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Nawabi Bengal

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


This article is about the independent and puppet rulers of Bengal (1717–1882). For the titular aristocrat family of Murshidabad (1882–1969), see Nawabs of Murshidabad.
Nawabi Bengal

1717–1757
1757–1882
Flag of Bengal Nawabs(1717-17157)
Flag of Bengal Nawabs(1717-17157)
StatusSovereign state
CapitalMurshidabad
Munger(1765-1767)
Official languagesBengali
Persian
Urdu
Arabic
Religion
Shia Islam(dynastic)
Sunni Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Others
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Nawab 
• 1717–1727 (first)
Murshid Quli Khan
• 1756–1757 (last)

1838-1882
Siraj Ud Daulah (Independent)
Mansur Ali Khan (Under British)
History 
• Independence from Mughal
1717
• Battle of Plassey (practically)
23 June 1757
CurrencyTaka
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Bengal Subah
Mughal Empire
East India Company
Today part ofBangladesh
India
Part of a series on the
History of Bengal
Map of "Bengal" from Pope, G. U. (1880), Text-book of Indian History: Geographical Notes, Genealogical Tables, Examination Questions, London: W. H. Allen & Co. Pp. vii, 574, 16 maps.
Part of a series on the
History of Bangladesh
1813 Map of Bengal

The Nawabs of Bengal[1][2][3][4] were the Independent hereditary rulers of Bengal. In the early 18th-century, the Nawab of Bengal was the independent ruler of Bengal (Bengal, Bihar and Orissa which constitute the modern-day Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha and the sovereign country of Bangladesh). The Bengal reached its peak during the reign of Nawab Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.[5][6][7] They are often referred to as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.).[8] The Nawabi Bengal's capital were based in Murshidabad which was centrally located within Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. Murshid Quli Khan became the first Nawab of Bengal and ended Mughal rule in Bengal. The Nawabs governed as independent monarchs. The Nawabs, backed by bankers such as the Jagat Seth, became the financial backbone of the Subcontinent court.

The Nawabs, especially under the rule of Alivardi Khan of 16 years, were heavily engaged in various wars against the Marathas. Towards the end, he turned his attention to rebuilding and restoring Bengal.[9]

The Nawabs of Bengal oversaw a period of proto-industrialization. The Bengal-Bihar-Orissa triangle was a major production center for cotton muslin cloth, silk cloth, shipbuilding, gunpowder, saltpetre, and metalworks. Factories were set up in Murshidabad, Dhaka, Patna, Sonargaon, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Cossimbazar, Balasore, Pipeli, and Hugli among other cities, towns, and ports. The region became a base for the British East India Company, the French East India Company, the Danish East India Company, the Austrian East India Company, the Ostend Company, and the Dutch East India Company.

The British company eventually rivaled the authority of the Nawabs. In the aftermath of the siege of Calcutta in 1756, in which the Nawab's forces overran the main British base, the East India Company dispatched a fleet led by Robert Clive who defeated the last independent Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab. His successor Mir Qasim attempted in vain to dislodge the British. The defeat of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh, and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II at the Battle of Buxar in 1764 paved the way for British expansion across India. The South Indian Kingdom of Mysore led by Tipu Sultan overtook the Nawab of Bengal as the subcontinent's wealthiest monarchy; but this was short-lived and ended with the Anglo-Mysore War. The British then turned their sights on defeating the Marathas and Sikhs.

In 1772, Governor-General Warren Hastings shifted administrative and judicial offices from Murshidabad to Calcutta, the capital of the newly formed Bengal Presidency, and the de facto capital of British India.[10] The Nawabs had lost all independent authority since 1757. In 1858, the British government abolished the symbolic authority of the Nawab court. After 1880, the descendants of the Nawabs of Bengal were recognised simply as Nawabs of Murshidabad with the mere status of a peerage.[11]

History

Bengal in 18th century

The Nawabs of Bengal in 1733, almost a decade before the Maratha invasions of Bengal[12]

