Lactase persistence frequencies by population
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Genetic analysis of lactase persistence has identified four main causal variants associated with the LP trait: T-13910, C-14010, G-13907 and G-13915. The T-13910 mutation primarily occurs among lactose tolerant populations in Europe, from where it is believed to have arisen and dispersed. G-13915 is centered in the Middle East, the allele's presumed area of origin. The G-13907 variant is concentrated among Afroasiatic speakers in Northeast Africa.[1] C-14010 is today most common among pastoralist groups inhabiting eastern Africa, having likely arrived from parts of the Sahara that were previously inhabited by Afroasiatic-speaking populations. This was deduced from the existence of animal husbandry- and milking-related loanwords of Afroasiatic origin in various Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo languages, as well as from the earliest appearance of processed milk lipids on ceramics which were found at the Tadrart Acacus archaeological site in Libya (radiocarbon-dated to ~7,500 BP, close to the estimated age of the C-14010 allele).[2]
Below are frequencies of lactase persistence associated alleles in global populations:
| Population/Region | Country | Number of chromosomes | -14010 G>C (rs145946881) | -14009 T>G (rs820486563) | -13915 T>G (rs41380347) | -13910 C>T (rs4988235) | -13907 C>G (rs41525747) | Total LP associated alleles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adygei[3] | Russia | 34 | 12% | 12% | ||||
| Afar[4] | Ethiopia | 152 | 1% | 1% | 18% | 1% | 24% | 45% |
| Ajman[5] | Kuwait | 74 | 0% | 0% | 6% | 0% | 0% | 6% |
| Akan[6] | Ghana | 392 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Akie[7] | Tanzania | 28 | 25% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 25% | |
| Ama[7] | Sudan | 4 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Algerian[8] | Algeria | 21 | 33% | 33% | ||||
| Amhara[4] | Ethiopia | 152 | 0% | 3% | 4% | 0% | 6% | 13% |
| Amhara (phenotyped)[9] | Ethiopia | 108 | 0% | 5% | 6% | 0% | 2% | 12% |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands[10] | India | 68 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 0% | 2% |
| Anuak[4] | Ethiopia | 138 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Arabs[11] | Saudi Arabia | 248 | 0% | 0% | 57% | 0% | 1% | 58% |
| Arabs[11] | Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, West Bank | 40 | 0% | 0% | 11% | 13% | 0% | 24% |
| Arabs (Dhofaris, Southern)[1] | Oman | 420 | 0% | 0% | 72% | 0% | 0% | 72% |
| Arabs (Northern)[12] | Oman | 684 | 0% | 0% | 14% | 1% | 0% | 15% |
| Arabs (Palestinian)[3] | Israel | 102 | 4% | 4% | ||||
| Arabs (Palestinian)[13][14] | Israel/Palestinian Authority | 36 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Arabs (Urban)[1] | Israel | 84 | 0% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 0% | 5% |
| Arabs (Urban)[13][14] | Israel | 162 | 0% | 1% | 6% | 0% | 0% | 6% |
| Armenians[8] | Armenia | 88 | 1% | 1% | ||||
| Armenians[1] | Armenia | 102 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 18% | 0% | 18% |
| Asante[4] | Ghana | 70 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Assyrians[8] | Syria | 80 | 4% | 4% | ||||
| Azeri[1][8] | Azerbaijan | 80 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 0% | 1% |
| Balochi[3] | Pakistan | 50 | 36% | 36% | ||||
| Balti[15] | Pakistan | 46 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Baluch[15] | Pakistan | 38 | 34% | 34% | ||||
| Bantu (Northeast)[3] | Kenya | 24 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Bantu[16] | Malawi | 310 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Bantu[3] | South Africa | 16 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Bantu[16] | Uganda | 44 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Basques[3] | France | 48 | 67% | 67% | ||||
| Basques[15] | France | 170 | 66% | 66% | ||||
| Bedouin[3] | Israel | 98 | 3% | 3% | ||||
| Bedouin (Arabs)[17] | Israel | 302 | 28 | 2% | 2% | |||
| Bedouin (Israeli)[13][14] | Israel | 38 | 0% | 0% | 13% | 3% | 0% | 16% |
| Beja (Banuamir)[7] | Sudan | 12 | 0% | 17% | 0% | 25% | 42% | |
| Beja (Beni Amer)[4] | Sudan | 170 | 0% | 11% | 24% | 1% | 6% | 42% |
| Beja (Hadandawa)[7] | Sudan | 22 | 0% | 9% | 0% | 18% | 27% | |
| Belarusians[1] | Belarus | 100 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 23% | 0% | 23% |
| Berber[16] | Morocco | 154 | 14% | 14% | ||||
