📜 Post with us on Reddit
📝 Create a new article
🏭 Create a company page
🇬🇧 - in English
🇫🇷 - en Français (FR)
🇵🇹 - em Português (PT)
🇩🇪 - auf Deutsch (DE)
🇯🇵 - 日本語で (JA)
Sponsored articles

You can edit almost every page by Creating an account and confirming your email.

Lingayat Vani

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Lingayat Vani
Cultural Flag of Marathi People
Cultural Flag of Marathi People
JātiMarathi
ClassificationForward[1]
GuruJangam
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesHindi, Marathi, Kannada, Telugu[2]
CountryIndia,
RegionMaharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh
EthnicityIndian
Population8.5 to 10 Million in Maharashtra[3]
Heraldic titleAppa, Rao, Desai [4][5]
Related groupsVeerashaiva
Marathas

The Lingayat Vani community (marathi: लिंगायत वाणी) is an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who are native to Maharashtra in western India. They belong to Veershaiv sect of Hindu Shaivism and are also referred to as Veershaiv-Lingayat Vanik or Lingayat Balija or Vira Banajiga or Bir Vanigas. The name Vani is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Vanijya' which means trade.

The Vira Banajigas were a trading community.

They rejected Brahminical authority over the Vedas and shastras but embraced Vedic knowledge without dismissing it. They worship all gods, considering them forms of Shiva. The 13th-century Telugu Virashaiva poet Palkuriki Somanatha, who authored key Lingayat scriptures, affirmed that "Virashaivism fully conformed to the Vedas and shastras."[6][7][8][9]

Origin

From the 13th century, inscriptions in Andhra mention "Vira Balanjyas," warrior merchants managing long-distance trade with armed protection. They formed pekkandru collectives, distinct from nagaram linked to Komati merchants, and included members with titles like Reddy, Boya, and Nayaka..[10][11][12]

The Five Hundred guild, called Ayyavole in Kannada, Ayyavolu in Telugu, and Aryarupa in Sanskrit, operated across Southern India and Southeast Asia, gaining prominence under the Cholas. Upholding the Veera-Banaju-Dharma (law of noble merchants), they were known for their courage and enterprise, with the bull as their emblem displayed on their flag.[13][14] [15][16] [17]

Varna Status

After being placed in the shudra category in the 1881 census, Veershaivas demanded a higher status.[18] Lingayats persisted in their claims for decades.[19] In 1926, the Bombay High Court ruled that "the Veerashaivas are not Shudras."[20]

Historians Velcheru Narayana Rao and Sanjay Subrahmanyam observed that during the Nayaka period, this right-hand caste emerged as trader-warrior-kings, driven by new wealth and the merging of the Kshatriya and Vaishya varnas into one.[21][22][23]

Social Status

Lingayat Vani belonged to the upper class and therefore were strict vegetarians. Devout Lingayats do not consume meat of any kind including fish. The drinking of liquor is prohibited.[24]

Lingayat Wanis migrated to Maharashtra from North karnataka like the Lad-Shakhiya Wanis who migrated from chittorgarh, Rajasthan in 13th century.[25] Both Lingayat wani and Ladwani were excluded from the list of backward castes by the Maharashtra Government.[26] Both the communities have deep and historical, social and familial bonds.[citation needed]

In Maharashtra, The Veershaivas, the Gujjars and the Rajputs are three important communities. The Veershaiv Vanis who migrated from north Karnataka are found primarily in south Maharashtra and Marthwada while Gujjars and Rajputs who migrated from north India have settled in north Maharashtra districts. These communities were rich, used to keep weapons like sword, guns etc. and usually were local village heads. Next to Marathas, Lingayat Vanis were seen to be a dominating community in politics as well as local markets.[27][28]

The Veerashaiva Theology

In Veerashaiva theology the Panchacharas denote the five codes of conduct to be followed by the devotee. These Panchacharas are. 1. Shivachara 2. Lingachara 3. Sadachara 4. Bruthyachara and 5. Ganachara. [6][7][29]