The Bengal Subah was the wealthiest country in subcontinent in 18th century.[13] There were several posts under the Mughal administrative system of Bengal since Akbar's conquest in the 1500s. Nizamat (governornership) and diwani (premiership) were the two main branches of provincial government under the Mughals.[14] The Subahdar was in-charge of the nizamat and had a chain of subordinate officials on the executive side, including diwans (prime ministers) responsible for revenue and legal affairs.[14] After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, Bengal gradually became independent, and in 1717, through Murshid Quli Khan, Bengal separated from the Mughals. However, they maintained a nominal allegiance to the Mughals. In reality, they were independent.[15]

The Mughal court heavily relied on Bengal for revenue. Azim-us-Shan, the Mughal viceroy of Bengal, had a bitter power struggle with his prime minister (diwan) Murshid Quli Khan. Emperor Aurangzeb transferred Azim-us-Shan out of Bengal and into Bihar in 1703 as a result of the disputes. After the viceroy's exit, the provincial premier Murshid Quli Khan emerged as the de facto ruler of Bengal. His administrative coup merged the offices of the diwan (prime minister) and subedar (viceroy). In 1716, Murshid Quli shifted Bengal's capital from Dhaka to a new city named after himself. In 1717, Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar recognized Khan as the hereditary Nawab Nazim. The Nawab's jurisdiction covered districts in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.[16] The Nawab's territory stretched from the border with Oudh in the west to the border with Arakan in the east.

The chief deputy of the Nawab was the Naib Nazim of Dhaka, the mayor of the former provincial capital whose own wealth was considerable; the Naib Nazim of Dhaka also governed much of eastern Bengal. Other important officials were stationed in Patna, Cuttack, and Chittagong. The aristocracy was composed of the Zamindars of Bengal.[citation needed] The Nawab was backed up by the powerful Jagat Seth family of bankers and money lenders. They served as financiers to both the Nawabs and European companies operating in the region.

Sketch of the main caravanserai and mosque in Murshidabad

The Nawabs profited from the revenue generated by the worldwide demand of muslin trade in Bengal, which was centred in Dhaka and Sonargaon. Murshidabad was a major centre of silk production.[17] Shipbuilding in Chittagong enjoyed Ottoman and European demand. Patna was a centre of metalworks and the military-industrial complex. The Bengal-Bihar region was a major exporter of gunpowder and saltpetre.[18][19] The Nawabs presided over an era of growing organization in banking, handicrafts, and other trades.

Bengal attracted traders from across Eurasia. Traders were lodged at caravanserais, including the Katra Masjid in Murshidabad; and the Bara Katra and Choto Katra in Dhaka. The expulsion of the Portuguese settlement in Chittagong diverted the centre of international trade away from Dhaka to the new city of Murshidabad, due to its location on the banks of the Bhagirathi, downstream of which the Europeans had set up their business centres. The Armenians had set up their settlement and a church at Saidabad locality of Berhampore, while a Jain community of bankers developed in Jiaganj-Azimganj. The Portuguese continued to have a minor presence in Bandel, mostly centered around their church. Dutch Bengali trading posts included the Dutch settlement in Rajshahi; the town of Hugli and warehouses in Baranagar & Kalikapur locality of Murshibabad. The French set up in the city of Chandannagar and warehouses in Saidabad & Sandwip. The Danes were set up in the city of Serampore. The British developed the city of Calcutta and a warehouse in Cossimbazar. An attempt by the Austrians to set up an outpost in Bankipur was stonewalled by the British.[20] Dhaka continued to attract Dutch, French and Armenians. Bengali cities were full of brokers, workers, peons, naibs, wakils, and ordinary traders.[21]

Dutch East India Company ships in Chittagong harbor, early 18th-century

The Nawabs were patrons of the arts, including the Murshidabad style of Mughal painting, Hindustani classical music, the Baul tradition, and local craftsmanship. The second Nawab Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan developed Murshidabad's royal palace, military base, city gates, revenue office, public audience hall (durbar), and mosques in an extensive compound called Farrabagh (Garden of Joy) which included canals, fountains, flowers, and fruit trees. The second Nawab's reign saw a period of economic and political consolidation.[21]

The third Nawab Sarfaraz Khan was preoccupied with military engagements, including Nader Shah's invasion of India. Sarfaraz Khan was killed at the Battle of Giria by his deputy Alivardi Khan.[citation needed] The coup by Alivardi Khan led to the creation of a new dynasty. However he was also known as Shuja ul-Mulk (hero of the country) mostly due to him repelling all Maratha invasions of Bengal. [citation needed]

