Feyli people
The Feyli people (Kurdish: فەیلی; Luri: فیلی) were a collection of several Kurdish, Luri, and Laki tribes. The Feyli Kurds spoke the Feyli or Ilami dialect of southern Kurdish, the Feyli Lurs spoke the Feyli dialect of northern Luri, and the Feyli Laks spoke the Laki dialect of southern Kurdish. The Feylis lived mainly in Posht-e-Kuh in Ilam province but also in Pish-e-Kuh in Lorestan province, Bala Gariva in Khuzestan province, and the cities of Khanaqin, Mandali, Badra, and Ali al-Gharbi in Iraq.
Etymology
The term Feyli emerged during the rule of the Feyli walis over Lur-e-Kuchik (Posht-e-Kuh and Pish-e-Kuh), and these regions were also called Feyli. The Feyli population was divided into three categories: the Kurds in Posht-e-Kuh and eastern Iraq, the Laks and Lurs in Pish-e-Kuh, and the Lurs in Bala Gariva.[1] The tribes of Lur-e-Kuchik, whether Kurds, Laks, or Lurs, were all called Feyli.[2]
History
In 1006 (1597–98), Shah Abbas I appointed Hoseyn Khan Solvizi of the Solvizi Lur tribe as the wali of Lur-e-Kuchik. Also in the 16th century, Lur-e-Kuchik was called Luristan for the first time, or Feyli Luristan after the ruling dynasty. At the beginning of the 19th century, Lur-e-Kuchik was divided into Posht-e-Kuh and Pish-e-Kuh after Mohammad-Ali Mirza, the son of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, seized Pish-e-Kuh from the Feyli walis and installed a Persian governor. When authority of the Feyli walis was reduced to only Posht-e-Kuh, the term Feyli was also reduced to only the tribes of Posht-e-Kuh. The tribes of Pish-e-Kuh abandoned the term Feyli, and the tribes that were allied to the Feyli dynasty migrated to Pusht-e-Kuh with them. Feyli was a title of the Solvizi tribe, and all the tribes in Lur-e-Kuchik, whether Kurds, Lurs, or Laks, were called Feyli for the two centuries that the Feyli dynasty ruled Lur-e-Kuchik. There were also Feyli Lurs in Bala Gariva in Khuzestan.[3][2]
Tribes and dialects
The term Feyli included the Southern Kurds, the Northern (Minjayi) Lurs, and the Laks.[4] While the Luri tribes dominated the Feyli confederation, most Feyli tribes were Kurdish. The Feyli Kurds spoke the Feyli dialect of Southern Kurdish, while the Feyli Lurs spoke the Feyli dialect of Northern Luri. The Feyli dialect of Kurdish, also known as Ilami, was different from the Feyli dialect of northern Luri, which was much closer to Persian. The Feyli Laks spoke Laki.[5][6][7]
According to several surveys done during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, most of Posht-e-Kuh were Feyli Kurds.[8][9][3][10] The principal Feyli Kurdish tribes in Posht-e-Kuh were Mahaki and Kord (or Kordali).[9][11][2] Many Feyli Kurds were in Posht-e-Kuh before the arrival of the Feyli walis.[12]
Isabella Bishop, who visited Kurdistan and Luristan in 1890, wrote that the dialect of the Feyli Lurs was influenced by the Kurdish spoken in Kermanshah.[13]
Evliya Çelebi spoke of Luristan as a territory independent from both the Safavids and Ottomans, and distinguished between the Sunni Kurds of Kurdistan and the Shia Kurds of Luristan, and distinguished both of them from Iranians. Bruinessen claimed that by Kurds of Luristan, he meant the Feylis. Mehmed Hurşid Paşa, who surveyed the region between Baghdad and the Persian border, mentioned two tribal groups, the Bani Lam and the Feyli. He called the Feylis "Persian subjects" and listed the tribes of Posht-e-Kuh and Pish-e-Kuh, and added that all of the Feyli tribes were Kurds who spoke Gorani and were mostly Shia with Yarsani minorities. He claimed that the center of the Feyli Kurds was Deh-e-Bala, and that the Kurds of Kermanshah were not Feyli.[6] Henry Rawlinson, who visited Posht-e-Kuh in 1834, stated that most Feylis were Yarsani.