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Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


These drugs are known in the UK as controlled drug, because this is the term by which the act itself refers to them. In more general terms, however, many of these drugs are also controlled by the Medicines Act 1968, there are many other drugs which are controlled by the Medicines Act but not by the Misuse of Drugs Act, and some other drugs (alcohol, for example) are controlled by other laws.

The Misuse of Drugs Act sets out three separate categories, Class A, Class B, and Class C. Class A drugs represent those deemed most dangerous and so carry the harshest punishments. Class C represents those thought to have the least capacity for harm, and so the Act demands more lenient punishment. In reality the potential harm has little bearing on the class,[1] which has led to dissatisfaction with drug laws.[2]

Being found in possession of a drug on this list is dealt with less seriously than would be if it were deemed that there is intent to supply (even without payment) the drug to others. Possession with intent to supply carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment.

With regard to lawful possession and supply, a different set of categories apply which are set out in the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 (as amended). This sets out five schedules each with their own restrictions. Schedule 1 contains substances considered by the government to have no medicinal value, such as hallucinogens, and their use is limited primarily to research, whereas schedules 2–5 contain the other regulated drugs. This means that although drugs may fall into the category of Class A/B/C, they may also fall into one of the schedules for legitimate medicinal use. For example, morphine is a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, but when lawfully supplied falls under the category of a Schedule 2 controlled drug.

Substances may be removed and added to different parts of the schedule by statutory instrument, provided a report of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs has been commissioned and has reached a conclusion, although the Secretary of State is not bound by the council's findings. This list has in practice been modified a great number of times, sometimes removing substances, but more commonly adding some; for example, many benzodiazepines became Class C drugs in 1985, and many cathinones became Class B drugs in 2010.

Glossary of terminology used in this list

anabolic steroids – hormones that build muscle tissue
benzodiazepines – a class of sedative/anxiolytic drugs
cannabinoids – drugs that bind to cannabinoid receptors
arylcyclohexamines – dissociatives which act on the NMDA receptors
opioids – Drugs that bind to opioid receptors
phenethylamines – psychedelics based on phenethylamine
sedatives – drugs that lower arousal
stimulants – drugs that heighten arousal
tryptamines – psychedelics based on tryptamine

Class A drugs[edit]

1. The following substances, namely:—[3][non-primary source needed]

(a)