| Berber Amizmiz (High-Atlas)[18] | Morocco | 78 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 14% | 0% | 14% |
| Berber Moyen-Atlas (Mid-Atlas)[18] | Morocco | 66 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 14% | 0% | 14% |
| Berber (Mozabite)[3] | Algeria | 60 | 22% | 22% | ||||
| Berber (M'zab)[18] | Algeria | 66 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 16% | 0% | 16% |
| Brahui[3] | Pakistan | 50 | 34% | 34% | ||||
| Brahui[15] | Pakistan | 60 | 27% | 27% | ||||
| Brazzaville[4] | Congo | 104 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| British[19] | Scotland | 1032 | 82% | 82% | ||||
| British (Central)[19] | England | 1368 | 76% | 76% | ||||
| British (Northern)[19] | England | 2336 | 75% | 75% | ||||
| British (Southeastern)[19] | England | 1894 | 70% | 70% | ||||
| British (English)[1] | United Kingdom | 102 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 75% | 0% | 75% |
| British (Orcadian)[3] | England | 32 | 69% | 69% | ||||
| Builsa[4] | Ghana | 42 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Burji[7] | Kenya | 16 | 6% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% | |
| Burunge[7] | Tanzania | 36 | 38% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 38% | |
| Burusho[3] | Pakistan | 50 | 10% | 10% | ||||
| Burusho[15] | Pakistan | 60 | 2% | 2% | ||||
| Cambodian[3] | Cambodia | 22 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Catalans[1] | Spain | 58 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 26% | 0% | 26% |
| Chagga[4] | Tanzania | 92 | 14% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 14% |
| Chewa[4] | Malawi | 100 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Dagestans (Mixed)[15] | Russia | 46 | 13% | 13% | ||||
| Dai[3] | China | 20 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Datog[7] | Tanzania | 8 | 63% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 63% | |
| Daur[3] | China | 20 | 5% | 5% | ||||
| Dinka[7] | Sudan | 18 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Dinka[16] | Sudan | 68 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Dorobo[7] | Tanzania | 20 | 40% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 40% | |
| Druss[15] | Russia | 34 | 12% | 12% | ||||
| Druze[3] | Israel | 96 | 2% | 2% | ||||
| Druze[13][14] | Israel | 28 | 0% | 0% | 11% | 4% | 0% | 14% |
| El Molo[7] | Kenya | 18 | 11% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 11% | |
| Estonians[20] | Estonia | 628 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 51% | 0% | 51% |
| Finns[11] | Finland | 1876 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 58% | 0% | 58% |
| Finns (Eastern)[15] | Finland | 154 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 55% | 0% | 55% |
| Finns (Western)[15] | Finland | 308 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 62% | 0% | 62% |
| Fiome[7] | Tanzania | 24 | 55% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 55% | |
| French[3] | France | 58 | 43% | 43% | ||||
| French[15] | France | 34 | 34% | 34% | ||||
| Frisians[1] | Netherlands | 58 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 81% | 0% | 81% |
| Fulani[13][14] | Cameroon | 102 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 39% | 0% | 39% |
| Fulani[15] | Sudan | 88 | 48% | 48% | ||||
| Fulbe[21] | Cameroon | 102 | 21% | 21% | ||||
| Gabra[7] | Kenya | 18 | 0% | 28% | 0% | 11% | 39% | |
| Georgians[1] | Georgia | 108 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 8% | 0% | 8% |
| Germans[1][8] | Germany | 60 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 55% | 0% | 55% |
| Greek-Cypriots[1] | Cyprus | 120 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 0% | 1% |
| Greeks[22] | Greece | 200 | 9% | 9% | ||||
| Greeks[1][8] | Greece | 120 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 15% | 0% | 15% |
| Hadza[7] | Tanzania | 36 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Han[3] | China | 90 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Han[15] | China | 200 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Han[1] | Singapore | 98 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 4% |
| Han (Northern)[23] | China | 138 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | ||
| Hausa[16] | Cameroon | 36 | 14% | 14% | ||||
| Hazara[15] | Pakistan | 28 | 4% | 4% | ||||
| Hazara[3] | Pakistan | 50 | 8% | 8% | ||||
| Hezhen[3] | China | 20 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Hezhen[24] | China | 154 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Hezhen[23] | China | 196 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | ||