Festivals and Gods

They are religious people and worship all Hindu gods and goddesses, considering them forms of Shiva. Their chief family deities are Ambabai of Tuljapur, Banali and Danammái in Jat, Dhanai in the Konkan, Esai, Janai, and Jotiba of Kolhapur, Khandoba of Jejuri, Mahadev, Malikarjun near Vyankoba in Tirupati, Revansiddheshvar in Satara, Shakambari in Bádámi, Siddheshvar of Sholapur, Yallamma of Saundatti in Bijapur, Virbhadra of Mukhed in Nanded, to all which places they go on pilgrimage.[30]

Virabhadra
Lua error in Module:WikidataIB at line 665: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Other names
AffiliationShiva
AbodeMount Kailash
PlanetAngaraka (Mars)
Mantra
  • oṃ vīrabhadrāya namaḥ
  • oṃ vīrarudrāya namaḥ
  • oṃ śrī vīrabhadreśvarāya namaḥ
WeaponTrident, sword, arrow, discus, conch, spear, staff, thunderbolt, two varieties of shields, bow, noose, goad, axe, and club.
DayTuesday
Mount
TextsShiva Purana
Festivals
ConsortBhadrakali

Family Deities

Their chief clan gotras are Nandi, Vir(or Veer or veerabhadra), vrishabh, skand and bhringi. They worship lord Virabhadra or narsimha as their kula devata and some have Bhadrakali, Bhavani mata or Satvai mata as their kul devi.[31]

Lingayat vanis from nanded worship virabhadra of Mukhed as their kul daivat and the priest is usually a lingayat vani only.[32] The worship is carried out by jangams and is the same as that of Brahmins except that they offer their gods neither red flowers nor kevda flower.[30]

Virashaivas believe to be originated from Shiva's Jats and therefore worship lord virabhadra as their ancestral god. They believe in having qualities of a Bhrahman, Kshatriya and vasihyas and neglect discrimination(same was the purpose of virabhadra to kill daksha).[33][34]

They carry Marathi surnames like Deshmukh, Devane, Kalyani, Desai, Gowda, Nandedkar, Eklare, Rao, Appa, Bagmare, Dongre, Falke, Naik, Umre, Nandkule etc.[35]

Many veerashaiva rulers had Lord Virabhadra as their family deity and special lunches used to be prepared.[36] Many of then warriors having heroic slogans of "Jai Veerbhadra", repeatedy hacking and pierching enemies.[37] Lingayat Vani marriages have a Gugul Ceremony in which special prayers are offered to Lord Ganesha and Lord Virbhadra. It is performed by the bride or bridegroom and their mothers.[citation needed]

They are widely distributed in the western Maharashtra(konkan, pune, kohlapur) and eastern Maharashtra-marathwada region(Parbhani, Nanded, Latur, Udgir, Yeotmal and ahmednagar) and the north karnataka region.

They speak marathi and some also speak kannada(north karanataka region).Lingayats traditionally believed themselves to be equal in status to Brahmins, and some orthodox Lingayats were so anti-Brahmin that they would not eat food cooked or handled by Brahmins.[38]

Veera gotra

File:Jagadguru Shri Renukacharya.png
Jagadguru Shri Renukacharya, incarnating from the Somevara linga.

The veera gotra belongs to the gotrapurusha Renukacharya (also known as Revaṇārādhya or Revaṇasiddha) who was the teacher of the great sage Agastya of Pañcāvati.[39] [40]

The gotra of Veerabhadra is also shared by Jat community like the Lingayat Vani community. Virabhadra and Daksha's daughtergana's womb originated the Jats. Virabhadra had five sons and two grand sons named Pon Bhadra, Jakh Bhadra, Kalhan Bhadra, Brahma Bhadra, Ati Sur Bhadra, Dahi Bhadra and Anjana Jata Shankar. Seven major Jat gotras are named after these seven descendants of Vir Bhadra.[41]