Name as specified
in the Act 		Brand or
street name 		Drug type Year
added
 Notes and comments
Acetorphine opioid 1971 primarily used to sedate elephants, giraffes and rhinos
Alfentanil 1984
Allylprodine 1971
Alphacetylmethadol synthetic
Alphameprodine
Alphamethadol
Alphaprodine
Anileridine
Benzethidine
Benzylmorphine
Betacetylmethadol
Betameprodine
Betamethadol
Betaprodine
Bezitramide Burgodin
Bufotenin Toad skin toxin tryptamine found in the skins of psychoactive toads, especially Bufo alvarius
Carfentanil Wildnil opioid 1986 Strongest known opioid; 10,000 times more potent than morphine, 100 times more potent than fentanyl. Used as a tranquilliser for large game (elephants etc.).
Clonitazene 1971
Coca leaf Erythroxylum the plant from which cocaine is derived
Cocaine Coke, Crack, Rock, Girl, Charlie, Sniff, Snow, Packet, Blow, Whiff, Gear, Bugle, Toot, Bag, The Devil's Dandruff, Marching Powder Tropane alkaloid
Desomorphine Krokodil (Russian for crocodile) opioid Primarily used in Russia and Ukraine. Its full chemical name is dihydrodesoxymorphine, and is a 3,6 diester salt of morphine
Dextromoramide Palfium
Diampromide
Diethylthiambutene
Difenoxin Roskies 1975
Dihydrocodeinone O-carboxymethyloxime 1971
Dihydroetorphine opioid (see notes) 2003 Semi-synthetic opioid; derivative of etorphine[4]
Dihydromorphine Paramorphan opioid 1971
Dimenoxadol
Dimepheptanol an analogue of methadone
Dimethylthiambutene
Dioxaphetyl butyrate
Diphenoxylate
Dipipanone
Drotebanol 1973
Ecgonine precursor 1971 "and any derivative of ecgonine which is convertible to ecgonine or to cocaine"
Ethylmethylthiambutene opioid
Eticyclidine arylcyclohexylamine 1984
Etonitazene opioid 1971
Etorphine 1,000–3,000 times more potent than morphine, veterinary use only for large game
Etoxeridine
Etryptamine Tryptamine 1998 [5]
Fentanyl Actiq, Duragesic, Sublimaze opioid 1971 Approximately 100 times the strength of morphine
Furethidine
Hydrocodone Vicodin, Norco, Lortab
Hydromorphinol
Hydromorphone Dilaudid, Palladone, Hymorphan, drug store heroin
Hydroxypethidine
Isomethadone Simple positional isomer of Methadone
Ketobemidone
Levomethorphan
Levomoramide the totally inactive isomer of dextromoramide
Levophenacylmorphan
Levorphanol Levo-Dromoran
Lofentanil 1986
Lysergamide ergoline 1971 a precursor to LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide LSD, acid "Lysergide and other N-alkyl derivatives of lysergamide"
Mescaline Mescal phenethylamine found naturally in types of cactus; cacti themselves not illegal
MDMA MD, Ecstasy (abbreviated E, X, or XTC), Molly (US), or Mandy (UK) 1977 not specifically named but covered by the ban of alkylenedioxy-substituted phenethylamines
MDA not specifically named but covered by the ban of alkylenedioxy-substituted phenethylamines
Metazocine opioid 1971
Methadone Methadose, Dolophine used in opioid replacement therapy to treat addiction
Methadyl acetate used in treating opioid addiction, structurally related to methadone
Methamphetamine Desoxyn, Crystal Meth, Meth, Ice, Glass, Tina, Crank, Gak, and others stimulant 2006 moved from class B to class A in 2006[6]
Methyldesorphine opioid 1971
Methyldihydromorphine
Metopon
Morphine MS, Dope, Hard Stuff, Miss Emma, Junk, Mister Blue, God's drug, Dreamer Derivative of the opium poppy and powerful narcotic painkiller
Morphine diacetate H, Heroin, Smack, Dope, Boy, Junk, Black Tar, Skag, Hero 3,6 diester salt of morphine, Morphine prodrug
Morphine methobromide "morphine N-oxide and other pentavalent nitrogen morphine derivatives"
Myrophine
Nicomorphine 3,6 diester salt of morphine
Noracymethadol
Norlevorphanol
Normethadone
Normorphine
Norpipanone Hexalgon methadol
Opium Laudanum, Pantopon opioid mixture milky secretion of the opium poppy – banned "whether raw, prepared or medicinal"
Oxycodone OxyContin, Percocet opioid Widely used strong pain killer
Oxymorphone Numorphan, Opana
Pethidine Meperidine, Demerol, Dolantine
Phenadoxone
Phenampromide
Phenazocine Discontinued in 2001
Phencyclidine Angel Dust, PCP arylcyclohexylamine 1979
Phenomorphan opioid 1971
Phenoperidine
Piminodine
Piritramide Dipidolor
Poppy-straw Papaver somniferum "Poppy-straw and concentrate of poppy-straw."
Proheptazine opioid
Properidine
Psilocin Tryptamine Psychoactive ingredient found in most psychedelic mushrooms; includes the prodrug psilocybin.
Psilocybin mushroom Magic Mushrooms, Shrooms fungi 2005 "Fungus (of any kind) that contains psilocin or an ester of psilocin."[7]
Racemethorphan opioid mixture 1971 Racemic mixture of Dextromethorphan (DXM) and Levomethorphan
Racemoramide
Racemorphan
Remifentanil opioid 2003 [4] Strong painkiller; cannot be used without plasma infusion equipment
Rolicyclidine PCPy arylcyclohexylamine 1984 Very similar to phencyclidine (PCP)
Sufentanil Sufenta opioid 1983
Tenocyclidine TCP arylcyclohexylamine 1984 Very similar to phencyclidine (PCP), but considerably more potent
Tapentadol Nucynta opioid 2009 Dual action as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Thebacon Acedicone 1971
Thebaine
Tilidate Valtran 1983
Trimeperidine 1971
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine DOB phenethylamine 1975 a drug of the DOx family
4-Cyano-2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylbutane opioid (see note) 1971 Methadone intermediate
4-Cyano-1-methyl-4-phenyl-piperidine Intermediate chemical in generation of the opioid, Pethidine
N,N-Diethyltryptamine DET, T-9 tryptamine
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine DMT, Changa Intense psychedelic drug
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine DOM phenethylamine a drug of the DOx family.
N-Hydroxy-tenamphetamine MDOH stimulant 1990
1-Methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid Pethidinic acid precursor 1971
2-Methyl-3-morpholino-1,1-diphenylpropanecarboxylic acid opioid (see notes) Converted in the body into the opioid Moramide
4-Methyl-aminorex Ice stimulant 1990
4-Methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine Serotoni, 4,4'-DMAR 2015[8][9]
1-Cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine MT-45 opioid
4-Phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester Norpethidine opioid (see notes) 1971 Commonly used in the production of Pethidine, although it has little opioid activity in its own right
N.B. Sub-paragraphs (b) and (c) were added in 1977, sub-paragraphs (d) and (e) were added in 1986. Sub-paragraph (ba) was subsequently added in 2001.[10]