Independence From Mughal Rule

After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire began to decline. During this period, some Mughal provinces became practically independent. Although the Nawabs of Bengal did not declare independence in 1707, the Subadars of Bengal accepted nominal subordination to Aurangzeb's successors. In 1712, Murshid Quli became the Subadar of Bengal and began to govern as himself. He shifted the capital from Dhaka to Murshidabad and built his own mint there under Jagat Seth. He also built the Chehel Setun Palace for himself without the permission of the Mughal emperor, and later he ruled Bengal from there. Murshid Quli Khan took the final step to separate Bengal from Mughal influence in 1717, declaring himself the Nawab of Bengal Subah, or Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Before that, he was only a subadar in Bengal, employed by the Mughals. By declaring himself Nawab, he ended Mughal rule in Bengal and began hereditary Nawabi rule in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa.

Independent Nawabs

The independent Nawab era in Bengal effectively began in 1717 when Murshid Quli Khan declared himself Nawab of Bengal. However, after Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire began to decline and the Bengal subah began to separate from the Mughals. During this period (1717–1757), Nawabs such as Murshid Quli Khan, Shuja-ud-din and Alivardi Khan established strong, centralized rule, effectively creating an independent state until the Battle of Plassey in 1757 brought British influence and ended independent rule.

Afghan Insurrections

Main article: Afghan insurrections in Bengal

The Afghan insurrections in Bengal, also known as the Afghan mutinies were a series of four revolts led by the Afghans living in the Bengal Subah between 1745-1750. They were led by ambitious individuals like Mustafa Khan, Sardar Khan and Shamshir Khan with the intent to carve out their own Afghan state in Bengal. The insurrections were ultimately suppressed.

Maratha invasions of Bengal

Main article: Maratha invasions of Bengal

The resurgent Maratha Empire launched raids against Bengal in the 18th century, which further added to the decline of the Nawabs of Bengal. The Bengal Subah was met by a series of face to face confrontations by the Maratha Empire including the First Battle of Katwa, the Second Battle of Katwa, the Battle of Burdwan and the Battle of Rani Sarai, Battle of Birbhum, First and Second Battles of Midnapur where Nawab Alivardi Khan defeated the Marathas and repelled their attacks.[22][23] The Maratha raids lasted a decade from 1741 to early 1751.

The Marathas committed many atrocities across Bengal causing many to flee from West Bengal to East Bengal.[24] 400,000 civilian Bengalis were massacred by the Bargis (Maratha warriors) including textile weavers, silk winders, and mulberry cultivators.[25][26] Many Bengalis were mutilated and contemporary accounts describe the scene of mass gang-rape against women.[27] Alivardi Khan the Nawab of Bengal fearing even worse devastation and destruction agreed to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the chauth of Bengal and Bihar to the Marathas, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again.

The expeditions, led by Raghuji Bhonsle of Nagpur, also established de facto Maratha control over Orissa, which was formally incorporated in the Maratha Empire in 1752.[28][29]

British influence and succession

Nawab Murshid Quli Khan was notorious for his repressive tax collection tactics, including torture for non-payment.[30] Nawab Alivardi Khan's successor was Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah. Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah grew increasingly wary of the British presence in Bengal. He also feared invasions by the Durrani Empire from the north and Marathas from the west. On 20 June 1756, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah launched the siege of Calcutta, in which he won a decisive victory. The British were briefly expelled from Fort William, which came under the occupation of the Nawab's forces. The East India Company dispatched a naval fleet led by Robert Clive to regain control of Fort William. By January 1757, the British retook Fort William. The stalemate with the Nawab continued into June. The Nawab also began cooperating with the French East India Company, raising the ire of the British further. Britain and France were at the time pitted against each other in the Seven Years' War.

Robert Clive meets Mir Jafar at the Battle of Plassey in 1757

On 23 June 1757, the Battle of Plassey brought an end to the independence of the Nawabs of Bengal.[31][32] Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and his French allies were caught off guard by the defection of the Nawab's Commander-in-Chief Mir Jafar to the British side. The British, under the leadership of Robert Clive, gained enormous influence over Bengal Subah as a result of the battle. The last independent Nawab was arrested by his former officers and killed in revenge for the brutality against his courtiers.

Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab by the British. However, Jafar entered into a secret treaty with the Dutch East India Company. This caused the British to replace Mir Jafar with his son-in-law Mir Qasim in October 1760. In one of his first acts, Mir Qasim ceded Chittagong,[33] Burdwan and Midnapore to the East India Company. Mir Qasim also proved to be a popular ruler. But Mir Qasim's independent spirit eventually raised British suspicions. Mir Jafar was reinstalled as Nawab in 1763. Mir Qasim continued opposing the British and his father-in-law. He set up his capital in Munger and raised an independent army. Mir Qasim attacked British positions in Patna, overrunning the company's offices and killing its Resident. Mir Qasim also attacked the British-allied Gorkha Kingdom. Mir Qasim allied with Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. However, the Mughal allies were defeated at the Battle of Buxar in 1764, which was the last real chance of resisting British expansion across the northern Indian subcontinent.

The South Indian Kingdom of Mysore under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan briefly eclipsed the dominant position of Bengal in the subcontinent. Tipu Sultan pursued aggressive military modernization; and set up a company to trade with communities around the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea. Mysore's military technology at one point rivaled European technology. However, the Anglo-Mysore War ended Tipu Sultan's ascendancy.[34][35]

In 1765, Robert Clive, as the representative of the East India Company, was given the Diwani of Bengal by the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.[36] With this a system of dual governance was established, with the Nawabs responsible for the Nizamat of Bengal and the Company responsible for the Diwani of Bengal. In 1772, this arrangement came to be abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, the Mughal emperor also ceded the Nizamat of Bengal to the Company and the Nawab of Bengal was reduced to a mere titular position and pensioners of the Company. After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended, and the British Crown, in 1858, took over the territories which were under direct rule of the company. This marked the beginning of Crown rule in India, and the Nawabs had no political or any other kind of control over the territory.[37][38] Mir Jafar's descendants continued to live in Murshidabad. The Hazarduari Palace (Palace of a Thousand Doors) was built as the residence of the Nawabs in the 1830s. The palace was also used by British colonial officials.[39]

Hazarduari Palace (Palace of a Thousand Doors) was home to the titular Nawabs of Bengal

Nawab Mansur Ali Khan was the last titular Nawab Nazim of Bengal. During his reign the nizamat at Murshidabad came to be debt-ridden. The Nawab left Murshidabad in February 1869, and had started living in England. The title of the Nawab of Bengal stood abolished in 1880.[39] He returned to Bombay in October 1880 and pleaded his case against the orders of the government, but as it stood unresolved the Nawab renounced his styles and titles, abdicating in favour of his eldest son on 1 November 1880.[39]

The Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawab Nazims following Nawab Mansur Ali Khan's abdication, The Nawab Bahadurs had ceased to exercise any significant power.[14] but were relegated to the status of a zamindar and continued to be a wealthy family, producing bureaucrats and army officers.[14][39][40]

Relations with the Zamindars of Bihar

The Zamindars of Bihar maintained a tenuous loyalty to the Nawabs of Bengal.[41] Rebellion and the withholding of revenue was a common feature of the Nawab period in Bihar.[42][43] Although Bihar had the potential to provide a large amount of revenue and tax, records show that the Nawabs were unable to extract any money from the chiefs of Bihar until 1748. And even following this, the amount gained was very low. This was again due to the rebellious nature of the zamindars who were "continually in arms".[44]

Administration

The administration of Nawabi Bengal (c. 1717–1757) was an absolute monarchy state. Under Murshid Quli Khan, the Nawabs achieved independence from the Mughal Empire. Nawabi Bengal took influence from Bengal traditions. Its revenue system was maintained in the Bengali language(probably) throughout the course of its history. The government employed both Muslims and Hindus, promoting a form of religious pluralism.

Capital City

From 1717 to 1757 Nasiri Dynasty and Afshar Dynasty ruled Bengal from Murshidabad, followed by the Najaffi Dynasty in Murshidabad (1757–1763) under British East India Company. During the reign of Nawab Mir Qasim, Munger became the capital of Nizamat (1763–1764). The restored Mir Jafar governed from the Murshidabad again after Battle of Buxer.

