Monarchy of Fiji

Monarchy of Fiji
Queen Elizabeth II on a Fijian stamp
Details
First monarch	Seru Epenisa Cakobau
Last monarch	Elizabeth II
Formation	5 June 1871
Abolition	6 October 1987 (1987 Fijian coups d'état)

Fiji
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Fiji
Constitution History
Executive President Jioji Konrote Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama Cabinet Attorney General Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum Leader of the Opposition Sitiveni Rabuka
Legislative Parliament Speaker:Epeli Nailatikau
Judiciary Supreme Court Court of Appeal High Court
Local government Recent municipal elections 2002 2005
Former and informal Monarchy Governor Governor-General Chief Minister Executive Council Legislative Council Great Council of Chiefs Vice-President
Elections Electoral system Voting Constituencies Open Communal National Political parties Post-independence elections 1972 Mar 1977 Sep 1977 1982 1987 1992 1994 1999 2001 2006 2014 2018
Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Minister: Frank Bainimarama Diplomatic missions of / in Fiji Passport Visa requirements Visa policy
Other countries Atlas

The monarchy of Fiji arose in the mid-nineteenth century when native ruler Seru Epenisa Cakobau consolidated control of the Fijian Islands and declared himself King or paramount chief of Fiji (Fijian: Tui Viti). In 1874, he voluntarily ceded sovereignty of the islands to Britain, which made Fiji a Crown colony within the British Empire. After nearly a century of British rule, Fiji became a dominion, an independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth of Nations with Elizabeth II as head of state. After a second military coup in 1987, Fiji became a republic, and the monarchy was ended. Nevertheless, the Great Council of Chiefs recognised Elizabeth II as Tui Viti or the traditional Queen of Fiji, but the position is not one of a constitutional, or otherwise legal nature. The Great Council of Chiefs was disestablished in 2012 by decree. Elizabeth II does not use the title, and the Fijian government does not recognise it.

Indigenous monarchy

In the late 1840s, the Vunivalu or ruler of Bau, Tanoa Visawaqa (died 1852) declared himself Tui Viti, which translates as "King of Fiji" or "paramount chief of Fiji". It is recorded that he used the title in recognition of his political influence over other chiefly states, for instance in Rewa, where he was "Vasu-Levu" (high ranking matrilineal descendant), Naitasiri, Cakaudrove and Lau, where he had forged strong alliances, and in Macuata, where he was able to effectively intervene in the feuds of the ruling family to establish an ally as Tui Macuata or "paramount chief of Macuata". As the title was never a traditional one, and as Bauan influence did not extend to the whole of Fiji, Tanoa Visawaqa's claim to it is often viewed by historians as self-proclaimed, driven by astute ambition which would to a certain degree work to the advantage of his successor, his son Seru Epenisa, known as "Cakobau", or "destroyer of Bau".

Seru Cakobau ruled the short lived Kingdom of Fiji (1871–1874) as Tui Viti, and the title became synonymous with him. Even before the formation of the Kingdom of Fiji, Seru Cakobau is recorded to have used the title. In 1854, as Tui Viti, he attended a court conducted by Captain Denham of HMS Herald into Cakobau's alleged misdeeds against the Europeans. The usage of the title brought both advantages and disadvantages to the holder. Advantages in that it allowed Cakobau to deal with the Europeans and control the new wealth and technology they brought with them and disadvantages in being held responsible for the actions of Fijians beyond his realm of control. It was the latter in tandem with his claims to the title and European claims for monetary compensation that would contribute to his reasons for ceding Fiji to Britain in 1874. Even though Seru Cakobau was not recognised by all Fijians as King of Fiji, his use of the title, and its recognition by many of the leading chiefs, led European settlers and foreign powers to treat him as a native king.

Fixed Marriage of Two (2) Rival Lineage - Nailatikau-1st Vunivalu of Kubuna (Grandson of Roko Tui Bau and Tui Viti) i.e. Malani  Family vs Niumataiwalu's lineage (Vuanirewa,Lau) i.e. Cakobau and Uluilakeba Families.