History

They were merchants, traders, agriculturists and Zamidars and some were also Jagirdars before the 19th century. They were given the titles of Desai, Appa, Rao, Deshmukh or Patil.[42]

Banajiga have been mentioned in several Vijayanagar documents as wealthy merchants who controlled powerful trading guilds . To secure their loyalty, the Vijayanagar kings made them Desais or "superintendents in the country".[43]

Lingayat Vanis and Marwari Rajputs

In the middle of 12th century, during the kingdom of kalyana, one of Basava's apostles, is said to have gone to Marwar kingdom of Rajputs, and brought back 196,000 Marwari converts and spread them all over the Panch Dravid country or Southern India. The names in common use among men are Baslingappa, Vishwanath rao, Gopalshet, Krishnappa, Malkarjun, Maruti, Rajaram, Ramshet, Shivappa, Shivlingappa, hanumant appa, and Vithoba; and among women, Bhagirthi, Chandrabhaga, Janki, Kashibai, Lakshmi, Rakhumai, and Vithai.[30]

Veershaivas and The Bhonsle Clan

The Bhonsles had a special affection towards the Veerashaiva faith. Maloji Bhonsle, grandfather of Shivaji, was a devout shaivite and built multiple temples and one of them was a large 49 acre tank built for a lingayat matha of village Shingnapur in the satara district. Rajaram Bhonsle, son of shivaji, also made some grants for the temple in the name of lingayats living there.[44]

Karnataka's Deputy CM Govind Karjol claimed "Shivaji’s forefather Belliyappa was from Soratur in Gadag district in Karnataka. When there was drought in Gadag, Belliyappa left for Maharashtra. Shivaji was the fourth generation of the family". This shows even Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was ‘a Kannadiga' like the Lingayat vani community which migrated to Maharashtra from Karnataka centuries back.[45][46]

Lingayat Desais and The Marathas

The founders of the family of the Lingayat Desais of Kittoor are said to have been two brothers of the name of Haraimullappa and Chickmullappa, merchants by profession, who resided at Sumpgaum.This suggests the Desais would have been equivalent to Lingayat Vanis in social manner. By some means or other the family seems to have risen to distinction under the Kings of Bijapur, from whom it received the title of "Sumsher Jung Bahadoor", together with the more substantial favours of sundry inams and offices in and about Kittoor.[47][48]

Bajirao Sarkar Peshwa remembered with gratitude the help and co-operation extended to them by Raja Mallasarja in defeating Tippu Sultan of Srirangapattana in 1781. Mallasarja showed extraordinary cleverness in escaping from the prison of Kapaladurga. Besides he was a very able administrator of his kingdom. In recognition of his valour, cleverness and ability Bajirao conferred the title of 'Pratap Rao' on Raja Mallasarja.[49]

Veershaiva Merchants of Vijaynagar Empire

The Veershaivas likely were a part of the reason for the success of the Vijaynagar empire in territorial expansion and in withstanding the Deccan Sultanate wars. Many kings were veerashaiva in faith and belonged to the Karnataka and Lepakshi region.[50] They were an important part of the Vijayanagara Empire army.[51]

Virasaivas merchants turned warriors of the Vijayanagara empire defeated the Deccan Sultanates in the Lepakshi region (Karnataka-Maharashtra-Andhra Pradesh border region).

Virupanna and Viranna, two Veerashaiva merchants, both brothers who were Governors under the Vijayanagar Empire, built Veerbhadra temple in Lepakshi around the late 16th century. Virupanna chose this particular form of Siva to demonstrate the contempt the Veerashaiva community had for the caste-bound, rigid hierarchical order of society prevalent then. The shields, daggers and assorted weaponry of the figures sculpted all over the temple complex suggest also the militant aspirations of this community.[52]

After the collapse of the Vijayanagara empire, the Veershaiva Keladi/Ikkeri dynasty ruled coastal Karnataka.[53] This emerged as a Veerashaiva dynasty, called the Nayakas of Keladi.[54]

