Bureau of Pharmacy
Comment: Historical references section taken from En no Gyōja
Bureau of Pharmacy (典薬寮 Ten'yaku-ryō) was a Japanese institution
Historical references[edit]
Even historical accounts of his life are intermixed with legends and folklore. According to the chronicle Shoku Nihongi (797 AD), En no Ozunu was banished to the island of Izu Ōshima on June 26, 699:
On hinoto-ushi (sexagenary "fire ox") day[lower-alpha 1] [24th day of the 5th month, Mommu 3 (June 26, 699 AD)], En no Kimi Ozunu was banished to Izu no Shima. Ozunu had first lived in Mount Katsuragi and been acclaimed for his sorcery and was the teacher of Outer Junior 5th Rank Lower Grade Karakuni no Muraji Hirotari. Later, [a person (or Hirotari?)] envied his power and accused him of trickery with his weird magic. [The Imperial Court] banished him far [from the Capital]. Rumor says, "Ozunu was able to manipulate demonic spirits, making them draw water and gather firewood. When they disobeyed, he bound them using sorcery."[1]
In spite of this incident, it seems that the Court continued to highly evaluate the herbal knowledge of Ozunu's school, since Vol. 11 of the book also tells that on October 5, Tenpyō 4 (October 28, 732 AD), his student Karakuni no Hirotari was elected as the Head Apothecary (典薬頭 Ten'yaku no Kami), the highest position in Bureau of Pharmacy (典薬寮 Ten'yaku-ryō).[2]
Onmyōdō as a religion and the deification of onmyōji in the Heian period[edit]
After the assassination of Fujiwara no Tanetsugu in 785, the Emperor Kanmu was frightened by a vengeful spirit of Prince Sawara, his younger brother, due to the frequent incidents of personal disasters and mourning. The relocation of the capital from Nagaoka-kyō to Heian-kyō (present-day Kyoto) by him triggered a sudden spread of belief in noble ghost to appease vengeful spirits, especially in the Imperial court, and the tendency to seek more powerful benefits from spellcasting to dispel evil spirits became stronger. Against this backdrop, in addition to the ancient Shintoism, religious beliefs in the stars and Taoist spells, such as those using sacred symbols, came to be the focus of attention. Doctor of Spellcasting and spellcasters were in charge of spellcasting, which had elements of prophecy, Taoism, Buddhism, and especially esotericism, and belonged to the Bureau of Pharmacy of the Ministry of the Imperial Household, which had been established as an institution to offer prayers as medical treatment. However, Fujiwara no Kamatari, who was a researcher of onmyōdō, abolished them, and they were integrated into the Bureau of Onmyō. In this way, onmyōdō began to have elements of various colors, from Taoism or Buddhism (especially esoteric Buddhism introduced in the Nara and Heian periods (end of the 8th century)), astrology called sukuyōdō, which was introduced along with them, to ancient Shintoism. With the advent of the noble ghost faith, the onmyōdō became even more diverse. For example, spells such as changing the direction for good fortune and self-consecration, rituals such as the Festival of the Great Emperor of the Sacred Mountain of the East, and Uho steps (hempai[3]), which were often seen in onmyōdō practices, originated from Taoism, and rice scattering and liturgical incantations originated from ancient Shinto.[citation needed] Furthermore, in the process of the Hokke of the Fujiwara clan's expansion and establishment of power in the Imperial court, political conflicts among nobles intensified, and there were many occasions when onmyōdō was used for slander and defamation aimed at the downfall of rival forces.
See also[edit]
- Abe no Seimei
- Da Liu Ren
- Goryō
- Itako
- Kuji-in
- Onmyōdō
- Sanpaku
- Seimei Shrine
- Senji Ryakketsu
- Shikigami
- Shinigami
- Tengenjutsu (fortune telling)
- Ushi no toki mairi
Footnotes[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ↑ See Sexagenary cycle#Problems with English translation. The sequential number for "fire ox" may be 14th, but this does not determine the day of month, because it is continuously carried over, and does not reset to zero at the start of each month.