[14] However, George Curzon, who visited in 1892, stated that most Feylis were Shia Muslims, although nominally, as they were still attached to local cults, having "very little respect either for the Prophet or the Koran" and also having "pirs or holy men of their own, whose tombs are regarded as sacred places, and the chief of whom, Baba Buzurg is buried in their country." Many Feylis remained Yarsani. Curzon noted that the wali, Hossein Qoli Khan, had "summer quarters were in the secluded valley of Dehbala; his winter domicile is in Huseinieh, at the foot of the Pusht-i Kuh, just within the Turkish border. He trades with Baghdad by way of Kut. It is upon Turkish territory that he makes his raids, constant disputes occurring about the occupation by the Lurs of Ottoman soil; and his sworn and inveterate enemies are the Beni Lam Arabs, who are Turkish subjects. He is probably the best living representative of the old style of Border chieftain, and is said to be able to call out 30,000 fighting men."[6]
The southern areas of Posht-e-Kuh included Lurs, who were a large part of the government during the time of the Feyli walis.[15] Some Lur tribes, such as Kaidkhordeh, had lived in Pushtkove since ancient times.[15][16] Some Lur tribes, such as Reshnu, Dinarvand, and Heydari, migrated from Pish-e-Kuh to Posht-e-Kuh when Pish-e-Kuh was seized by the Qajars.[15][17][18][19]
Orientalists were generally afraid to visit Posht-e-Kuh after the murders of two surveyors in the 19th century, and often generalized all of Posht-e-Kuh as Lurs. Ismail Kamandar Fattah later highlighted many of those errors.[11][3]
References
- ↑ مرادیمقدم، مراد (۱۳۸۵). تاریخ سیاسی و اجتماعی پشتکوه در دوران والیان فیلی، فصلنامه مطالعات ملی ۲۵، سال هفتم، شماره ۱. ص. ۷۱.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "FEYLĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The Iraqi Ba'th Regime's Atrocities Against the Faylee Kurds: Nation-State Formation Distorted, Adel Soheil, 2025, pp. 97-105
- ↑ "لر فیلی کیست و سرزمین او کجاست - گلونی". پایگاه خبری گلونی (in فارسی). 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
- ↑ "KERMANSHAH vii. LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Faylis, Kurds and Lurs: Ambiguity on the frontier of Iran and Iraq, an overview of the literature, Third International Conference on Faylee Kurds, Brussels, European Parliament, 12 April 2018, Martin van Bruinessen, pp. 1-12, Utrecht University
- ↑ Minorsky, V. (1986). "Luristān". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 829–832. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=ignored (help) - ↑ Asadi, Alireza; Shafei, Kaivan; Sheikh Ahmadi, Seyed Mohammad (2022-10-23). "Changes of Poshtkouh Boundary in the Qajar Era". Historical Studies. 13 (2): 7. doi:10.30465/hcs.2022.42447.2671. ISSN 2251-7766.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 مرادیمقدم، مراد؛ کشتمند، ناهید (زمستان ۱۳۸۸). «اسنادی از طایفه باپیروند کرد». پیام بهارستان. ۲ (۶): ۴۹۷، ۴۹۸.
- ↑ مرادیمقدم، مراد (۱۳۸۵). تاریخ سیاسی و اجتماعی پشتکوه در دوران والیان فیلی، فصلنامه مطالعات ملی ۲۵، سال هفتم، شماره ۱. ص. ۷۱.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 مرادیمقدم، مراد (پاییز و زمستان ۱۳۸۸). «فصلنامه فرهنگی پژوهشی فرهنگ ایلام، فتحنامههای والیان ایلام در نامهٔ حزب میهن پرستان ایل کرد» (۲۴–۲۵): ۵۰–۵۱.
- ↑ The Iraqi Ba'th Regime's Atrocities Against the Faylee Kurds: Nation-State Formation Distorted, Adel Soheil, 2025, pp. 102
- ↑ بیشوپ، ایزابلا، ۱۳۷۵. از بیستون تا زردکوه بختیاری، ترجمهٔ مهراب امیری، تهران: نشر آنزان و نشر سهند، چاپ اول؛ ص ۵۲.
- ↑ راولینسون، هنری. ۱۸۳۹. یادداشتهایی دربارۀ سفر از زهاب در دامنههای زاگرس در امتداد کوهها به خوزستان (شوش) و از آنجا از استان لرستان به کرمانشاه در سال ۱۸۳۶ (به انگلیسی)، در مجلۀ جامعۀ جغرافیایی پادشاهی، شمارۀ ۴، ۱۸۳۹، ص ۵۲؛ بازدید در ۲۳ بهمن ۱۳۹۸.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Template:یادکرد ژورنال
- ↑ Template:یادکرد کتاب
- ↑ "دیناروند | مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی". www.cgie.org.ir.
- ↑ "پشتکوه". موسسهٔ لغتنامهٔ دهخدا و مرکز بینالمللی آموزش زبان فارسی.
- ↑ Template:یادکرد کتاب
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