Freedom Struggle

Bhakti Movement

Lingayatism is known for its unique practice of Ishtalinga worship, where adherents carry a personal linga in a silver box necklace, symbolizing a constant intimate relationship with Shiva. A radical feature of Lingayatism is its staunch opposition to the caste system and advocacy for social equality, challenging societal norms of the time.[55]

Hyderabad Liberation

They were involved in the liberation of Hyderabad state from nizams and helped in the process internally. There were freedom fighters from latur, namely Bhimrao Mulkhede, Laxman tuljaram devane, datta raghoba Devane, who actively participated in the liberation struggle of Hyderabad.[56] Whereas in Nanded region, VishvanathRao appa, Hanmantappa Devane killed nizam saudagar(local headman appointed by nizams in every village) and looted local British banks creating more chaos for the nizams internally. The mundaragi camp headed by sivamurthy swami hiremath and chenappa wali succeeded in protecting victims of razakaars and also attacked razakars creating a necessary internal chaos and defeat of princely state of Hyderabad.[57][58]

Modern Period

From 1918 to 1969, Lingayats were seen to dominate in the freedom struggle movement, and later in the Congress party. From 1956 to 1969, Congress had four chief ministers who were lingayats(S. Nijalingappa, BD Jatti, SR Kanthi and Veerendra Patil). After that its Hindutva ideology lead the community to support BJP extensively[59]

Hindu Veershaiv Lingayat Manch, Maharashtra

File:HinduVeershaivLingayatManch, Maharashtra.jpg
Hindu Veershaiv Lingayat Manch, Maharashtra

A protest meeting was held on behalf of Hindu Veerashaiva Lingayat Manch, Pimpri Chinchwad city at Mahatma Basaveshwar Memorial, Bhakti Shakti Chowk, Nigdi to protest against the 24th session of the All India Veerashaiva Lingayat Mahasabha concluded at Davangere in the state of Karnataka in protest against the appeal that the word Hindu should not be written in the column of religion in the upcoming census.[60]

"The debate over the religion of the Veerashaiva Lingayat community has now come to an end. Social activists are creating controversy over religion in such a way as to deliberately create a gap between Hinduism and Lingayat society". Mahatma Basaveshwar Putala Samiti President, Shri Narayan Bahirwade, appealed that everyone from the Lingayat community should register as Hindu in census. The community rejected the claims of politically funded organizations to divide the lingayat community for vote bank benefits.[citation needed]

