Proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney
The Walt Disney Company intends to acquire 21st Century Fox.[1][2] Under the terms of the agreement, which was announced on December 14, 2017 and is expected to close in 2018, Disney will acquire the Twentieth Century Fox film and TV studios; cable networks including FX Networks, Fox Sports Regional Networks; Fox Networks Group; Indian satellite TV group Star India; and stakes in National Geographic Partners, Hulu, UK based satellite TV group Sky plc and other assets, in exchange for $52.4 billion in stock. Prior to the completion of the deal, Fox will spin-off Fox News, the Fox Business Network, FS1, FS2, Fox Deportes, the Big Ten Network, the Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox Television Stations, and MyNetworkTV.[3][2]
History[edit]
On November 6, 2017, CNBC reported that The Walt Disney Company was negotiating a deal to acquire 21st Century Fox's filmed entertainment, cable entertainment, and direct broadcast satellite divisions, such as 20th Century Fox, FX Networks, National Geographic Partners, and international divisions. The deal was to exclude divisions such as the Fox Broadcasting Company, 20th Century Fox's studio lot, Fox Television Stations, Fox News, the Fox Business Network, and Fox Sports, which would be spun off into a resulting independent company; a notable plus of such a purchase would be Disney being able to obtain the film rights to X-Men and Fantastic Four, the distribution rights to Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope—which Disney did not obtain through its respective acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment and Lucasfilm—and James Cameron's Avatar film—which Walt Disney World's Pandora – The World of Avatar area at Animal Kingdom is based on. In addition, Disney would own Fox's distribution rights to DreamWorks Animation's 2013–2017 film library, which they could potentially use to trade for Universal Studios' right of first refusal to distribute any future Hulk films produced by Marvel Studios and even Universal's theme park rights to specific Marvel characters at Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan, as Universal and DreamWorks Animation are sister studios. Talks had stalled for the day without a deal being finalized,[4][5] but it was reported on November 10 that the prospected deal had yet to be fully abandoned.[6]
On November 16, 2017, it was reported that Comcast (parent company of Universal Studios), Verizon Communications, and Sony had also joined Disney in a bidding war for 21st Century Fox.[7][8] During a recent shareholders meeting, Lachlan Murdoch had stated that 21st Century Fox was not a "sub-scale" company "finding it difficult to leverage their positions in new and emerging video platforms", but had "the required scale to continue to both execute on our aggressive growth strategy and deliver significant increased returns to shareholders".[9] Because Disney owns the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), Comcast owns the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and 21st Century Fox owns the Fox Broadcasting Company, a full merger of Fox by either Disney or Comcast would have been illegal under the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s rules prohibiting a merger between any of the four major broadcast networks.[10][11]
On November 28, 2017, negotiations between Disney and Fox had reportedly resumed and at a rapid pace regarding Fox's key assets. Mike Fleming Jr. of Deadline.com commented that "given how Disney made the Marvel and Lucasfilm deals under the cone of silence, if this happens we'll probably only know it when it's announced. It is certainly being talked about today."[12] Rumors of a nearing deal continued on December 5, 2017, with additional reports suggesting that the FSN regional sports networks would be included in the sale (assets that would likely be aligned with Disney's ESPN division).[13][14][15][16]
On December 11, 2017, it was announced that Comcast had dropped its bid on the Fox assets.[17] On December 14, Disney and Fox confirmed the $52.4 billion deal, pending approval from the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division.[18] Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige will decide which Marvel productions from Fox will be rebooted once the Disney/Fox merger goes through.[19]
On February 5, 2018, a new report by CNBC claims that despite the Disney/Fox deal, negotiations are technically still open for its parent company Comcast which is considering topping Disney's $52.4 billion offer, once the AT&T–Time Warner deal is approved by the federal judge, who will issue the decision on March 18, after the Department of Justice Antitrust Division sued to block the merger on November 20, 2017.[20]
Antitrust concerns[edit]
The deal is currently under review by the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division, which has already sued to block a merger between AT&T and Time Warner. This operation, which would be studied for 12 to 18 months, has led to significant amount of antitrust concerns. The deal is a horizontal merger (i.e., in which a company buys up a corporation that produces the same goods and products) as opposed to a vertical merger (i.e., two companies that operate at separate stages of the production process for a specific finished product) like the integrations of AT&T–Time Warner and Comcast–NBC Universal. As such, horizontal mergers are more scrutinized and investigated than vertical mergers, as they affect a more tangible reduction in competition.[21] The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) states in its own website that "The greatest antitrust concern arises with proposed mergers between direct competitors (horizontal mergers)."[22]
As both Disney and 20th Century Fox produce films and TV shows, the deal would reduce the number of major film studios in Hollywood from six to five. Some argued that the operation would still leave many competitors around since Disney may compete with Netflix in the online streaming market in equal conditions with its newly acquired properties. However, it was countered that these arguments do not hold much weight due to Disney's powerful box office and stock market shares, its practices, and its purchase of many Fox's assets, leading to many concerns and criticism among businesses, consumers, and regulators.[23]
Media[edit]