| Hungarian[25] | Hungary | 220 | 62% | 62% | ||||
| Hungarian[26] | Hungary | 362 | 36% | 36% | ||||
| Indians (Central)[10] | India | 358 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 0% | 6% |
| Indians (Dawoodi Bohra, Gujarat)[27] | India | 100 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 11% | 0% | 11% |
| Indians (Dawoodi Bohra, Tamil Nadu)[27] | India | 124 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 14% | 0% | 14% |
| Indians (East)[10] | India | 620 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 0% | 2% |
| Indians (Mappla)[1] | India | 124 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 0% | 2% |
| Indians (North)[10] | India | 580 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 16% | 0% | 16% |
| Indians (North)[1][8] | India | 120 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 20% | 0% | 20% |
| Indians (North East)[10] | India | 278 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 0% | 1% |
| Indians (North, Lucknow)[28] | India | 154 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 19% | 0% | 19% |
| Indians (Shia)[27] | India | 142 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 10% | 0% | 10% |
| Indians (South)[10] | India | 1728 | 0% | 0% | 1% | 9% | 0% | 9% |
| Indians (South)[1] | India | 102 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 12% | 0% | 12% |
| Indians (South, Bangalore)[28] | India | 152 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 7% | 0% | 7% |
| Indians (Sunni)[27] | India | 164 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 10% | 0% | 10% |
| Indians (West)[10] | India | 936 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 21% | 0% | 21% |
| Iraqw[7] | Tanzania | 78 | 58% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 58% | |
| Iranians[11] | Iran | 42 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 10% | 0% | 10% |
| Iranians[1][8] | Iran | 154 | 0% | 0% | 1% | 3% | 0% | 4% |
| Iranians[15] | Iran | 42 | 10% | 10% | ||||
| Iranians (Shia)[27] | India | 98 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 4% |
| Irish[1][8] | Ireland | 68 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 96% | 0% | 96% |
| Italians[21] | Italy | 134 | 13% | 13% | ||||
| Italians (Central)[22] | Italy | 196 | 11% | 11% | ||||
| Italians (Central-North)[22] | Italy | 412 | 13% | 13% | ||||
| Italians (North)[3] | Italy | 28 | 36% | 36% | ||||
| Italians (North-Eastern)[22] | Italy | 438 | 24% | 24% | ||||
| Italians (Sardinian)[22] | Italy | 306 | 7% | 7% | ||||
| Italians (Sardinian)[3] | Italy | 56 | 7% | 7% | ||||
| Italians (South)[15] | Italy | 200 | 5% | 5% | ||||
| Italians (South)[22] | Italy | 378 | 8% | 8% | ||||
| Italians (Tuscan)[3] | Italy | 16 | 6% | 6% | ||||
| Italians (Tyroleans Bozen)[1] | Italy | 80 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 15% | 0% | 15% |
| Italians (Tyroleans Gadertal)[1] | Italy | 76 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 42% | 0% | 42% |
| Italians (Tyroleans Vinschgau)[1] | Italy | 102 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 36% | 0% | 36% |
| Japanese[3] | Japan | 62 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Japanese[1] | Singapore | 84 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Jews (Ashkenazi)[17] | Israel | 192 | 9% | 9% | ||||
| Jews (Ashkenazi)[8] | Poland | 96 | 8% | 8% | ||||
| Jews (Ashkenazi)[1][8] | United Kingdom | 38 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 11% | 0% | 11% |
| Jews (Iraqi)[17] | Israel | 192 | 4% | 4% | ||||
| Jordanian[11] | Jordan | 112 | 0% | 0% | 5% | 5% | 0% | 11% |
| Jordanian[13][14] | Jordan | 46 | 0% | 0% | 35% | 0% | 0% | 35% |
| Kalash[15] | Pakistan | 60 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Kalash[3] | Pakistan | 50 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Kalenjin (Marakwet)[7] | Kenya | 14 | 36% | 7% | 0% | 0% | 43% | |
| Kalenjin (Nandi)[7] | Kenya | 8 | 25% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 25% | |
| Kashmiri[15] | Pakistan | 40 | 12% | 12% | ||||
| Kazak[24] | China | 188 | 5% | 5% | ||||
| Kazak[23] | China | 194 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | ||
| Kazak[29] | Uzbekistan | 166 | 16% | 16% | ||||
| Khalka[1] | Mongolia | 114 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 3% | 0% | 3% |
| Kikuyu[7] | Kenya | 4 | 75% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 75% | |