The challenge to Ratu Cakobau's national leadership prior to the 1874 Deed of Cession became less dramatic post-World War 2 and likewise for Ratu Kamisese Mara, post-1970 independence after the intermarriage of two rival chiefly lineage of Nadurucoko/Nailatikau/Raivalita (Ratu Kuliniyasi Roko Malani) and Niumataiwalu (Adi Asinate Senirewa). The fixed marriage was jointly arranged by Ratu Sukuna's father, Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi (1) who was Fiji's colonial government provincial administrator for the Province of Ra (Roko Tui Ra) in the late 1890s and early 1900s and his maternal cousin (through the half sisters Moqei and Ufia), Ratu Meli Salabogi (2), the father of Ratu Mara Kapaiwai (2) from Nabukadra village. Adi Senirewa was traditionally approached and courted (lakovi vakavanua) by the elders of Nakorotubu to be the wife of the young man Roko Malani of Nabukadra, a member of the Royal Fiji Police Armed Constabulary in Levuka. They got married and had two issues, Ratu Meli Salabogi MBE, JP (1911-1989) and Ratu Wilisoni Malani OBE, JP, OSTJ. Ratu Kuliniyasi Roko Malani (YOB-1879) was the only issue of Ratu Amenatave Dewalarua (2) of Nabukadra and Seleima Veinoyaki of Nayavuira village in Nakorotubu. Dr Ratu Wilisoni Tuiketei Malani was named after his maternal grandfather Roko Vilisoni Tuiketei, the younger brother of Roko Malani the Vuanirewa chief who coincidentally named the two brothers' father-Ratu Kuliniyasi Roko Malani the late Buli Kavula on the morning of his birth while visiting puakaloa vasu relatives from Ceiekena, the Kapaiwai family in Nabukadra in 1879 on his way to a Fiji Methodist Church Conference in Viseisei, Vuda.

After the passing of Ratu Kuliniyasi Roko Malani (1) in Nabukadra in 1933, Adi Maopa (Ratu Sukuna's mother) arranged with Ratu Tevita Uluilakeba- Turaga Tui Nayau, father of the late Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara former Prime Minister and President of Fiji for Dr Ratu Wilisoni Tuiketei Malani (who was 12 years old at that time) and his older brother, Ratu Meli Salabogi (3), to be brought up at their mother's Adi Asinate Senirewa village and educated at the Lau Provincial School in Tubou, Lakeba, Lau. The coconut plantation of the Lau Provincial Council and the Vuanirewa clan in Lakeba were used by Ratu Tevita to finance his cousins (tavale) Ratu Wilisoni Malani to Fiji's premier boarding school, Queen Victoria School and at the Central Medical School (later Fiji School of Medicine) and graduated as a medical doctor and politician while his older brother Ratu Meli Salabogi (3) was sent to Fiji Teacher's College and graduated as a school teacher and later became a Roko Tui and GCC Senator nominee.

The two brothers, Ratu Meli Salabogi MBE and Dr Ratu Wilisoni Malani OBE were from the lineage of the 1st born son of Roko Tui Bau/Tui Viti-Vueti, Nadurucoko (Gonesau) of Nakorotubu and father of the 1st Vunivalu of Kubuna, Nailatikau Nabuinivuaka.

Vueti had avenged the killing of Degei's rooster (turukawa) on the twins, Cirinakaumoli and Nakausabaria. The rooster (turukawa) was initially given to Ratu Waicalanavanua-the Tui Viti, the twins' father by the King of Tonga (Tui Toga) in exchange for the javelin- 'tiqa' that landed near his Tongan palace from Nakauvadra. When Ratu Waicalanavanua arrived in Tonga to collect his javelin 'tiqa', the King of Tonga was concerned about the implication of Tonga's authority from the landing of the javelin (tiqa) of the Tui Viti near his palace boundary as it implies that Tonga has been taken over by the Tui Viti. The King of Tonga suspected that the javelin ' tiqa' had supernatural powers and if it was to be taken back, then Tonga would automatically be part of the Fiji dominion in the supernatural realm. He then suggested to Ratu Waicalanavanua to take the rooster like-'ikale tahi' (which was the King of Tonga's supernatural spy bird) as a wake-up call pet in exchange for the javelin 'tiqa'. He was suggesting this with the intention of keeping the supernatural power of the javelin ' tiqa' in Tonga. Ratu Waicalanavanua unsuspectingly agreed to the King of Tonga's request after a few days of hospitality and entertainment. Local folklore attributed the raw strength and power of the Tongans later on during Maafu's time and in competitive sports during modern times from the power of the javelin 'tiqa' of Ratu Waicalanavanua which has been kept in Tonga. It is interesting to also note that the route of the Christian missionaries also came through Tui Tonga to Fiji.