Notable People

References

  1. ↑ https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/maharashtra.pdf
  2. ↑ Thapar, Romila (June 2015). The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-93-5214-118-0. Search this book on
  3. ↑ "Why Lingayats are up in arms in Maharashtra". 18 January 2023.
  4. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1996). Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-0-19-563357-3. Search this book on
  5. ↑ "Cult of Warrior-God Veerabhadra – Karnataka Itihasa Academy".
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Prasad, Leela (2007). Poetics of conduct: oral narrative and moral being in a South Indian town. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13920-5. OCLC 69734509. Search this book on
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha. Princeton University Press. July 2014. ISBN 978-0691604879. Search this book on
  8. ↑ Leela Prasad (2012), Poetics of Conduct: Oral Narrative and Moral Being in a South Indian Town, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231139212 Search this book on ., page 104
  9. ↑ Velcheru Narayana Rao & Gene H. Roghair 2014, p. 7
  10. ↑ Talbot, Cynthia (1994). "Political intermediaries in Kakatiya Andhra, 1175-1325". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 31 (3): 261–289. doi:10.1177/001946469403100301. ISSN 0019-4646.
  11. ↑ Seshan, Radhika; Kumbhojkar, Shraddha, eds. (2018). Re-searching Transitions in Indian History. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-48756-9. OCLC 1041706962. Search this book on
  12. ↑ Stearns, Peter N. (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4. Search this book on
  13. ↑ Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.xviii and p.181
  14. ↑ Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka: Indian Babas and Nonyas--Chitty Melaka, by Samuel Dhoraisingam, p.3
  15. ↑ R Muniswamy (2006). Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bijapur District (Bagalkot District Included). Karnataka Gazetteer Department. pp. 40, 847–848. Search this book on
  16. ↑ Sigfried J. de Laet and Joachim Herrmann, History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.. UNESCO, 1996.
  17. ↑ James Sutherland Cotton; Sir Richard Burn; Sir William Stevenson Meyer (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India. Volume 5. Oxford University Press. p. 129. Search this book on
  18. ↑ Chekki (2023-07-31). Modernization and Kin Network: With a Foreword by K. Ishwaran. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-66646-7. Search this book on
  19. ↑ Bairy 2013, p. 143.
  20. ↑ Bairy, Ramesh (2013-01-11). Being Brahmin, Being Modern. Routledge India. doi:10.4324/9780203085448. ISBN 978-0-203-08544-8. Search this book on
  21. ↑ RAO, VELCHERU NARAYANA; SUBRAHMANYAM, SANJAY (2009). "Notes on Political Thought in Medieval and Early Modern South India". Modern Asian Studies. 43 (1): 175–210. doi:10.1017/s0026749x07003368. ISSN 0026-749X. The possibility of acquiring wealth in the form of cash created conditions of upward mobility, that were different from those created by simple military conquest. The emergence of the left-hand caste Balijas as trader–warrior–kings as evidenced in the Nayaka period is a consequence of such conditions of new wealth. This produces a collapsing of two varn. as, Kshatriya and Vaishya, into one. Acquired wealth, rather than status by birth in a family now leads to an entirely new value system where money talks.
  22. ↑ Rao, V. Narayana; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2009). "Notes on Political Thought in Medieval and Early Modern South India". Modern Asian Studies. 43: 175–210. doi:10.1017/S0026749X07003368.
  23. ↑ Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David Dean; Shulman, David; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1992). Symbols of Substance: Court and State in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563021-3. These Balija fighters are not afraid of kings: some stories speak of their killing kings who interfered with their affairs. Search this book on
  24. ↑ Ishwaran, Karigoudar (1983). Religion and Society Among the Lingayats of South India. E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-06919-0. Search this book on
  25. ↑ Wani Chamber of Commerce Industry & Agriculture (2020-12-17). History Of Lad Wani Samaj- BY WCCIA. Retrieved 2024-07-22 – via YouTube.
  26. ↑ National Commission for Backward Classes. "CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA" (PDF).
  27. ↑ Rajendra Vora (2009). Christophe Jaffrelot; Sanjay Kumar, eds. Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies (Exploring the Political in South Asia). Routledge India. p. 217. ISBN 9781136516627. [In Maharashtra]The Lingayats, the Gujjars and the Rajputs are three other important castes which belong to the intermediate category. The lingayats who hail from north Karnataka are found primarily in south Maharashtra and Marthwada while Gujjars and Rajputs who migrated centuries ago from north India have settled in north Maharashtra districts. Search this book on
  28. ↑ Glushkova, I. P.; Vora, Rajendra (1999). Home, Family and Kinship in Maharashtra. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-564635-1. Search this book on