Mint Towns

Mint towns consisted of royal and provincial capitals where taka coins were minted, thus developing the areas as important economic urban centres within the Niazamat. With the expansion of the Kingdom, the number of mint towns increased gradually. The following is a partial listing of mint towns:

  1. Murshidabad
  2. Dhaka
  3. Patna
  4. Cuttak
  5. Raj Mahal
  6. Hooghly
  7. Burdwan
  8. Chittagong

Vassal States

Tripura

Following the Conquest of Tripura in 1729, the Nawab Shuja's forces installed Jagat Manikya as the ruler, who ruled as a vassal under the Nawabs of Bengal.

Bettiah Raj and Tekari Raj

Bettiah Raj and Tekari Raj in Bihar were two principalities that were subdued by Alivardi Khan's forces around the 1730s-1740s. The ruler of Bettiah Raj fled, and the Tekari Raj chief, Mustafa Khan, was employed as a general in the Nawab Alivardi's army after his defeat.

Economy

See also: Muslin trade in Bengal

The economy of Bengal under the Nawabs (1717–1757) was a prosperous, export-driven powerhouse, often referred to as the "Paradise of Nations". It was characterized by thriving agricultural production, world-renowned textiles (muslin and silk), and a robust banking sector.

Key aspects of the economy under the Nawabs include:

Trade and Commerce: Bengal acted as a major trade hub in Asia, attracting European merchants (British, Dutch, French) to centers like Murshidabad, Dhaka, and Hugli. It exported silk, cotton, saltpetre, and opium.

Manufacturing and Agriculture: The region was a global center for muslin production (centered in Dhaka) and raw silk (centered in Murshidabad). Agriculture was productive, with widespread cultivation of rice, sugar, and cotton.

Banking and Finance: The economy was supported by organized banking, with major firms like the Jagat Sheths acting as state bankers who facilitated large-scale financial transactions, loans to the government, and remittances.

Revenue Management: The Nawabs maintained a stable system of tax collection and land revenue, largely driven by the subadari and zamindari system.

Industrial Output: Bengal had a significant shipbuilding industry in Chittagong, which served both local and international demand.

During the period 1717-1757, Bengal under Nawabs was an economic powerhouse. Bengal was the wealthiest country in South Asian subcontinent and a center of proto-industrialization. It was globally renowned for its muslin and silk production (centered in Dhaka and Murshidabad), shipbuilding (Chittagong), and a major exporter of agricultural produce, saltpetre, and gunpowder. Cities like Murshidabad (the capital), Dhaka, Patna, and Hughly developed into bustling trading centers, attracting traders from across Eurasia who lodged in large caravanserais. The powerful Jagat Seth family of bankers and moneylenders controlled the flow of revenue and served as financiers to both the Nawabs and the various European trading companies operating in the region.

The period saw massive growth in population. The prosperity, however, began to change with the rising power of the British East India Company after 1757.

Culture and Society

Society

The Nawabs, having adopted Bengal as their home, fostered a syncretic Indo-Persian culture. The society was hierarchical and largely based on the existing Bengal administrative system, with a blend of Hindu and Muslim social practices. The Nawab was at the apex of the social and political structure, supported by an aristocracy composed of high officials and powerful Zamindars (landowners). Murshid Quli Khan's revenue system, which introduced ijaradars (revenue farmers), led to the creation of a new, influential landed aristocracy. Both Hindu and Muslim communities had internal hierarchies. Hindu society largely comprised two main varnas, Brahman and Shudra, with numerous jatis arranged hierarchically. The Muslim community was stratified into Ashraf and Ajlaf. The Nawabs focused on maintaining peace and order, establishing police stations (thanas) and administering strict justice for everyone regardless of their status. Popular amusements included wrestling, hunting, exercise, and boat racing for men, while women of aristocratic families generally observed purdah (seclusion).

Culture and Arts

The Nawabs were significant patrons of the arts, leading to a blossoming of a composite Bengali culture. The Nawab's court encouraged the development of the Murshidabad style of Bengal painting, Bengali classical music, and local craftsmanship, including the Baul tradition. Architectural developments included the construction of palaces, revenue offices, royal mosques, and the massive Nizamat Imambara in Murshidabad, the largest in the subcontinent. The Nawabs were Shia Muslims and actively promoted Shia religious practices and built grand imambaras, attracting scholars from within and outside Bengal. There was a considerable intermingling of cultural practices between Hindu and Muslim communities.