Upon his return, Ratu Waicalanavanua's twin sons, Cirinakaumoli and Nakausabaria were delighted to know that they have a rooster like-'ikale tahi' pet. As time passed on, the twins- mother's (Adi Sovanatabua) brother- Degei who was Ratu Wailacanavanua's brother in law took the rooster like -'ikale tahi' to his own house as his wake-up rooster pet through the veitavaleni- brother in law tradition. The twins were upset about this and decided to shoot the rooster like -'ikale tahi' with a bow and arrow that were made from mangrove stems along the Rakiraki coast called Togovere. 'Togo' means mangroves and 'vere' means plot. The injured rooster like - 'ikale tahi' named as 'turukawa' then attempted to fly back to Tonga but was too weak from loss of blood and fell first in Kaba, Tailevu before finally crashing in Fulaga, Lau. According to local folklore, the scattered islands of Fulaga is called 'Vanuaseu' due to the impact of the crash of turukawa. In Fijian, 'seu' means the landing and scattering of the earth 'vanua' by turukawa.

Degei, due to his frail old age then made a distress call to his older brother-Lutunasobasoba's children in Verata. Vueti (as the grandchild of Buisavulu, the first born of Lutunasobasoba) was told from Verata to attend to the rescue call. Vueti with his warriors then sailed from Verata to Malake Island and then proceeded to Nukurauvula and then up to Nakauvadra. He was aware of the bow and fire arrows (kamakama) and meteorites-like explosives (daunakamakama) of the mataisau warriors who were guarding the twins in Nakauvadra. During the battle, there were high death and casualty count of Vueti's warriors due to the bow and fire arrows (kamakama) and meteorites-like explosives (daunakamakama), so he then proceeded and cut open a tunnel-like creeping root plant called 'wakanivugayali' that poured out torrent flash-water that flooded Nakauvadra and overflowed down to the valley. The twins and the mataisau warriors were swept down from Nakauvadra down to the coast. The flooding water were hot with evaporating white smoke from the dousing fire weapons of the twins and mataisau warriors that it was named as Wainibuka river or 'water that doused the fire'. The twins and mataisau warriors finally got struck on sand bars (nukutubu) on the tributaries of the Rewa river. Some mataisau warriors decided to reside on that tributary river bank while the twins and other mataisau warriors proceeded to other places such as Solotavui in Kadavu. According to local folklore, the twins proceeded to England where they decided to move on their separate ways. Locals refer to England as 'bolatagane'- in memory of the separation of the twins. One of the twins proceeded and resided in Germany while the other left for the Himalayan mountain range between Nepal and India, along Mount Everest. According to locals, the descendant of the twin that left for Germany later became part of the British Royal family who gained leadership back in Fiji through the 1874 Deed of Cession until independence.

As a symbol on the Fijian flag, the twin brother (from the Himalayan mountain between Nepal and India) is looking sideways to appeal for the care of his Indian descendants in Fiji post independence towards the other twin (from Germany whose descendant later became part of the British Royal family).

Meanwhile, back to Vueti, when he defeated the Tui Viti's sons at Nakauvadra, he was awarded with a Tui Viti sacred stone award (tawake). From Nakauvadra, he left via Nakorotubu where he had his first-born child who was filled with supernatural powers (Gonesau), called Nadurucoko from a women from Suva in Bureiwai, Nakorotubu and continued to Moturiki and finally to Bau. Vueti as the founder of Bau island (named after his original residence of Bau in Wainibuka) was bestowed with the Roko Tui Bau title.