| Komi[15] | Russia | 20 | 15% | 15% | ||||
| Konso[7] | Kenya | 12 | 8% | 8% | 0% | 0% | 17% | |
| Koreans[15] | South Korea | 46 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Kuvale[30] | Angola | 108 | 6% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% |
| Kuwaiti[1] | Kuwait | 66 | 0% | 0% | 25% | 3% | 0% | 30% |
| Kuwaiti[8] | Kuwait | 28 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Lahu[3] | China | 20 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Maale[4] | Ethiopia | 132 | 0% | 5% | 4% | 0% | 2% | 11% |
| Maasai[7] | Kenya | 64 | 58% | 0% | 0% | 8% | 61% | |
| Maasai[7] | Tanzania | 38 | 45% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 45% | |
| Macedonians[1] | Macedonia | 100 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 24% | 0% | 24% |
| Makrani[3] | Pakistan | 50 | 34% | 34% | ||||
| Makrani (Baluch)[15] | Pakistan | 58 | 17% | 17% | ||||
| Mambila[4] | Cameroon | 134 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Man[24] | China | 130 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Man (Manchu)[23] | China | 216 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | ||
| Mandjak[4] | Senegal | 114 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Manjo[4] | Cameroon | 80 | 0% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 4% |
| Masalit[7] | Sudan | 2 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Mbugu[7] | Tanzania | 60 | 31% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 31% | |
| Mbugwe[7] | Tanzania | 26 | 27% | 4% | 0% | 0% | 31% | |
| Melanesian (NAN)[3] | Solomon Islands | 44 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Miaozu[3] | China | 20 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Mixed[6] | South Africa | 124 | 7% | 0% | 0% | 22% | 0% | 28% |
| Mohannes[15] | Pakistan | 58 | 28% | 28% | ||||
| Mongols[24] | China | 164 | 2% | 2% | ||||
| Mongols[23] | China | 212 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | ||
| Mongols[3] | China | 20 | 10% | 10% | ||||
| Mongols[1] | Mongolia | 52 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 4% |
| Mordvins (Erzya)[15] | Russia | 60 | 27% | 27% | ||||
| Mordvins (Erzya)[1] | Russia | 42 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 14% | 0% | 14% |
| Mordvins (Moksha)[1] | Russia | 32 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 41% | 0% | 41% |
| Mordvins (Moksha)[15] | Russia | 60 | 28% | 28% | ||||
| Moroccans[15] | Morocco | 180 | 18% | 18% | ||||
| Moroccans[11] | Morocco | 24 | 0% | 0% | 8% | 21% | 0% | 29% |
| Moroccans[17] | Israel | 192 | 9% | 9% | ||||
| Mozambique (Maputo, Ronga Bantu)[21] | Mozambique | 94 | 1% | 1% | ||||
| Mutran[5] | Kuwait | 58 | 0% | 0% | 55% | 0% | 3% | 58% |
| Naxi[3] | China | 20 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Nenets[31] | Russia | 178 | 7% | 73% | ||||
| Nepalese[1] | Nepal | 38 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 34% | 0% | 34% |
| Nog[15] | Russia | 40 | 7% | 7% | ||||
| Northern European[13][14] | Mixed | 110 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 62% | 0% | 62% |
| Norwegians[1] | Norway | 88 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 84% | 0% | 84% |
| Nso[16] | Cameroon | 60 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Nuba (Koalib[7] | Sudan | 2 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Nuba (Liguri/Logorik[7] | Sudan | 2 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Nubians (Dunglawi)[13][14] | Sudan | 12 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 8% | 8% |
| Nubians (Mahas)[11] | Sudan | 30 | 0% | 0% | 17% | 0% | 0% | 17% |
| Nuer[4] | Ethiopia | 74 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Nuer[7] | Sudan | 10 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Nyaneka-Nkhumbi[30] | Angola | 306 | 3% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 3% |
| Ob-Ugric[15] | Russia | 40 | 3% | 3% | ||||
| Ogiek[7] | Kenya | 22 | 36% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 36% | |
| Omani[12] | Oman | 104 | 0% | 0% | 77% | 3% | 0% | 80% |
| Omani (Southern)[12] | Oman | 420 | 0% | 0% | 72% | 0% | 0% | 72% |
| Oromo[4] | Ethiopia | 150 | 1% | 3% | 7% | 0% | 7% | 18% |
| Oromo (Borana)[7] | Kenya | 16 | 13% | 19% | 0% | 13% | 44% | |
| Oromo (phenotyped)[9] | Ethiopia | 152 | 1% | 3% | 13% | 0% | 5% | 23% |
| Oroqen[3] | China | 20 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Oroqen[24] | China | 90 | 1% | 1% | ||||
| Oroqen[23] | China | 136 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | ||
