taxpayers as bank shake-up looms, Reuters, April 10, 2011. Accessed. April 14, 2014.
- ↑ The Big Four by D Rogers Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Citigroup posts 4th straight loss; Merrill loss widens". USA Today. Associated Press. October 16, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
- ↑ Temple, James; The Associated Press (November 18, 2008). "Bay Area job losses likely in Citigroup layoffs". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 5 December 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
- ↑ "Banks Ranked by Number of Branches".
- ↑ "Banks Ranked by Total Assets".
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