Nadurucoko 1, the tyrant Korolevu fort ruler (1st born son of Vueti, the head of Kubuna) was born under controversial and supernatural circumstances when he kicked and threw himself out of his mother's womb who was living along the Dewala creek.The mother was terrified to see a fetus covered in blood complaining and lying on the mat of the Fijian bure, saying that he is the son of Vueti the Roko Tui Bau who had a one-off relationship with her in Suva near Bureiwai, Ra. The mother then frighteningly unattached the umbilical cord and took the crying fetus covered in blood outside the house (bure) and blocked the entrance of the house with a piece of wood log. In the ancient days, wood logs instead of hinged doors were used to close the entrance 'nailatikau' to a Fijian bure. As evening falls, a group of elves/dwarfs (leka) along the Dewala creek heard the crying of the fetus covered in blood outside of the wood log entrance to the bure, so the fetus was wrapped with white masi (white tapa) on the head and body before it was taken up in the dark by the elves/dwarfs (leka) to the Korolevu fort to Dewala or Dauwala who was in a meeting with his Dewala warriors. The fetus grew to a full grown man and possessed super natural powers and was worshiped like a God (Sau) and known as the Gonesau.

Ratu Meli Salabogi (1) declared Nakorotubu as an independent state in 1860 to protest of Ratu Seru Cakobau declaring himself as a self-styled Tui Viti during the Deed of Cession negotiation with Great Britain .

The fixed marriage of the two rival chiefly lineage of Nailatikau, Vueti's Grandson i.e. Ratu Kuliniyasi Roko Malani from Nakorotubu Ra and Niumataiwalu's i.e. Adi Asinate Senirewa from Tubou, Lau created a significant impact to Fiji's political landscape from the mid 1900s to recent times.

As the Speaker of the Fiji Legislative Council and NLC Commissioner adviser, Ratu Sukuna consulted Vueti's eldest lineage and his cousin (maternal grandfathers were biological brothers from Tubou, Lakeba, Lau, i.e. Ratu T. Uluilakeba (1) and Roko Vilisoni Tuketei) Ratu Meli Salabogi (3) from Ra (a Fijian Affairs cadet officer transferred from his teaching post) for Ratu Sukuna's younger brother, Dr Ratu Jone Antonio Rabici Dovi to fill the vacant Roko Tui Bau title. This was a move which would ensure that his younger brother provide traditional approvals, before legislative and political negotiations are undertaken by Ratu Sukuna with external parties such as the Fiji colonial government, Indian leaders, trade unions, the British crown, the Fiji legislative assembly (parliament), etc.

From Ratu Sukuna's governance strategy, every elected Fijian Government since the 1970 independence have followed suit and ensured that the Roko Tui Bau title is installed and that the incumbent shares the same political ideologies as the ruling government. It is always portrayed externally and in the media that the main reason for installing the Roko Tui Bau is to install the Vunivalu of Kubuna, which is really a secondary reason, the main one being the traditional governance support and authority of the Roko Tui Bau, virtue of being the recipient of authority of the tawake Tui Viti after the Nakauvadra war which an elected government will need for governance and legislative validation.

Ratu Dovi's son, the late Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi (2) was also installed in 1995 as Roko Tui Bau with the back up of the Rabuka SVT government through Adi Samanunu Cakobau as the Minister for Fijian Affairs. Dr Ratu Wilisoni Tuiketei Malani OBE (the younger brother of Ratu Meli Salabogi (3) MBE & 1st born lineage of Vueti), a SVT government member of parliament had to be requested to show his approval at Vatanitawake during the 1995 installation in response to Ratu Epenisa Cakobau's point of protest that Ratu Joni was not from the Roko Tui Bau lineage as in the Fiji Times picture below.

Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi (2)'s younger brother Ratu Timoci Taniela (Tavanavanua) was also installed in 2017 with the backup of the Bainimarama Government as the Roko Tui Bau without any formal traditional installation inside Vatanitawake but held outside with a tabua presented by the Prime Minister Bainimarama in his capacity as a Yavusa Ratu clan member after the installation church service on Bau island. Ratu Timoci Taniela (Tavanavanua) cited his Christian apostolic beliefs as the reason for moving the traditional ceremony away from inside Vatanitawake to the village greens in 2017. The 1995 installation protest incident by Ratu Epenisa Cakobau could have been another reason for moving away from the traditional protocol.