| Ovimbundu[30] | Angola | 192 | 1% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% |
| Papuan[3] | Papua New Guinea | 34 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Pare[7] | Tanzania | 20 | 10% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 10% | |
| Pashtuns/Afghans[1] | Afghanistan | 32 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 0% | 6% |
| Pathan[15] | Pakistan | 56 | 30% | 30% | ||||
| Pathan[3] | Pakistan | 50 | 30% | 30% | ||||
| Pathan (Parsi)[15] | Pakistan | 58 | 14% | 14% | ||||
| Pokot[7] | Kenya | 28 | 29% | 4% | 0% | 0% | 32% | |
| Polish[32] | Poland | 400 | 46% | 46% | ||||
| Polish[33] | Poland | 446 | 0% | 30% | 0% | 30% | ||
| Portuguese[1] | Portugal | 96 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 44% | 0% | 44% |
| Portuguese (Central)[34] | Portugal | 140 | 39% | 39% | ||||
| Portuguese (North)[34] | Portugal | 128 | 38% | 38% | ||||
| Portuguese (North)[21] | Portugal | 180 | 37% | 37% | ||||
| Portuguese (South)[34] | Portugal | 130 | 27% | 27% | ||||
| Pygmy[4] | Cameroon | 36 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Qashqai[15] | Iran | 20 | 5% | 5% | ||||
| Rangi[7] | Tanzania | 70 | 27% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 27% | |
| Rendille[7] | Kenya | 16 | 13% | 13% | 0% | 6% | 31% | |
| Roma[1] | Slovakia | 64 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 0% | 6% |
| Roma[8] | Slovakia | 108 | 11% | 11% | ||||
| Romanians[1] | Romania | 118 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 17% | 0% | 17% |
| Russians[3] | Russia | 50 | 24% | 24% | ||||
| Russians (Northwest)[35] | Russia | 298 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 39% | 0% | 39% |
| Russians (Perm)[1] | Russia | 46 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 24% | 0% | 24% |
| Saami[15] | Finland | 60 | 17% | 17% | ||||
| Saami[1] | Sweden | 60 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 29% | 0% | 29% |
| Sabaot[7] | Kenya | 12 | 17% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 17% | |
| Saharawi[15] | Morocco | 114 | 26% | 26% | ||||
| Saharawi[11] | Morocco | 22 | 0% | 0% | 18% | 23% | 0% | 41% |
| Samba’a[7] | Tanzania | 6 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Samburu[7] | Kenya | 18 | 28% | 6% | 0% | 6% | 40% | |
| San[3] | Namibia | 14 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| San[4] | Namibia | 34 | 6% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% |
| Sandawe[7] | Tanzania | 62 | 13% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 13% | |
| São Tomé[21] | São Tomé and Príncipe | 50 | 5% | 5% | ||||
| Saudis (Bedouin)[13][14] | Saudi Arabia | 94 | 0% | 0% | 48% | 0% | 0% | 48% |
| Saudis (Central)[36] | Saudi Arabia | 180 | 0% | 0% | 61% | 0% | 0% | 61% |
| Saudis (Eastern)[36] | Saudi Arabia | 164 | 0% | 0% | 62% | 0% | 0% | 62% |
| Saudis (Northern)[36] | Saudi Arabia | 164 | 0% | 0% | 52% | 1% | 0% | 53% |
| Saudis (Southern)[36] | Saudi Arabia | 184 | 0% | 0% | 58% | 0% | 0% | 58% |
| Saudis (Western)[36] | Saudi Arabia | 172 | 0% | 0% | 65% | 1% | 0% | 65% |
| Scandinavians[3] | Finland and Sweden | 360 | 82% | 82% | ||||
| Seklers (Eastern Trasylvania)[26] | Romania | 130 | 40% | 40% | ||||
| Sena[4] | Mozambique | 136 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Sengwer[7] | Kenya | 32 | 6% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% | |
| Shabo[4] | Ethiopia | 48 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| She[3] | China | 20 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Shilook[7] | Sudan | 16 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Shuwa Arabs[4] | Cameroon | 124 | 0% | 0% | 8% | 2% | 0% | 10% |
| Sindhi[3] | Pakistan | 50 | 32% | 32% | ||||
| Sindhi[15] | Pakistan | 56 | 41% | 41% | ||||
| Somali[4][37] | Ethiopia | 186 | 1% | 2% | 5% | 2% | 6% | 16% |
| Somali (phenotyped)[37] | Ethiopia | 218 | 0% | 1% | 5% | 2% | 6% | 15% |
| Somali[7] | Kenya | 2 | 0% | 50% | 0% | 0% | 50% | |
| Somali[15] | Somalia | 158 | 3% | 3% | ||||
| Sorbs[1] | Germany | 64 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 50% | 0% | 50% |
| South Africans[4] | South Africa | 40 | 8% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 8% |
| Southern European[13][14] | Italy | 66 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 9% | 0% | 9% |
| Spanish[38] | Spain | 1718 | 39% | 39% | ||||
| Spanish[1] | Spain | 62 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 40% | 0% | 40% |