(b) any compound (not being a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (a) above) structurally derived from tryptamine or from a ring-hydroxy tryptamine by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say—[11]

(i) by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the sidechain to any extent with alkyl or alkenyl substituents, or by inclusion of the nitrogen atom of the side chain (and no other atoms of the side chain) in a cyclic structure;
(ii) by substitution at the carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom of the side chain with alkyl or alkenyl substituents;
(iii) by substitution in the 6-membered ring to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, thioalkyl, alkylenedioxy, or halide substituents;
(iv) by substitution at the 2-position of the tryptamine ring system with an alkyl substituent;

(ba) the following phenethylamine derivatives, namely:—[12][13]

(c) any compound (not being methoxyphenamine or a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (a) above) structurally derived from phenethylamine an N-alkylphenethylamine, a methylphenethylamine, an N-alkyl-α-methylphenethylamine, an ethylphenethylamine, or an N-alkyl-α-ethylphenethylamine by substitution in the ring to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy or halide substituents, whether or not further substituted in the ring by one or more other univalent substituents.

(d) any compound (not being a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (a) above) structurally derived from fentanyl by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say,

(i) by replacement of the phenyl portion of the phenethyl group by any heteromonocycle whether or not further substituted in the heterocycle;
(ii) by substitution in the phenethyl group with alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halogeno, haloalkyl, amino or nitro groups;
(iii) by substitution in the piperidine ring with alkyl or alkenyl groups;
(iv) by substitution in the aniline ring with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy, halogeno or haloalkyl groups;
(v) by substitution at the 4-position of the piperidine ring with any alkoxycarbonyl or alkoxyalkyl or acyloxy group;
(vi) by replacement of the N-propionyl group by another acyl group;

(e) any compound (not being a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (a) above) structurally derived from pethidine by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say,

(i) by replacement of the 1-methyl group by an acyl, alkyl whether or not unsaturated, benzyl or phenethyl group, whether or not further substituted;
(ii) by substitution in the piperidine ring with alkyl or alkenyl groups or with a propano bridge, whether or not further substituted;
(iii) by substitution in the 4-phenyl ring with alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogeno or haloalkyl groups;
(iv) by replacement of the 4-ethoxycarbonyl by any other alkoxycarbonyl or any alkoxyalkyl or acyloxy group;
(v) by formation of an N-oxide or of a quaternary base.

(f) any compound (not being benzyl(α-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenethyl)amine) structurally derived from mescaline, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-α-methylphenethylamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-α,4-dimethylphenethylamine, N-hydroxytenamphetamine (N-hydroxy-MDA), or a compound specified in sub-paragraph (ba) or (c) above, by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the amino group with a benzyl substituent, whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring of the benzyl group to any extent.”.

2. Any stereoisomeric form of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 above not being dextromethorphan or dextrorphan.

3. Any ester or ether of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 or 2 above [not being a substance for the time being specified in Part II of this Schedule].

4. Any salt of a substance for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 3 above.

5. Any preparation or other product containing a substance or product for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 4 above.

6. Any preparation designed for administration by injection which includes a substance or product for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 3 of Part II of this Schedule.

