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Proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney

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The Walt Disney Company logo
21st Century Fox logo
The logos of The Walt Disney Company and 21st Century Fox

The Walt Disney Company intends to acquire 21st Century Fox.[1][2] Under the terms of the agreement, which was announced on December 14, 2017 and is expected to close in 2018, Disney will acquire the Twentieth Century Fox film and TV studios; cable networks including FX Networks, Fox Sports Regional Networks; Fox Networks Group; Indian satellite TV group Star India; and stakes in National Geographic Partners, Hulu, UK based satellite TV group Sky plc and other assets, in exchange for $52.4 billion in stock. Prior to the completion of the deal, Fox will spin-off Fox News, the Fox Business Network, FS1, FS2, Fox Deportes, the Big Ten Network, the Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox Television Stations, and MyNetworkTV.[3][2]

History[edit]

On November 6, 2017, CNBC reported that The Walt Disney Company was negotiating a deal to acquire 21st Century Fox's filmed entertainment, cable entertainment, and direct broadcast satellite divisions, such as 20th Century Fox, FX Networks, National Geographic Partners, and international divisions. The deal was to exclude divisions such as the Fox Broadcasting Company, 20th Century Fox's studio lot, Fox Television Stations, Fox News, the Fox Business Network, and Fox Sports, which would be spun off into a resulting independent company; a notable plus of such a purchase would be Disney being able to obtain the film rights to X-Men and Fantastic Four, the distribution rights to Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope—which Disney did not obtain through its respective acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment and Lucasfilm—and James Cameron's Avatar film—which Walt Disney World's Pandora – The World of Avatar area at Animal Kingdom is based on. In addition, Disney would own Fox's distribution rights to DreamWorks Animation's 2013–2017 film library, which they could potentially use to trade for Universal Studios' right of first refusal to distribute any future Hulk films produced by Marvel Studios and even Universal's theme park rights to specific Marvel characters at Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan, as Universal and DreamWorks Animation are sister studios. Talks had stalled for the day without a deal being finalized,[4][5] but it was reported on November 10 that the prospected deal had yet to be fully abandoned.[6]

On November 16, 2017, it was reported that Comcast (parent company of Universal Studios), Verizon Communications, and Sony had also joined Disney in a bidding war for 21st Century Fox.[7][8] During a recent shareholders meeting, Lachlan Murdoch had stated that 21st Century Fox was not a "sub-scale" company "finding it difficult to leverage their positions in new and emerging video platforms", but had "the required scale to continue to both execute on our aggressive growth strategy and deliver significant increased returns to shareholders".[9] Because Disney owns the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), Comcast owns the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and 21st Century Fox owns the Fox Broadcasting Company, a full merger of Fox by either Disney or Comcast would have been illegal under the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s rules prohibiting a merger between any of the four major broadcast networks.[10][11]

On November 28, 2017, negotiations between Disney and Fox had reportedly resumed and at a rapid pace regarding Fox's key assets. Mike Fleming Jr. of Deadline.com commented that "given how Disney made the Marvel and Lucasfilm deals under the cone of silence, if this happens we'll probably only know it when it's announced. It is certainly being talked about today."[12] Rumors of a nearing deal continued on December 5, 2017, with additional reports suggesting that the FSN regional sports networks would be included in the sale (assets that would likely be aligned with Disney's ESPN division).[13][14][15][16]

On December 11, 2017, it was announced that Comcast had dropped its bid on the Fox assets.[17] On December 14, Disney and Fox confirmed the $52.4 billion deal, pending approval from the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division.[18] Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige will decide which Marvel productions from Fox will be rebooted once the Disney/Fox merger goes through.[19]

On February 5, 2018, a new report by CNBC claims that despite the Disney/Fox deal, negotiations are technically still open for its parent company Comcast which is considering topping Disney's $52.4 billion offer, once the AT&TTime Warner deal is approved by the federal judge, who will issue the decision on March 18, after the Department of Justice Antitrust Division sued to block the merger on November 20, 2017.[20]

Antitrust concerns[edit]

The deal is currently under review by the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division, which has already sued to block a merger between AT&T and Time Warner. This operation, which would be studied for 12 to 18 months, has led to significant amount of antitrust concerns. The deal is a horizontal merger (i.e., in which a company buys up a corporation that produces the same goods and products) as opposed to a vertical merger (i.e., two companies that operate at separate stages of the production process for a specific finished product) like the integrations of AT&T–Time Warner and Comcast–NBC Universal. As such, horizontal mergers are more scrutinized and investigated than vertical mergers, as they affect a more tangible reduction in competition.[21] The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) states in its own website that "The greatest antitrust concern arises with proposed mergers between direct competitors (horizontal mergers)."[22]

As both Disney and 20th Century Fox produce films and TV shows, the deal would reduce the number of major film studios in Hollywood from six to five. Some argued that the operation would still leave many competitors around since Disney may compete with Netflix in the online streaming market in equal conditions with its newly acquired properties. However, it was countered that these arguments do not hold much weight due to Disney's powerful box office and stock market shares, its practices, and its purchase of many Fox's assets, leading to many concerns and criticism among businesses, consumers, and regulators.[23]