Recently, the late Ratu Wilisoni Tuiketei Malani (OBE)'s son, Ratu Meli Salabogi Malani (4) resided at Vatanitawake and guarded by Nakorotubu warriors on the night of June 7, 2018 and was supposed to hand over the authority of Kubuna and for the current Roko Tui Bau, Ratu Timoci Taniela (Tavanavanua) to hand over the installation cup to Ratu Epenisa Cakobau. The Government intervened on the morning of June 8, 2018 through the police and the military and the installation was cancelled as Ratu Timoci Taniela (Tavanavanua), the Roko Tui Bau had pulled out of the installation process. The Chairman of the Native Lands Commission cited that protocol was breached with the older brother, the late Ratu Joji Cakobau not agreeing for the younger brother, Ratu Epenisa Cakobau, to be installed as the Vunivalu of Bau and Kubuna confederacy. Ratu Joji Cakobau had initially agreed earlier on to the Vunivalu installation of Ratu Epenisa Cakobau.

The 1959 installation of Ratu Sir George Cakobau by Ratu Meli Salabogi (3)'s son Ratu Kuliniyasi Roko Malani (2) proceeded without any problems or disputes.

The intermarriage, care and benefits from the coconut plantation of the Lau Provincial Council and the Vuanirewa clan in Lakeba resulted in the diplomatic shift of Fiji's traditional and political order, as Nakorotubu ensured a smooth and favorable seat for Niumataiwalu's lineage in Bau and Lau post-World War 2 and post-1970 independence during Ratu Sir George Cakobau and Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara leadership.

British sovereignty

Seru Cakobau was the lead signatory on the deed of cession that granted Britain sovereignty over the islands in 1874. After cession to the British Empire in 1874, historical records refer to Seru Cakobau as only Vunivalu of Bau, or Ratu Seru Cakobau, indicating the title Tui Viti was lost when the sovereignty of Fiji was ceded to the British Crown. When Ratu Seru Cakobau signed the deed of cession he also presented his war club to Queen Victoria, the British monarch, as a symbol of his submission and loyalty. The presentation of the war club, named Na Tutuvi Kuta nei Radi ni Bau (The sleeping cover of the Queen of Bau) refers to the traditional duty of the Vunivalu to protect the principal wife of the Roko Tui Bau and can again be taken to mean Cakobau accepted protection from Queen Victoria and her successors.

Dominion

In 1970, 96 years of British rule came to an end, and Fiji became an independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth of Nations. The official name of the state was the "Dominion of Fiji". Fiji's Head of State was Elizabeth II, who was represented by a Governor-General and was also queen of other countries, such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The queen's realms were all independent from one another, and the Queen acted independently in each realm, but they shared the same person as monarch. As a constitutional monarchy, executive power was held by a prime minister, usually the leader of the majority party in an elected legislature. The prime minister was appointed by the Governor-General.

Republic

In 1987, a series of coups resulted in the overthrow of the elected government of Fijian Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra, and the declaration of a republic. The first coup, in which Bavadra was deposed, took place on 14 May 1987. The Fijian Supreme Court ruled the coup unconstitutional, and the Queen's representative, Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, unsuccessfully attempted to assert executive power. He opened negotiations, known as the Deuba Talks, with both the deposed government, and the Alliance Party, which most indigenous Fijians supported. These negotiations culminated in the Deuba Accord of 23 September 1987, which provided for a government of national unity, in which both parties would be represented under the leadership of the Governor-General. Fearing that the gains of the first coup were about to be lost, Sitiveni Rabuka staged a second coup on 25 September, abolished the monarchy on 6 October, and declared Fiji a republic. Penaia Ganilau resigned as Governor-General on 15 October 1987, and Fiji was expelled from the Commonwealth of Nations for a decade.

Ten years later, after constitutional talks and an election, Sitiveni Rabuka, who instigated the two military coups, presented a tabua, a tooth of a sperm whale, to Queen Elizabeth during the Commonwealth Heads of Government conference in Edinburgh, Scotland. This gesture from Rabuka, by now the Prime Minister of Fiji, is a traditional sign of profound respect and was given as an apology for having broken his oath of allegiance to her as an officer of the Military of Fiji. The agreed Constitution of 1997 provided for a President as Head of State of a Fijian republic, with the President chosen by the Great Council of Chiefs, a formal body of mostly hereditary chiefs.

Current position

Though Fiji has been a republic since 1987 and was suspended from the Commonwealth for a second time in 2009, until 2012 the Queen's effigy was still displayed on Fiji's currency and the Queen's Official Birthday remained a public holiday. In 2012, Frank Bainimarama's government abolished the official birthday holiday, and replaced the Queen's image on banknotes and coins with indigenous flora and fauna. The St Edward's Crown still forms part of the badges of the military and the police. The Queen and the royal family retain widespread affection among the Fijian people, and there have also been sporadic public debates on whether to return to a constitutional monarchy. The motto of the republic remains "Fear God and honour the King" (or "Queen") (Fijian: Rere vaka na kalou ka doka na Tui), which was adopted by Cakobau in 1871. The country's coat of arms remain unchanged.

