Illiberalism

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Illiberalism refers to a political and moral philosophy ideologically in opposition to liberalism. It can be broadly characterized as a rejection of electoral democracy, human rights, the rule of law, and toleration.

Origin and description

The term illiberalism evolved from the original term illiberal democracy coined by Fareed Zakaria in a 1997 article in the journal Foreign Affairs. It has since grown to wider prominence since the start of the 21st century with many regimes embracing forms of the ideology. The term should not be confused as a synonym for non-liberalism. Rather, it encapsulates an ideology that specifically rejects liberal values. While there may be regimes that are non-liberal, such as classic authoritarian or totalitarian regimes, they need not necessarily be “illiberal”. Illiberalism is thus better understood as a form of postliberalism—that is, as an ideology whose exponents are pushing back against liberalism—especially after having experienced it.

In different settings, adherents of illiberalism stress different issues identifying different groups as their enemy. In some cases this could include opposition parties, civil society groups, or liberals; in other cases this could include an "other" of migrants. Where illiberal parties are in power, their worldviews intertwine with authoritarian and patronal governance practices.

Evolution of the term

Writing about the presence of illiberal politics in East Asia, Jan Engberg and Svante Ersson adopted Zakaria’s term “illiberal democracy” and developed a methodology for identifying illiberal democracies by suggesting that illiberal regimes were those where civil liberties were respected less than political rights. They use the concept to highlight a style of democratic rule prioritizing restriction of common features of liberal democratic such as civil liberties while producing a strong governing system and economic growth.

Tamás Csillag and Iván Szelényi distinguished liberalism from democracy defining the first as a political system with separation of powers, protection of civil liberties, and protection of property; and the second as a system with majoritarian rule. Subsequently, illiberalism and illiberal systems need not necessarily be uniquely present in a democratic state. Rather, the authors distinguish between liberal democracy, illiberal democracy, liberal autocracy, and illiberal autocracy. Csillag and Szelényi further addressed the case studies of Hungary and Russia as examples of unquestionably illiberal regimes but not necessarily democratic ones.

Aron Buzogány and Mihai Varga also dealt with the case of Hungary identifying illiberalism as a specific ideology that has become disillusioned with liberal democracy and neoliberalism. They argue that networks of Hungarian intellectuals in the late 1990s and onwards, receptive to and seeking of criticisms of liberalism, worked to build a network of conservative thought in Europe promoting illiberal ideology. They write that in the post-communist era in Hungary, “Conservative intellectuals reacted to the ‘liberal’ [emphasis] on checks and balances, individual rights, and judicialization of politics. Against these developments, conservatives pointed to the inherent contradictions and intellectual emptiness of liberal democracies. They criticized the liberal focus on formal institutions as a panacea for societal and political problems and re-affirmed the importance of ‘anti-communism’, of politicians wielding ‘real’ power, and of sovereign states capable of recognizing and formulating their own national interests.”

Marlene Laruelle argues that usage of the term illiberalism has captured an ideology emergent in countries that have historically experienced liberal democracy and have since become disenchanted with the system and its values turning instead toward illiberal regimes. She further makes the case that usage of the term “illiberalism” as a noun rather than as an adjective better captures the ideology and avoids criticisms from authors such as Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way that use of the term “illiberal” with “democracy” inaccurately mischaracterizes some governments as democratic.

Characteristics

Adherents of illiberalism denounce, to varying degrees, core tenants of liberal systems including the political, economic, and cultural values. They frequently embody nativist values rejecting supranational institutions, globalization, multiculturalism, and the protection of minorities. They also tend to favor policies that weaken democracy such as restrictions on freedom of press, limitations to judicial overview, and consolidation of power.

See also

Other articles of the topic Politics : New York's congressional districts, Ewald Max Hoyer, Anan Foundation, Social Activist, Incumbent, Frank Blackburn, Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
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• Authoritarianism
• Constitutional liberalism
• Criticism of democracy
• Democratic backsliding
• Defective democracy
• Dictablanda
• Dominant-party system
• Guided democracy
• Herrenvolk democracy
• Hybrid regime
• Illiberal democracy
• Inverted totalitarianism
• Liberal democracy
• Liberalism
• Political corruption
• Representative democracy
• Semi-authoritarian
• Soft despotism
• State within a state
• Totalitarian democracy

References

This article "Illiberalism" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Illiberalism. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

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