Media[edit]

Many journalists expressed concerns about Disney's purchase of 21st Century Fox and its effects on the industry in the long run. A film reporter stated that "They’ll have more control over more things, so if they decide they don’t like what you wrote and want to ban you from their screenings, eventually that will mean all of entertainment. For journalists and reporters trying to do their job, it is frightening to see the scope of one company expand in that way and know that your fate is kind of tied up with them." "We’ve seen a pattern in Disney’s behavior. The more power they have, the more they wield it," one entertainment reporter said. A freelance critic and member of the New York Film Critics Circle said that most journalists were troubled by the idea of the Disney–Fox deal:[24]

As an example, Disney banned the Los Angeles Times on November 3, 2017, from attending press screenings of its films in retaliation for the paper's September 2017 coverage of their political influence in Anaheim, California.[25] On November 7, Disney reversed its decision, after receiving massive protests and condemnation from a number of major publications and writers, including The New York Times, The Boston Globe critic Ty Burr, The Washington Post blogger Alyssa Rosenberg, Disney’s A Wrinkle in Time director Ava DuVernay, and the websites The A.V. Club and Flavorwire, and film critics organizations which threatened to disqualify Disney films from their year-end awards in retaliation, specifically the National Society of Film Critics, Los Angeles Film Critics Association, New York Film Critics Circle, and Boston Society of Film Critics.[26][27][28] Jason Bailey, the editor of Flavorwire, thought the way Disney treated the Los Angeles Times was “absolutely chilling” and he fears this will only grow more common once Disney takes over 21st Century Fox:[24]

One film writer stated that "I personally worry that a studio this big will need the press less and less. I don't think anything drastic will change immediately, but I think it is more important than ever for entertainment reporters to uphold journalistic values. We are not their PR arms, no matter how much they'd like us to be." Another film reporter said "As a critic, I’ve had Disney tell me they don’t want to invite me to [its] film because I didn’t like the last one. It really scares me to watch them get even more power."[24]

Theaters[edit]

Unlike most studios, Disney has a reputation for lofty terms and strict conditions being imposed upon theater owners on its films such as Avengers: Age of Ultron and Star Wars: The Last Jedi. For the latter, Disney demanded a 65% cut of the movie's domestic ticket sales (rather than the minimum 55% to 60% cut) along with a four-week hold in each venue and face a 5% penalty to any theater owner who breaks any part of the contract, including taking the film off-screen. If Disney/Fox deal happened in late 2016, Disney's domestic box office in 2017 would have equaled $4.5 billion or 40% market share, a figure no major studio has ever hit. For many, the deal would give Disney the unprecedented market power to be abusive without end.[29][25]

One distribution studio executive denounced the deal, saying that "If I was an independent mom-and-pop theater, I would just close down; there’s no way to survive. With a 40% market share, how do you negotiate against that?"[29] John Roper, the general manager of the Phoenix Theatre in Fort Nelson, Canada said that Disney/Fox had him worried about even stricter rules in the future, stating "It's not good for any type of industry when a company grows that large. Disney holds all the cards, and we have to play by their rules. Smaller cinemas are just left in the dust." Roeper decided not to screen Star Wars: The Last Jedi because of Disney's strict conditions of requiring the theater to run the movie four weeks straight and play it four times a day (as opposed to other studios who only requires a minimum two weeks movie run and play it one time a day). Elkader Cinema in Elkader, Iowa opted out the movie for the same reason, with owner Lee Akin stating that "I can't get the entire town in my auditorium in one week's time let alone four."[30]

In Brazil, Disney demanded a 52% cut of Coco's domestic ticket sales (rather than the historical 50% cut) and some theaters (with exceptions like foreign chains such as Cinemark Theatres and Cinépolis) boycotted the film.[31] Coco was shown in 618 screens, against 919 screens that showed Sony Pictures' Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle.[32][33]

Cable and satellite industry[edit]

American Cable Association (ACA) President and CEO Matthew M. Polka lambasted the deal and called on federal regulators to "fully investigate" the merger. Polka was concerned about his smaller cable constituents having to negotiate multichannel deals with a behemoth that combines Fox's regional sports networks with ESPN and its cadre of collegiate-conference-focused RSNs, as well as the majority stake in Hulu:[34][35]

Many European telecommunication companies also expressed concerns about the Disney/Fox deal, considering Sky UK was included in the package, as it serves almost 23 million households across Britain, Ireland, Germany, Austria, and Italy. Disney’s takeover of Sky would be greater than RTL Television, Mediaset, ITV, ProSiebenSat.1 Media, and Vivendi combined, according to Eikon estimates. That could allow Sky to expand into new markets and bid more for sports rights and other content. Some felt that Disney's owned Sky UK would be most damaging to its pay-TV competitors since they have invested in content to cross-sell television with mobile services, in a bid to squeeze more out of customers.[36] A hedge fund with a small stake in Sky has complained that Disney/Fox could cost minority shareholders in the UK satellite broadcaster a hefty premium unless UK regulators intervene.[37]