Class B drugs[edit]

1. The following substances, namely:—[3][non-primary source needed]

(a)

Name as specified
in the Act 		Brand or
street name
 Drug type
 Year
added
 Notes and comments
Acetyldihydrocodeine opioid 1971
Amphetamine Adderall, Speed stimulant
Codeine Purple drank, Lean, Wock opioid legal without prescription in quantities of up to 12.8 mg per dosage unit or 15 mg/5 ml in oral solution and only in combination with other drug. UK Codeine law
Cannabinol and derivatives cannabinoid, psychedelic 2009 downgraded from class A to class C in 2004[14] and upgraded to class B in 2009[15] (Legalised for medicinal use in July 2018, and law excludes cannabidiol entirely)
Cannabis Cannabis, Green, Hash, Marijuana, Pot, Puff, Gas, Bud, Skunk, Ganja, Weed (among others) cannabinoid, psychedelic All cannabis varieties, including those grown as hemp, are controlled under the act, not just drug varieties
Downgraded from class B to class C in 2004[14] and upgraded to class B in 2009[15]
Dihydrocodeine Paracodine, Synalgos DC opioid 1971 legal in amounts up to 30 mg prescribed by doctor in tablet form and compounded with an adjunct non-opioid such as paracetamol.
Ethylmorphine Codethyline
Glutethimide Doriden sedative 1985
Ketamine Ketalar, Special K, Ket, Kenny, Kenneth, horse tranquilliser sedative 2006,[16] moved to class B in 2014[17] Used by Doctors on Air Ambulance duties to provide pain relief for serious or life-threatening injuries in extreme circumstances, when casualty sedation is required prior to a potential RSI.
Lefetamine stimulant 1985
Lisdexamfetamine Elvanse in the UK, Vyvanse in the US 2014[17]
Mecloqualone sedative 1984
a-Methylphenethylhydroxylamine 2001 [10]
Methaqualone Ludes, Mandrake, Mandrax, Quaalude sedative 1984
Methcathinone stimulant 1998 [5]
Methoxetamine dissociative 2013 [18]
4–Methylmethcathinone MCAT, Mephedrone, Meow Meow, Bath Salts stimulant 2010 [19]
Methylone M1
Methylphenidate Ritalin, Concerta 1971
Methylphenobarbitone sedative 1984
Naphyrone NRG-1 stimulant 2010
Nicocodeine opioid 1971
Nicodicodine 1973
Norcodeine 1971
Pentazocine Talwin, Fortal 1985
Phenmetrazine Preludin stimulant 1971
Pholcodine opioid
Propiram 1973
Zipeprol 1998 [5]

(aa)[20] Any compound (not being bupropion, cathinone, diethylpropion, pyrovalerone or a compound for the time being specified in sub–paragraph (a) above) structurally derived from 2–amino–1–phenyl–1–propanone by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say,

(i) by substitution in the phenyl ring to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy, haloalkyl or halide substituents, whether or not further substituted in the phenyl ring by one or more other univalent substituents;
(ii) by substitution at the 3–position with an alkyl substituent;
(iii) by substitution at the nitrogen atom with alkyl or dialkyl groups, or by inclusion of the nitrogen atom in a cyclic structure

(ab)[21] Any compound structurally derived from 2–aminopropan–1–one by substitution at the 1-position with any monocyclic, or fused‑polycyclic ring system (not being a phenyl ring or alkylenedioxyphenyl ring system), whether or not the compound is further modified in any of the following ways, that is to say,

(i) by substitution in the ring system to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl or halide substituents, whether or not further substituted in the ring system by one or more other univalent substituents;
(ii) by substitution at the 3–position with an alkyl substituent;
(iii) by substitution at the 2‑amino nitrogen atom with alkyl or dialkyl groups, or by inclusion of the 2‑amino nitrogen atom in a cyclic structure

(b) any 5,5 disubstituted barbituric acid

(c)[22] [2,3–Dihydro–5–methyl–3–(4–morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1, 2, 3–de]–1,4–benzoxazin–6–yl]–1–naphthalenylmethanone. (WIN 55,212-2)

3–Dimethylheptyl–11–hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol.