Military

The Nawabs had a well-organised army, including cavalry, artillery, infantry and war elephants; and a navy. Due to the riverine geography and climate, it was not feasible to use cavalry throughout the year in Bengal. The cavalry was probably the weakest component of the Bengal Nawab's army, as the horses had to be imported from foreign countries. The artillery was an important section. The artillery used cannons and guns of various sizes. The paiks formed the vital part of the Bengal infantry during this period. There were occasions when the paiks also tackled political situations. The particular battle array of the foot-soldiers who used bows, arrows and guns attracted the attention of subcontinent other rulers.

War elephants played an important part in the Bengal army. Apart from carrying war materials, elephants were also used for the movement of the armed personnel. In riverine Bengal the usefulness of elephants, though very slow, could not be minimised. The navy was of prime necessity in riverine Bengal. In fact, the cavalry could ensure the hold over this country for a period of six months whereas the boats backed by the paiks could command supremacy over the other half of the year. Since the time of Iwaz Khalji, who first organised a naval force in Islamic Bengal, the war boats played an important role in the political affairs of the country. The chief of the admiralty had various responsibilities, including shipbuilding, river transport, to fit out strong boats for transporting war elephants; to recruit seamen; to patrol the rivers and to collect tolls at ghats. The Nawabs also built forts, Munger fort one of them.

Military campaigns

For Military campaigns of the Bengal Subah prior to the Nawabs of Bengal (Before 1717), see Bengal Subah § Military campaigns.

According to João de Barros, Bengal enjoyed military supremacy over Arakan and Tripura due to good artillery.[45] Its forces possessed notable large cannons. It was also a major exporter of gunpowder and saltpeter to Europe.[46][47] The Nawabi Army built fortifications across the region, including Idrakpur Fort, Sonakanda Fort, Hajiganj Fort, Lalbagh Fort and Jangalbari Fort. The Mughals expelled Arakanese and Portuguese pirates from the northeastern coastline of the Bay of Bengal. Throughout the late medieval and early modern periods, Bengal was notable for its navy and shipbuilding. The following table covers a list of notable military engagements by Mughal Bengal:

Conflict Bengal and allied forces Opposition forces Results
Conquest of Tripura

(1729) Location: Tripura

Dharma Manikya (Manikya dynasty) Victory[48]
  • Bengali backed Jagat Manikya invades and successfully defeats Tripura (Dharma Manikya) in Udaipur
  • Jagat Manikya rules as a vassal of the Nawabs of Bengal
Annexation of Bihar

(1733) Location: Bihar

Nawabs of Bengal Bihar Subah Victory
  • Annexation of the Bihar Subah into the territory of the Nawabs of Bengal.[49]
Subduing of the Banjara

(c.1733 - c.1740) Location: Bihar

Nawabs of Bengal Banjaras Victory[50]
Subduing of the Bettiah Raj

(c.1733 - c.1740) Location: Bihar

Nawabs of Bengal Bettiah Raj Victory[50]
  • Raja Dhrub Singh fled from Bhettiah
Subduing of the Tekari Raj

(c.1733 - c.1740) Location: Bihar

Nawabs of Bengal Tekari Raj Victory[51]
  • Mustafa Khan of the Tekari raj employed as a General of Alivardi Khan[52]
Subduing of the Chakwars tribe

(c.1733 - c.1740) Location: Bihar

Nawabs of Bengal Bettiah Raj Victory[50]
  • Chakwars pay an annual tribute
First Battle of Giria

(1740) Location: Giria, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal
  • Nasiri Dynasty
 Nawabs of Bengal
  • Afshar Dynasty
 Dynasty Change
  • Alivardi Khan takes the throne marking the end of the Nasiri Dynasty of Murshid Quli Khan.
Battle of Phulwarion

(1741) Location: Phulbari, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal Governor of Orissa
  • Rustam Jang
 Victory
  • Alivardi Khan defeated Rustam Jang, deputy governor of Orissa and a relative of Sarfaraz Khan[53]
First Battle of Katwa