References[edit]
- ↑ Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1897), 續日本紀 [Shoku Nihongi], 國史大系 [Grand Collection of National History] (in 中文), 2, p. 7,
丁丑。役君小角流于伊豆島。初小角住於葛木山。以咒術稱。外從五位下韓國連廣足師焉。後害其能。讒以妖惑。故配遠處。世相傳云。小角能役使鬼神。汲水採薪。若不用命。即以咒縛之。
- ↑ Keizai Zasshisha 1897, 續日本紀 [Shoku Nihongi], p.189 Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
- ↑ Kosaka, Shinji (6 October 2001). "陰陽師が反閇をつとめるとはどういうことか" [What does it mean for an onmyōji to do hempai?]. da Vinci (in 日本語). Vol. October, 2001. Chiyoda City, Tokyo Metropolis, Japan: Kadokawa Future Publishing.
Further reading[edit]
- Murakami, Shūichi, ed. (1981). 日本陰陽道史総説 [A Review of the History of Onmyōdō in Japan] (in 日本語). Hanawa Shobō. ISBN 4827310572. Search this book on
- Endō, Katsumi (1994). 近世陰陽道史の研究 [Studies in the History of Early Modern Onmyōdō] (in Japanese). Shin Jinbutsu Ōrai Sha. ISBN 4404021569.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Kosaka, Shinji (2004). 安倍晴明撰『占事略決』と陰陽道 [Abe no Seimei's "Senji Ryakketsu" and Onmyōdō] (in Japanese). Kyūko Shoin. ISBN 9784762941672.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Saitō, Rei (2007). 王朝時代の陰陽道 [Onmyōdō in the Dynastic Period] (in Japanese). Meicho Kankō Kai. ISBN 978-4839003302.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Yamashita, Katsuaki (1996). 平安時代の宗教文化と陰陽道 [Religious Culture in the Heian Period and Onmyōdō] (in Japanese). Iwata Shoin. ISBN 4900697656.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Takahashi, Keiya (2000). 現代・陰陽師入門 [Introduction to Modern Onmyōji] (in Japanese). Asahi Sonorama. ISBN 4257035846.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Nakamura, Shōhachi (2000). 日本陰陽道書の研究 増補版 [A Study of the Onmyō Books in Japan; Expanded Edition] (in Japanese). Kyūko Shoin. ISBN 4257035846.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Suzuki, Ikkei (2002). 陰陽道 呪術と鬼神の世界 [Onmyōdō: The World of Spells and Demons] (in Japanese). Kōdansha. ISBN 9784062582445.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Seimei Shrine, ed. (2002). 安倍晴明公 [The Right Honorable Abe no Seimei] (in Japanese). Kōdansha. ISBN 9784062109833.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Hayashi, Jun; Koike, Jun'ichi (2002). 陰陽道の講義 [Lecture on Onmyōdō] (in Japanese). Sagano Shoin. ISBN 4782303610.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Shigeta, Shin'ichi (2005). 平安貴族と陰陽師 [Heian Nobles and Onmyōji] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbun Kan. ISBN 4642079424.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Hayashi, Jun (2005). 近世陰陽道の研究 [A Study of Early Modern Onmyōdō] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbun Kan. ISBN 4642034072.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Shigeta, Shin'ichi (2006). 陰陽師 [Onmyōji] (in Japanese). Chūōkōron-Shinsha. ISBN 4121018443.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Murakami, Shūichi, ed. (2017). 陰陽道叢書 1 古代 [Onmyōdō Series 1: The Ancient Times] (in Japanese). Hanawa Shobō. ISBN 978-4626017970.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Murakami, Shūichi, ed. (2017). 陰陽道叢書 2 中世 [Onmyōdō Series 2: The Middle Ages] (in Japanese). Hanawa Shobō. ISBN 978-4626017987.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Murakami, Shūichi, ed. (2017). 陰陽道叢書 3 近世 [Onmyōdō Series 3: The Early Modern Period] (in Japanese). Hanawa Shobō. ISBN 978-4626017994.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Murakami, Shūichi, ed. (2017). 陰陽道叢書 4 特論 [Onmyōdō Series 4: The Advanced Studies] (in Japanese). Hanawa Shobō. ISBN 978-4626018007.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
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