[9–Hydroxy–6–methyl–3–[5–phenylpentan–2–yl] oxy–5, 6, 6a, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10a–octahydrophenanthridin–1–yl] acetate.

9-(Hydroxymethyl)–6, 6–dimethyl–3–(2–methyloctan–2–yl)–6a, 7, 10, 10a–tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen–1–ol.

[2,3–Dihydro–5–methyl–3–(4–morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1, 2, 3–de]–1,4–benzoxazin–6–yl]–1–naphthalenylmethanone.

Any compound structurally derived from 3–(1–naphthoyl)indole or 1H–indol–3–yl–(1–naphthyl)methane by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2–(4–morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.

Any compound structurally derived from 3–(1–naphthoyl)pyrrole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the pyrrole ring by alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2–(4–morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the pyrrole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.

Any compound structurally derived from 1–(1–naphthylmethyl)indene by substitution at the 3–position of the indene ring by alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2–(4–morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indene ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.

Nabilone

Any compound structurally derived from 3–phenylacetylindole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring with alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2–(4–morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent.

Any compound structurally derived from 2–(3–hydroxycyclohexyl)phenol by substitution at the 5–position of the phenolic ring by alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2–(4–morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the cyclohexyl ring to any extent.";

Any compound structurally derived from 3-benzoylindole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl or 2–(4–morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent.

Any compound structurally derived from 3-(1-adamantoyl)indole or 3-(2-adamantoyl)indole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl or 2–(4–morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the adamantyl ring to any extent.

Any compound structurally derived from 3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropylcarbonyl)indole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl or 2–(4–morpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent.

(ca)[23] any compound (not being clonitazene, etonitazene, acemetacin, atorvastatin, bazedoxifene, indometacin, losartan, olmesartan, proglumetacin, telmisartan, viminol, zafirlukast or a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (c) above) structurally related to 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018), in that the four sub-structures, that is to say the indole ring, the pentyl substituent, the methanone linking group and the naphthyl ring, are linked together in a similar manner, whether or not any of the sub-structures have been modified, and whether or not substituted in any of the linked sub-structures with one or more univalent substituents and, where any of the sub-structures have been modified, the modifications of the sub-structures are limited to any of the following, that is to say—

(i) replacement of the indole ring with indane, indene, indazole, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine or pyrazolo[3,4‑b]pyridine;
(ii) replacement of the pentyl substituent with alkyl, alkenyl, benzyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl or (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl;
(iii) replacement of the methanone linking group with an ethanone, carboxamide, carboxylate, methylene bridge or methine group;
(iv) replacement of the 1-naphthyl ring with 2-naphthyl, phenyl, benzyl, adamantyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, 1-amino-1-oxopropan-2-yl, 1‑hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl or piperazinyl.

(d)[22] 1-Phenylcyclohexylamine or any compound (not being ketamine, tiletamine or a compound for the time being specified in paragraph 1(a) of Part 1 of this Schedule) structurally derived from 1-phenylcyclohexylamine or 2-amino-2-phenylcyclohexanone by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say,

(i) by substitution at the nitrogen atom to any extent by alkyl, alkenyl or hydroxyalkyl groups, or replacement of the amino group with a 1-piperidyl, 1-pyrrolidyl or 1-azepyl group, whether or not the nitrogen containing ring is further substituted by one or more alkyl groups;

(ii) by substitution in the phenyl ring to any extent by amino, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or halide substituents, whether or not further substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent;

(iii) by substitution in the cyclohexyl or cyclohexanone ring by one or more alkyl substituents;

(iv) by replacement of the phenyl ring with a thienyl ring.

(e) Any compound (not being a compound for the time being specified in paragraph 1(ba) of Part 1 of this Schedule) structurally derived from 1-benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran, 1H-indole, indoline, 1H-indene, or indane by substitution in the 6-membered ring with a 2-ethylamino substituent whether or not further substituted in the ring system to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, halide or haloalkyl substituents and whether or not substituted in the ethylamino side-chain with one or more alkyl substituents.

2. Any stereoisomeric form of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 of this Part of this Schedule.

3. Any salt of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 or 2 of this Part of this Schedule.

4. Any preparation or other product containing a substance or product for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 3 of this Part of this Schedule, not being a preparation falling within paragraph 6 of Part I of this Schedule.