| Sudanese Arabs (Gaali)[11] | Sudan | 20 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 5% | 5% |
| Sudanese Arabs (Jaali)[13][14] | Sudan | 172 | 0% | 6% | 13% | 1% | 1% | 21% |
| Sudanese Arabs (Shaigi)[13][14] | Sudan | 18 | 0% | 17% | 6% | 0% | 0% | 22% |
| Suri[4] | Ethiopia | 100 | 4% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 4% |
| Swedes[39] | Sweden | 784 | 74% | 74% | ||||
| Swedes[1] | Sweden | 74 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 78% | 0% | 78% |
| Syrians[1] | Syria | 140 | 0% | 0% | 3% | 2% | 0% | 5% |
| Tadjiks[1] | Afghanistan | 28 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 25% | 0% | 25% |
| Tadjiks[8] | Afghanistan | 80 | 8% | 8% | ||||
| Tajiko-Uzbek[29] | Uzbekistan | 200 | 10% | 10% | ||||
| Tharu[1] | Nepal | 80 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 18% | 0% | 18% |
| Tibetans (Nagqu)[40] | China | 418 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Tibetans (Shigatse)[40] | China | 572 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Tigray[9] | Ethiopia | 88 | 0% | 3% | 11% | 0% | 19% | 34% |
| Tu[3] | China | 20 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Tugen[7] | Kenya | 26 | 21% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 21% | |
| Tujia[3] | China | 20 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Turkana[7] | Kenya | 12 | 17% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 17% | |
| Turks (Anatolian)[8] | Turkey | 98 | 3% | 3% | ||||
| Turks (Anatolian)[1] | Turkey | 116 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 8% | 0% | 8% |
| Udmurts[15] | Russia | 60 | 33% | 33% | ||||
| Ukranians[8] | Ukraine | 92 | 22% | 22% | ||||
| Ukranians[1] | Ukraine | 74 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 26% | 0% | 26% |
| Uygur[3] | China | 20 | 5% | 5% | ||||
| Uzbeks[1] | Afghanistan | 54 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 24% | 0% | 24% |
| Uzbeks[8] | Afghanistan | 30 | 3% | 3% | ||||
| Uzbeks[1] | Uzbekistan | 76 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 4% |
| Wata[7] | Kenya | 2 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Wolayta[9] | Ethiopia | 52 | 2% | 4% | 12% | 0% | 8% | 25% |
| Wolof[4] | Senegal | 138 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Xhosa[6] | South Africa | 218 | 13% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 13% |
| Xibo[3] | China | 18 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Yaaku[7] | Kenya | 28 | 54% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 58% | |
| Yakuts[3] | Russia | 50 | 6% | 6% | ||||
| Yakuts[1] | Russia | 110 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 5% | 0% | 5% |
| Yakuts (North)[1] | Russia | 22 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 14% | 0% | 14% |
| Yamba[16] | Cameroon | 42 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Yemeni (Hadramaut)[1] | Yemen | 166 | 1% | 0% | 24% | 2% | 1% | 28% |
| Yemeni (Sena)[1] | Yemen | 68 | 0% | 0% | 29% | 15% | 0% | 44% |
| Yemeni (Sana’a University)[12] | Yemen | 478 | 0% | 0% | 55% | 0% | 0% | 55% |
| Yizu[3] | China | 20 | 0% | 0% | ||||
| Yoruba[3] | Nigeria | 50 | 0% | 0% |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 Anke Liebert (2014). "Evolutionary and molecular genetics of regulatory alleles responsible for lactase persistence" (PDF). University College London. pp. 215–223. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ↑ Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane (2013). "Animal Genetics and African Archaeology: Why It Matters". African Archaeological Revue. 30: 1–20. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 Bersaglieri T, Sabeti PC, Patterson N, Vanderploeg T, Schaffner SF, Drake JA, Rhodes M, Reich DE, and Hirschhorn JN (2004). "Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (6): 1111–1120. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 Jones, BL. "Lactase enhancer diversity and adaptation for the lactase persistence trait in East African pastoralists". University College London. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hill, Sarah Catherine, Talal Ramadan Mohammad, and Toomas Kivisild (2013). "Brief communication: Effect of nomadic subsistence practices on lactase persistence associated genetic variation in Kuwait" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 152 (1): 140–144. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Torniainen, Suvi et al. (2009). "Screening of variants for lactase persistence/non-persistence in populations from South Africa and Ghana". BMC Genetics. 