(1742) Location: Katwa, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory
First Battle of Midnapur

(1742) Location: Midnapur, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory
  • The Bengal forces defeated the Maratha forces and they were driven from Orissa beyond the Chilka lake.[55]
Battle of Birbhum

(1743) Location: Birbhum, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory
  • The Maratha forces evacuated out of Bengal[56]
Second Battle of Katwa

(1745) Location: Katwa, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory
  • Raghuji Bhonsle was defeated by the Bengali army of Alivardi Khan.[57]
Battle at Bhagalpur

(1745) Location: Bihar

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory[58]
1st Afghan Insurrection

(1745) Location: Bihar

Nawabs of Bengal Afghans of Bihar
  • Mustafa Khan
 Victory[50]
  • Retreat of Afghan troops
  • Mustafa regroups and forms a stronger army and attacking Patna
  • Zainuddin shot Mustafa Khan killing him instantaneously, thus crushing the Afghan army.
2nd Afghan Insurrection

(1746) Location: Bihar

Nawabs of Bengal Afghans of Bihar Victory[50]
  • Afghans along with their 6000 men retired to Dharbhanga (Tirhut).
Second Battle of Midnapur

(1746) Location: Midnapur, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory
  • Mir Jafar won a decisive battle against Mir Habib.[59]
Battle of Burdwan

(1747) Location: Burdwan, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory
  • Alivardi Khan heavily repulsed and defeated the Marathas.[60]
Battle of Rani Sarai

(1748) Location, Bihar, Bengal Subah

(Part of the third Afghan Insurrection And Maratha invasions of Bengal)

Nawabs of Bengal Victory
  • Alivardi Khan defeated the allied Afghan and Maratha forces.[61]
Third Battle of Midnapur

(1749) Location: Midnapur, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory[62]
Battle of Cuttack

(1749) Location: Cuttack, Bengal Subah

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory[63]
Siege of Barabati Fort

(1749) Location:Barabati fort

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory[63]
  • Orissa recovered
  • Fort surrendered to the Nawab
Fourth Battle of Midnapur

(1750) Location: Midnapur, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Victory[63]
4th Afghan Insurrection

(1750)

Location: Bihar, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal Afghans of Bihar Victory[53]
  • Alivardi subdued the revolt of the Afghans who were trying to separate Bihar from his administration.
End of Maratha invasions of Bengal

(1751)

Location: Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  Maratha Stalemate
  • Military Victory, Political Defeat
  • Peace treaty signed ending the Maratha invasions of Bengal.
Battle of Kandarpi Ghat

(1753) Location: Kandarpi Ghat, Mithila

Nawabs of Bengal Khandwala dynasty Defeat
  • Maharaja Narendra Singh clashed against forces of the Nawabs of Bengal led by Bhikhari Mahtha, an official of Alivardi Khan and emerged victorious.[64]
Battle of Manihari

(1756) Location: Manihari, Bengal Subah

Nawabs of Bengal
  • Siraj-ud-Daulah
 Shaukat Jang Victory
  • Siraj-ud-Daulah's rebellious cousin, Shakuat Jang is killed[65]
Siege of Calcutta (First Anglo-Bengal War)

(1756–1757)

Location: Kolkata, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  United Kingdom
  • British East India Company
 Victory
Battle of Plassey (Second Anglo-Bengal War)

(1757)

Location: Palashi, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal

 France

  • French East India Company French East India Company
  United Kingdom
  • British East India Company
 Defeat
  • Significant expansion of British influence over Bengal
Battle of Makwanpur (1763)

(1763) Location: Nepal

Nawabs of Bengal Nepal Defeat
  • Defeat and retreat of Mir Qasim
1st Battle of Patna

(1763) Location: Patna, Bengal Subah

Nawabs of Bengal  United Kingdom
  • British East India Company
  • Mir Jafar (defected to the British)
  • Jagat Seth
 Victory[66]
  • British driven out of Patna
2nd Battle of Giria

(1763) Location: Giria, Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal  United Kingdom
  • British East India Company
 Defeat
  • Nawab Mir Jafar installed on the throne.
Third Anglo–Bengal War (Bengal War)

(1763–1764)