Class C drugs[edit]

1. Class C drugs, supposedly the least harmful drugs, include the following substances:—[3][non-primary source needed]

(a)

Name as specified
in the Act 		Brand or
street name 		Drug type Year
added 		Notes and comments
Adinazolam Deracyn benzodiazepine 2017
Alprazolam Xanax 1985
Aminorex stimulant 1998 [5]
Benzphetamine Didrex 1971 metabolised into amphetamine and methamphetamine
Bromazepam Lexotan benzodiazepine 1985
Brotizolam Lendormin 1998 [5]
Buprenorphine Subutex, Buprenex opioid 1989 used for opioid replacement therapy to treat addiction
Camazepam benzodiazepine 1985
Cathine stimulant 1986 Khat (Catha edulis), the plant in which Cathine originates, is now also illegal in the UK[24][25]
Cathinone Khat (Catha edulis), the plant in which Cathinone originates, is now also illegal in the UK[24][25]
Chlordiazepoxide Librium benzodiazepine 1985
Chlorphentermine Apsedon stimulant 1971
Clobazam Frisium benzodiazepine 1985
Clorazepic acid Tranxène
Clonazepam Rivotril, Klonopin
Clotiazepam Clozan
Cloxazolam
Delorazepam
Dextropropoxyphene Darvon, Depronal opioid 1983
Diazepam Valium benzodiazepine 1985
Diethylpropion stimulant 1984
Estazolam ProSom benzodiazepine 1985
Ethchlorvynol Placidyl sedative
Ethinamate
Etilamfetamine stimulant 1986
Ethyl loflazepate benzodiazepine 1985
Fencamfamine stimulant 1971 Removed from the schedule in 1973, added to the schedule again in 1986
Fenethylline 1986
Fenproporex
Fludiazepam benzodiazepine 1985
Flunitrazepam Rohypnol
Flurazepam Dalmane, Staurodorm
Gabapentin Neurontin Gabapentinoid 2019
gamma-Butyrolactone GBL sedative 2009 Metabolised to GHB in the body. Classified in December 2009[26]
Halazepam benzodiazepine 1985
Haloxazolam
4-Hydroxy-n-butyric acid GHB sedative 2003 [4]
Ketazolam benzodiazepine 1985
Loprazolam Dormonoct
Lorazepam Ativan
Lormetazepam Noctamid, Loramet
Mazindol stimulant
Medazepam benzodiazepine
Mefenorex stimulant 1986 amphetamine derivative, metabolises to amphetamine
Mephentermine 1971
Meprobamate Miltown sedative 1985
Mesocarb stimulant 1998 [5] used to counteract the effects of benzodiazepines
Methyprylone sedative 1985
Midazolam Versed benzodiazepine 1990
Nitrous Oxide Whippets Psychedelic 2023
Nimetazepam benzodiazepine 1985
Nitrazepam Mogadon
Nordazepam Calmday
Oxazepam Seresta
Oxazolam
Pemoline stimulant 1989
Phendimetrazine Bontril 1971
Phentermine Fastin, Ionamin 1985
Pinazepam benzodiazepine
Pipradrol stimulant 1971
Propylhexedrine 1971 legalised in 1995[27]
Prazepam Lysanxia benzodiazepine 1985
Pregabalin Lyrica gabapentinoid 2019
Pyrovalerone stimulant 1986
Temazepam Restoril, jellies benzodiazepine 1985 becomes class A when prepared for injection
Tetrazepam
Tramadol opioid 2014 [17] Also functions as a weak SNRI.
Triazolam Halcion benzodiazepine 1985
Zaleplon Sonata nonbenzodiazepine 2014 [17]
Zolpidem Ambien 2003 [4]
Zopiclone Imovane 2014 [17]
N.B. Sub-paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) all refer to anabolic steroids that were banned in 1996[28] (unless referenced otherwise):

(b)

(c) any compound (not being Trilostane or a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (b) above) structurally derived from 17-hydroxyandrostan-3-one or from 17-hydroxyestran-3-one by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say, (i) by further substitution at position 17 by a methyl or ethyl group; (ii) by substitution to any extent at one or more of positions 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11 or 16, but at no other position; (iii) by unsaturation in the carbocyclic ring system to any extent, provided that there are no more than two ethylenic bonds in any one carbocyclic ring; (iv) by fusion of ring A with a heterocyclic system;