  29. ↑ "Panch-achara". Welcome to Spiritual World of Veerashaiva's. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Sholápur. Government Central Press. 1884. Search this book on
  31. ↑ Campbell, James MacNabb (2024-01-16). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Vol. XX. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-385-31583-9. Search this book on
  32. ↑ Parāñjape, Tārābāī (1985). Sīmā pradeśātīla bhāvagaṅgā (in मराठी). Marāṭhī Sāhitya Parishada, Āndhra Pradeśa. Search this book on
  33. ↑ गुरु, श्रीभागवतानंद (2021-11-26). अमृत वचन: Amrit Vachan (in हिन्दी). Shri Bhagavatananda Guru. Search this book on
  34. ↑ Civarāman̲, Akilā (2006). sri kandha puranam (english). GIRI Trading Agency Private. ISBN 978-81-7950-397-3. Search this book on
  35. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1996). Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-0-19-563357-3. Search this book on
  36. ↑ Naikar, Basavaraj S. (2001). The Rebellious Rani of Belavadi and Other Stories. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-269-0127-2. Search this book on
  37. ↑ Naikar, Basavaraj S. (2001). The Rebellious Rani of Belavadi and Other Stories. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-269-0127-2. Search this book on
  38. ↑ Srinivas, M. N. (1956). "A Note on Sanskritization and Westernization". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 15 (4): 481–496. doi:10.2307/2941919. ISSN 0363-6917. JSTOR 2941919.
  39. ↑ "vIrasaiva panchAchArya". shaivam.org.
  40. ↑ aravindgj (2021-03-06). "Someshwara Temple, Haralahalli". Treks and Travels. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  41. ↑ "Virabhadra is a gotra of jats". www.jatland.com.
  42. ↑ Provinces (India), Central (1908). Central Provinces District Gazetteers. Printed at the Pioneer Press. Search this book on
  43. ↑ * Stein, Burton (1989). Vijayanagara. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-521-26693-2. Search this book on
  44. ↑ Indian Antiquary. Popular Prakashan. 1898. Search this book on
  45. ↑ "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was 'a Kannadiga', claims Karnataka Deputy CM Govind Karjol". The Indian Express. 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
  46. ↑ "Chhatrapati Shivaji was 'Kannadiga'". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
  47. ↑ A Memoir of the States of the Southern Maratha Country. Government at the Education Society's Press. 1869. Search this book on
  48. ↑ Shintri, Sarojini (1983). Women Freedom Fighters in Karnataka. Prasaranga, Karnatak University. Search this book on
  49. ↑ Naikar, Basavaraj (2016-10-17). The Queen of Kittur: A Historical Novel. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4828-8619-1. Search this book on
  50. ↑ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ka'nara (2 pts.). Government Central Press. 1883. Search this book on
  51. ↑ Rao, B.V. Sreenivasa (1969). "Veeraśhaiva Empire and Saluvas. (1419-87 A.d.)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 31: 294–297. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44138384.
  52. ↑ SUDHA MAHALINGA (2021-03-06). "The grandeur of the Vijayanagar era temple at Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh". Frontline. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  53. ↑ Stein, Burton (1990). The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26693-2. Search this book on
  54. ↑ Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. Search this book on
  55. ↑ Schouten, J. P. (1995). Revolution of the mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
  56. ↑ Mahotsav, Amrit. "Pandurang Laxman Indrale". Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
  57. ↑ Svātantrya sainika caritra kośa (in मराठी). Bhāratīya Svātantrya Āndolana Itihāsa Samitī. 1971. Search this book on
  58. ↑ Patil, Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda (2002). Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-867-9. Search this book on
  59. ↑ "From independence movement to Karnataka elections 2023: Understanding the role of Lingayats". India Today. 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
  60. ↑ रत्नदीप, क्रांतिवीर (2024-01-12). "PCMC:हिंदू वीरशैव लिंगायत मंच,पिंपरी चिंचवड शहराच्या वतीने निषेध सभा संपन्न". महाराष्ट्र जनभूमी. Retrieved 2024-07-20.
  61. ↑ "NDTV.com: Who is Shivraj Patil?". 2012-03-19. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  62. ↑ "Ex-Congress leaders Milind Deora, Ashok Chavan nominated for Rajya Sabha polls". India Today. 2024-02-15. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  63. ↑ "कांग्रेस को एक और झटका, मराठवाड़ा के बड़े चेहरे बसवराज पाटिल ने दिया इस्तीफा". News18 हिंदी (in हिन्दी). 2024-02-26. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  64. ↑ Chatterjee, Soumya (2021-07-26). "Four Lingayat contenders in BJP's list to replace Yediyurappa as Karnataka CM". The News Minute. Retrieved 2024-07-22.

Sources


This article "Lingayat Vani" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Lingayat Vani. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.


Retrieved from "https://en.everybodywiki.com/index.php?title=Lingayat_Vani&oldid=4433026"
License CC BY-SA 3.0
Powered by MediaWiki