Location: Buxar, Bengal Subah

  • Nawabs of Bengal
  • Mughal Empire
  • Oudh
  United Kingdom
  • British East India Company

Kashi Kingdom

Defeat
  • Treaty of Allahabad(1765). British East India Company granted Diwani rights, or the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern province of Bengal

List of Nawabs

The following is a list of the Nawabs of Bengal. Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Jafar were the only two to become Nawab Nazim twice.[67] The chronology started in 1717 with Murshid Quli Khan and ended in 1880 with Mansur Ali Khan.[14][39][67]

Independent Rulers

Portrait Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death
Nasiri dynasty
Jaafar Khan Bahadur Nasiri Murshid Quli Khan 1665 1717–30 June 1727 30 June 1727[68][69][70]
Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jung Sarfaraz Khan 1700 1727–1727 (for few days) 29 April 1740[71]
Shuja ud-Daula Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan 1670 1 July 1727 – 26 August 1739 26 August 1739[72][73]
Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jung Sarfaraz Khan 1700 26 August 1739 – 29 April 1740 29 April 1740[71]
Afshar dynasty
Hashim ud-Daula Alivardi Khan Before 10 May 1671 29 April 1740 – 9 April 1756 9 April 1756[74][75]
Mansur-ul-Mulk Siraj-ud-Daulla Siraj ud-Daulah 1733 9 April 1756 – 23 June 1757 2 July 1757[76][77]

Puppet rulers under British influence

Portrait Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death
Najafi dynasty
Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Jafar 1691 2 June 1757 – 20 October 1760 17 January 1765[78][79][80]
Itimad ud-Daulah Mir Qasim 1720 20 October 1760 – 7 July 1763 8 May 1777[81]
Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Jafar 1691 25 July 1763 – 17 January 1765 17 January 1765[81][82]
Najm ud-Daulah Najmuddin Ali Khan 1750 5 February 1765 – 8 May 1766 8 May 1766[83]
Saif ud-Daulah Najabut Ali Khan 1749 22 May 1766 – 10 March 1770 10 March 1770[84]
Ashraf Ali Khan 1740 10 March 1770 – 24 March 1770 24 March 1770
Mubarak ud-Daulah Mubarak Ali Khan 1759 21 March 1770 – 6 September 1793 6 September 1793[85]
Azud ud-Daulah Baber Ali Khan 1760 1793 – 28 April 1810 28 April 1810[86]
Ali Jah Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan 1785 5 June 1810 – 6 August 1821 6 August 1821[87][88]
Walla Jah Ahmad Ali Khan 1760 1821 – 30 October 1824 30 October 1824[89][90]
Humayun Jah Mubarak Ali Khan II 29 September 1810 1824 – 3 October 1838 3 October 1838[91][92][93]
Feradun Jah Mansur Ali Khan 29 October 1830 29 October 1838 – 1 November 1880 (abdicated) 5 November 1884[39]

See also

  • Nawabs of Murshidabad
  • Maratha invasions of Bengal
  • Battle of Plassey
  • Bengal Presidency

References

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  2. ↑ Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. pp. 237–. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5. Search this book on
  3. ↑ "Bengal, nawabs of (act. 1756–1793), rulers in India". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/63552. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ↑ "ʿAlī Vardī Khān | nawab of Bengal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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  6. ↑ "Odisha – History". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Silliman, Jael (28 December 2017). "Murshidabad can teach the rest of India how to restore heritage and market the past". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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  9. ↑ Datta, Kalikinkar (1948). The Dutch in Bengal and Bihar, 1740–1825 A.D. University of Patna. p. 12. Search this book on
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  61. ↑ Rāẏa, Bhabānī Caraṇa (1981). Orissa Under the Mughals: From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic and Cultural History of Orissa. Punthi Pustak. p. 80. Search this book on
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  88. ↑ Majumdar, Purna Chundra (1905). The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad. Saroda Ray. pp. 49. Ali Jah Murshidabad. Search this book on
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  91. ↑ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Humayun Jah". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  92. ↑ Majumdar, Purna Chundra (1905). The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad. Saroda Ray. pp. 50. Humayun Jah. Search this book on
  93. ↑ Ray, Aniruddha (13 September 2016). Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey. Routledge. ISBN 9781351997300. Search this book on

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