(d) any substance which is an ester or ether (or, where more than one hydroxyl function is available, both an ester and an ether) of a substance specified in sub-paragraph (b) or described in sub-paragraph (c) above;

(e)

(f) 1–benzylpiperazine or any compound (not being 1–(3–chlorophenyl)piperazine or 1–(3–chlorophenyl)–4–(3–chloropropyl)piperazine) structurally derived from 1–benzylpiperazine or 1–phenylpiperazine by modification in any of the following ways

(i) by substitution at the second nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring with alkyl, benzyl, haloalkyl or phenyl groups;

(ii) by substitution in the aromatic ring to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy, halide or haloalkyl groups;

2. Any stereoisomeric form of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 of this Part of this Schedule [not being phenylpropanolamine.]

3. Any salt of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 or 2 of this Part of this Schedule.

4. Any preparation or other product containing a substance for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 3 of this Part of this Schedule.

Derivatives and analogues[edit]

The act contains several references to "derivatives" of compounds but the extent of this term is not fully clarified. Where unspecified it is thought to indicate derivatives which can be made from the specified compound in a single synthetic step, although such a definition would indicate that alkyllysergamide analogues would be uncontrolled. Where the derivatives are specified to be "structural derivatives" there is precedent that the statute applies whenever the structure could be converted to the specified derivatives in any number of synthetic steps.[29]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

This article contains OGL licensed text This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3.0: To maintain the accuracy of the article, some of the text is copied directly from the legislation.

  1. ↑ Nutt, David J; Leslie A King; Lawrence D Phillips (6 November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis". The Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6. PMID 21036393. Retrieved 8 February 2012. Alcohol, heroin and crack were found to be most harmful, while LSD, Buprenorphine and psilocybin mushrooms were found to be least harmful. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Nutt, David (1 April 2010). "Trashing evidence-based drugs policy". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 February 2012. We will give the public the kind of high-quality evidence on drug harms our current crop of politicians apparently do not feel they need before making far reaching decisions around drugs classification.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38): SCHEDULE 2: Controlled Drugs". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 2003". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 1998". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  6. ↑ "Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2006". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  7. ↑ "Drugs Act 2005 (c. 17)". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  8. ↑ "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2015". UK Home Office. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "Circular 003/2015: a change to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971: control of MT-45 and 4,4'-DMAR". UK Home Office. 20 February 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 2001". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  11. ↑ "The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment No. 3) (England, Wales and Scotland) Regulations 2014". www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/. UK Home Office. 11 December 2014.
  12. ↑ King, L. A. (2009). Forensic Chemistry of Substance Misuse: A Guide to Drug Control. Cambridge: RSC Publishing. Search this book on
  13. ↑ "UK Misuse of Drugs act 2001 Amendment summary". Isomer Design. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification)(No. 2) Order 2003". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2008". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  16. ↑ "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2005". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Ketamine etc.) (Amendment) Order 2014". UK Government. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  18. ↑ MXE ceased to be covered by the temporary prohibition on 26 February 2013, when it became classified as a Class B drug
  19. ↑ Mephedrone ban comes into force in UK
  20. ↑ "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2010".
  21. ↑ "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment No. 2) Order 2010".
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2013".
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016". File:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Klein, Axel (2007). "Khat and the creation of tradition in the Somali diaspora" (PDF). In Fountain, Jane; Korf, Dirk J. Drugs in Society: European Perspectives. Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing. pp. 51–61. ISBN 978-1-84619-093-3. Search this book on
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Warfa, Nasir; Klein, Axel; Bhui, Kamaldeep; Leavey, Gerard; Craig, Tom; Stansfeld, Stephen Alfred (2007). "Khat use and mental illness: A critical review". Social Science & Medicine. 65 (2): 309–318. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.038. PMID 17544193.
  26. ↑ The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2009 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2009/9780111486610/contents
  27. ↑ "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 1995". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  28. ↑ "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 1996". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  29. ↑ Forensic Chemistry of Substance Misuse : A Guide to Drug Control Edition by Leslie A. King (2009)

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