10 (1): 31. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.39 7.40 7.41 7.42 Tishkoff, Sarah A. et al. (2007). "Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 39 (1): 31. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 Mulcare CA. 2006. The Evolution of the Lactase Persistence Phenotype [PhD Thesis]. London: University of London.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Jones, Bryony L.; et al. (2013). "Diversity of lactase persistence alleles in Ethiopia: signature of a soft selective sweep" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 93 (3): 538–544. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Gallego Romero, Irene et al. (2011). "Herders of Indian and European cattle share their predominant allele for lactase persistence" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (1): 249–260. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Enattah, Nabil Sabri et al. (2008). "Independent introduction of two lactase-persistence alleles into human populations reflects different history of adaptation to milk culture" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 57–72. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Al-Abri AR et al. (2013). "Distribution of the lactase persistence-associated variant alleles -13910* T and - 13915* G among the people of Oman and Yemen". Human Biology. 84 (3): 271–286. Retrieved 15 September 2017. line feed character in
|title=at position 83 (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) - ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 Ingram CJ, Elamin MF, Mulcare CA, Weale ME, Tarekegn A, Raga TO, Bekele E, Elamin FM, Thomas MG, Bradman N et al.. 2007. A novel polymorphism associated with lactose tolerance in Africa: multiple causes for lactase persistence? (2007). "A novel polymorphism associated with lactose tolerance in Africa: multiple causes for lactase persistence?" (PDF). Human Genetics. 120 (6): 779–788. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 Ingram, CJ. "The Evolutionary Genetics of Lactase Persistence in Africa and the Middle East" (PDF). University College London. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 15.32 15.33 Enattah, Nabil Sabri et al. (2007). "Evidence of still-ongoing convergence evolution of the lactase persistence T-13910 alleles in humans" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 81 (3): 615–625. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Mulcare CA, Weale ME, Jones AL, Connell B, Zeitlyn D, Tarekegn A, Swallow DM, Bradman N, and Thomas MG (2004). "The T allele of a single-nucleotide polymorphism 13.9 kb 202upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) (C-13.9kbT) does not predict or cause the lactase-persistence phenotype in Africans" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (6): 1102–1110. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Raz, Maytal et al. (2013). ""Frequency of LCT-13910C/T and LCT-22018G/A single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with adult-type hypolactasia/lactase persistence among Israelis of different ethnic groups" (PDF). Gene. 519 (1): 67-70. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Myles S, Bouzekri N, Haverfield E, Cherkaoui M, Dugoujon JM, and Ward R. (2005). "Genetic evidence in support of a shared Eurasian-North African dairying origin". Human Genetics. 117 (1): 34–42. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Smith, George Davey et al. (2009). "Lactase persistence-related genetic variant: population substructure and health outcomes" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (3): 357. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ Lember, Margus et al. (2006). "Lactase non-persistence and milk consumption in Estonia" (PDF). World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (45): 7329. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Coelho M, Luiselli D, Bertorelle G, Lopes AI, Seixas S, Destro-Bisol G, and Rocha J. (2005). "Microsatellite variation and evolution of human lactase persistence" (PDF). Human Genetics. 117 (4): 329–339. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Anagnostou, Paolo et al. (2009). "Tracing the distribution and evolution of lactase persistence in Southern Europe through the study of the T‐13910 variant". American Journal of Human Biology. 21 (2): 217–219. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Xu, Lidan et al. (2010). "The-22018A allele matches the lactase persistence phenotype in northern Chinese populations". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 45 (2): 168–174. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Sun, Hai-ming et al. (2007). "The lactase gene-13910 T allele can not predict the lactase-persistence phenotype in north China" (PDF). Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 16 (4): 598–601. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ Nagy, D.; et al. (2009). "Prevalence of adult-type hypolactasia as diagnosed with genetic and lactose hydrogen breath tests in Hungarians" (PDF). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63 (7): 909. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Nagy, Dóra; et al. (2011). "Comparison of lactase persistence polymorphism in ancient and present‐day Hungarian populations" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (2): 262–269. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Eaaswarkhanth, Muthukrishnan et al. (2010). "Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (3): 354. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Babu, Janaki et al. (2010). "Frequency of lactose malabsorption among healthy southern and northern Indian populations by genetic analysis and lactose hydrogen breath and tolerance tests" (PDF). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 (1): 140–146. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Heyer, Evelyne et al. (2011). "Lactase persistence in central Asia: phenotype, genotype, and evolution" (PDF). Human Biology. 83 (3): 379–392. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Coelho, Margarida; et al. (2009). "On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola" (PDF). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 80. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ↑ Khabarova, Yulia et al. (2012). "High prevalence of lactase non-persistence among indigenous nomadic Nenets, north-west Russia" (PDF). International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 71 (1): 17898. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ Mądry, Edyta et al. (2010). "Adult-type hypolactasia and lactose malabsorption in Poland". Acta Biochimica Polonica. 57 (4): 585–588. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ Płoszaj, Tomasz, Krystyna Jędrychowska-Dańska, and Henryk Witas (2011). "Frequency of lactase persistence genotype in a healthy Polish population". Open Life Sciences. 6 (2): 176–179. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Manco, Licínio et al. (2013). "Distribution of the− 13910C> T polymorphism in the general population of Portugal and in subjects with gastrointestinal complaints associated with milk consumption". Annals of Human Biology. 40 (2): 205–208. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ Khabarova, Yulia et al. (2009). "Prevalence of lactase persistent/non-persistent genotypes and milk consumption in a young population in north-west Russia". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 15 (15): 1849. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 Imtiaz, F. et al. (October 2007). "The T/G 13915 variant upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) is the founder allele of lactase persistence in an urban Saudi population". Journal of Medical Genetics. 44 (10): e89. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Ingram, Catherine JE et al. (2009). "Multiple rare variants as a cause of a common phenotype: several different lactase persistence associated alleles in a single ethnic group" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Evolution. 69 (6): 579. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ Agueda, Lídia et al. (2010). "Analysis of three functional polymorphisms in relation to osteoporosis phenotypes: replication in a Spanish cohort". Calcified Tissue International. 87 (1): 14-24. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ Almon, Ricardo et al. (2007). "Prevalence and trends in adult-type hypolactasia in different age cohorts in Central Sweden diagnosed by genotyping for the adult-type hypolactasia-linked LCT–13910C> T mutation". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (2): 165-170. Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Peng, Min-Sheng et al. (2012). "Lactase persistence may have an independent origin in Tibetan populations from Tibet, China". Journal of Human Genetics. 57 (6). Retrieved 15 September 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
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