Dish Network CEO Erik Carlson said that blockbuster mergers like Disney/Fox can severely limit the number of content companies that are providing to their customers. Carlson said on CNBC's Squawk on the Street that "We really take the position that we think about the customer and the customer first."[38]

Finance corporations[edit]

In response to the Disney/Fox deal, Analyst Andy Hargreaves of KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc. downgraded Fox's stock from overweight to Sector Weight with no assigned price target. Hargreaves said that although the merger is positive for both companies, it comes with a high antitrust risk, due to Disney's potential share of theatrical revenue, its share of domestic cable assets, its strong position in sports, and its power to already force preferential deals with cable, satellite, and theater owners.[39][40][41]

Film industry[edit]

The Writers Guild of America West, the union that represents writers of movies, TV, and other media wrote that:[42][43]

Chairman of Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group Thomas Rothman said that Disney/Fox can be a dangerous proposition: "Consolidation under giant corporate mandates rarely promotes creative risk-taking. And in the long run, it is always a challenge to compete against horizontal monopolistic power."[44]

James Mangold, the director of Fox's Marvel adaptations The Wolverine and the R-rated product Logan, expressed concerns that Disney/Fox would lead to the extinction of certain films not suitable for the Disney brand or be reshuffled in order to accommodate more Disney blockbuster movies, thereby limiting the opportunities for certain filmmakers as well as the consumers. Mangold said that “If they’re actually changing their mandate, if what they’re supposed to do alters, that would be sad to me because it just means less movies.”[45]

At the Critics' Choice Movie Awards on January 11, 2018, producer J. Miles Dale—who accepted the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture for The Shape of Water—urged Disney "not to mess" with 20th Century Fox's indie studio Fox Searchlight Pictures, saying "they're making the kind of movies that we need to make, we want to make, and people need to see".[45]

Writer Marc Guggenheim, known for his work for the Arrowverse for The CW, said that "As a writer, I'm not a big fan of these big corporate consolidations. I don't think they're necessarily good for writers, directors, producers, and actors. I also, as an American, don't love these big corporate mergers. I don't think they're necessarily good for the country."[46]

The potential acquisition of Fox by Disney caused worries within the film industry that Viacom (owner of Paramount Pictures) and CBS Corporation talked about merging, which have been split apart since 2005.[47]

Politics[edit]

President Donald Trump praised both companies for the merger, believing it is best for American jobs.[48] However, not all politicians are pleased with the decision. U.S. Rep. David Cicilline from Rhode Island's 1st district, the ranking Democrat on the House Antitrust Subcommittee, expressed concerns over the transaction. He said in a statement that "Disney's proposed purchase of 21st Century Fox threatens to put control of TV, movie, and news content into the hands of a single media giant. If it's approved, this merger could allow Disney to limit what consumers can watch and increase their cable bills," he said. "Disney will gain more than 300 channels, 22 regional sports networks, control over Hulu, and a significant portion of Roku."[23][49]

Other critics[edit]

Richard Greenfield, the BTIG Research analyst, wrote that the combined Disney and Fox assets would have a 39% theatrical market share:[23]

David Balto, an antitrust lawyer and former policy director at the FTC, said the inclusion of regional sports network would give Disney greater leverage with cable and satellite distributors. "Any increase in Disney sports programming will be extremely problematic and will get intense scrutiny".[42]

John Simpson of the activist group Consumer Watchdog said the deal "would give far too much monopolistic power to Disney, which is known for cutthroat, hardball tactics" and "can only mean higher prices and less choice for consumers."[50]

Barton Crockett, a media analyst at B. Riley FBR, said that “Disney is becoming the Wal-Mart of Hollywood: huge and dominant. That’s going to have a big influence up and down the supply chain.”[51]

Assets[edit]

Assets to be acquired by Disney[edit]

Included in the deal are the majority of 21st Century Fox's entertainment, international and regional sports assets.[1] These include:

Catalogs and libraries[edit]

Despite no longer owning the rights to the Power Rangers or Digimon franchises, Disney will claim the rights to Digimon: The Movie[57] and the first two Power Rangers films (Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie and Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie),[58] which were originally released by Fox. Disney had originally acquired these franchises in 2001, through its $5.3 billion purchase of Fox Family Worldwide,[59] but sold the rights to the franchises to Saban Brands in 2010 and 2012 respectively.

Assets to be spun off to New Fox[edit]

Fox's broadcast, news and sports businesses will not be included in the deal and will be separated into a new independent company to be owned by current 21st Century Fox shareholders (tentatively known as "New Fox").[3] They include:

References[edit]

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  2. 2.0 2.1 "The Walt Disney Company to Acquire Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., After Spinoff of Certain Businesses, for $52.4 Billion in Stock". 21st Century Fox (Press release). December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
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