In 1998, the Great Council of Chiefs debated Elizabeth II's role as "supreme tribal chief". In 2002, on behalf of the Council, the Council's chairman, Ratu Epeli Ganilau, the son of Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, declared that Elizabeth II was still the traditional Queen or paramount chief of Fiji or Tui Viti, even though this position no longer conferred any constitutional prerogatives and it was "not widely known that she is the paramount chief of Fiji in the traditional sense; only some of the council members remembered her status". The majority of the members of the Council were descendants and blood relatives of the chiefs who ceded Fiji to Queen Victoria, Elizabeth's great-great-grandmother, in 1874. Consequently, while Fiji is a republic, a monarch or paramount chief was recognised by traditional tribal structures.

As Queen Elizabeth II has made no official claim to the Tui Viti title, and it is not officially recognised by the current de facto Fijian government, it remains dormant in usage. When broached on the subject of restoration by Sitiveni Rabuka during a meeting with the Queen in 1997, her response was simple: "Let the people decide".

After another coup in 2000, further political tension led to a fourth coup in 2006. The Great Council of Chiefs was suspended in 2007, and the Constitution, which gives the Council the right to appoint the Head of State from among its members, was suspended in 2009. On 14 March 2012, the Council was formally de-established.

In the last two decades since Fiji became a republic, the question on restoring the monarchy has not abated. The current Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama displays portraits of the Queen and her consort, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, above his office desk. He has also described himself as a monarchist: "I'm still loyal to the Queen. Many people are in Fiji. One of the things I'd like to do is see her restored as our monarch, to be Queen of Fiji again." To date, no referendum has ever been called to decide on the question of restoration.

List of Fijian monarchs

See also: List of heads of state of Fiji

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Seru Epenisa Cakobau 5 June 1871 – 10 October 1874 (Throne ceded)		1815 Lakeba, Lau Islands son of Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa and Adi Savusavu	Adi Litia Samanunu (1st wife) Adi Salote Qalirea Kaunilotuna (2nd wife) 8 children	1 February 1883 aged c. 68
Elizabeth II 10 October 1970 – 6 October 1987 (Republic declared)		21 April 1926 Mayfair daughter of George VI and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon	Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh Westminster Abbey 20 November 1947 4 children

Further reading

• Kubuna and Tui Viti heritage endorsement during Roko Tui Bau's installation in November, 1995. Adi Samanunu Cakobau (then Minister for Fijian Affairs) ensured the presence of Dr Ratu Wilisoni Tuiketei Malani from Nakorotubu at Vatanitawake to indicate that there was endorsement from Vueti's first born lineage during Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi's installation in response to protest from Ratu Epenisa Cakobau that Ratu Joni was not an authentic lineage of the Roko Tui Bau title. https://drive.google.com/open?id=12XjrRhZ23qTvZBwJTqLzS-vS6YGkO7KF <Fiji Times, November 13, 1995, page 24>

• Kubuna Confederacy speech by Roko Tui Bau- Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi in 2005 at Turaga Gonesau- Ratu Wilisoni Tuiketei Malani's funeral'.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wLcwWZ0TOs

• Kubuna heritage endorsement of Ratu Epenisa Cakobau as Vunivalu of Kubuna in June, 2018.

     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwrp7woTtcA
     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlZdkIZ8_Og
     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJNn9xlYV-M&t=151s

• Mosese Bulitavo (25 September 2015). "The Politics of Fiji – A Way Forward For ITaukei People". Fiji Sun.
• Mosese Bulitavo (10 October 2015). "Opinion-cleaning-up-our-history-a-way-forward-for-itaukei". Fiji Sun.
• Matanitu The Struggle for Power in Early Fiji, By David Routledge, Published by University of the South Pacific (1985)
• The Pacific Way A Memoir, By Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Published by the University of Hawaii Press (1990)
• Fiji and the Fijians Chapter 2 Pages 33–34 by Thomas Williams, James Calvert.

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