Many journalists expressed concerns about Disney's purchase of 21st Century Fox and its effects on the industry in the long run. A film reporter stated that "They’ll have more control over more things, so if they decide they don’t like what you wrote and want to ban you from their screenings, eventually that will mean all of entertainment. For journalists and reporters trying to do their job, it is frightening to see the scope of one company expand in that way and know that your fate is kind of tied up with them." "We’ve seen a pattern in Disney’s behavior. The more power they have, the more they wield it," one entertainment reporter said. A freelance critic and member of the New York Film Critics Circle said that most journalists were troubled by the idea of the Disney–Fox deal:[24]
| “ | There are currently six major studios, and then there are all the smaller ones, and the one that I like dealing with the least is Disney. I would compare them to the Vatican in that way. They have their rules, they do things their way, and if you don't like it then take a hike, because they have the product in which there is the most market interest. | ” |
As an example, Disney banned the Los Angeles Times on November 3, 2017, from attending press screenings of its films in retaliation for the paper's September 2017 coverage of their political influence in Anaheim, California.[25] On November 7, Disney reversed its decision, after receiving massive protests and condemnation from a number of major publications and writers, including The New York Times, The Boston Globe critic Ty Burr, The Washington Post blogger Alyssa Rosenberg, Disney’s A Wrinkle in Time director Ava DuVernay, and the websites The A.V. Club and Flavorwire, and film critics organizations which threatened to disqualify Disney films from their year-end awards in retaliation, specifically the National Society of Film Critics, Los Angeles Film Critics Association, New York Film Critics Circle, and Boston Society of Film Critics.[26][27][28] Jason Bailey, the editor of Flavorwire, thought the way Disney treated the Los Angeles Times was “absolutely chilling” and he fears this will only grow more common once Disney takes over 21st Century Fox:[24]
| “ | The idea of a major, multinational conglomerate being that petty and vindictive and really engaging in an act of retribution against an outlet, and against reporters who had nothing to do with the thing that they were angry about, gave some insight into the length they were willing to go against anyone who didn’t toe the Disney company line. It’s very worrisome, and is more worrisome if they’re in control of this much more of the entertainment industry. | ” |
One film writer stated that "I personally worry that a studio this big will need the press less and less. I don't think anything drastic will change immediately, but I think it is more important than ever for entertainment reporters to uphold journalistic values. We are not their PR arms, no matter how much they'd like us to be." Another film reporter said "As a critic, I’ve had Disney tell me they don’t want to invite me to [its] film because I didn’t like the last one. It really scares me to watch them get even more power."[24]
Theaters[edit]
Unlike most studios, Disney has a reputation for lofty terms and strict conditions being imposed upon theater owners on its films such as Avengers: Age of Ultron and Star Wars: The Last Jedi. For the latter, Disney demanded a 65% cut of the movie's domestic ticket sales (rather than the minimum 55% to 60% cut) along with a four-week hold in each venue and face a 5% penalty to any theater owner who breaks any part of the contract, including taking the film off-screen. If Disney/Fox deal happened in late 2016, Disney's domestic box office in 2017 would have equaled $4.5 billion or 40% market share, a figure no major studio has ever hit. For many, the deal would give Disney the unprecedented market power to be abusive without end.[29][25]
One distribution studio executive denounced the deal, saying that "If I was an independent mom-and-pop theater, I would just close down; there’s no way to survive. With a 40% market share, how do you negotiate against that?"[29] John Roper, the general manager of the Phoenix Theatre in Fort Nelson, Canada said that Disney/Fox had him worried about even stricter rules in the future, stating "It's not good for any type of industry when a company grows that large. Disney holds all the cards, and we have to play by their rules. Smaller cinemas are just left in the dust." Roeper decided not to screen Star Wars: The Last Jedi because of Disney's strict conditions of requiring the theater to run the movie four weeks straight and play it four times a day (as opposed to other studios who only requires a minimum two weeks movie run and play it one time a day). Elkader Cinema in Elkader, Iowa opted out the movie for the same reason, with owner Lee Akin stating that "I can't get the entire town in my auditorium in one week's time let alone four."[30]
In Brazil, Disney demanded a 52% cut of Coco's domestic ticket sales (rather than the historical 50% cut) and some theaters (with exceptions like foreign chains such as Cinemark Theatres and Cinépolis) boycotted the film.[31] Coco was shown in 618 screens, against 919 screens that showed Sony Pictures' Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle.[32][33]
Cable and satellite industry[edit]
American Cable Association (ACA) President and CEO Matthew M. Polka lambasted the deal and called on federal regulators to "fully investigate" the merger. Polka was concerned about his smaller cable constituents having to negotiate multichannel deals with a behemoth that combines Fox's regional sports networks with ESPN and its cadre of collegiate-conference-focused RSNs, as well as the majority stake in Hulu:[34][35]
| “ | The Disney-Fox marriage not only will create one of the world’s largest entertainment conglomerates but will give the combined company control of critical video programming that can be bundled together to harm consumers in local and national markets. In particular, Disney-Fox will become the largest holder of key local and national sports programming rights. It also will gain control of more national cable programming networks, and a significant stake in Hulu — an increasingly popular online distribution service. These assets will be in addition to Disney’s national broadcast network (ABC) and multiple owned and operated ABC television stations. Because the combined company post-transaction could leverage these programming assets to undermine competition to the detriment of consumers, federal agencies must fully investigate the proposed combination to ensure that it neither violates antitrust laws nor is inconsistent with the public interest. | ” |
Many European telecommunication companies also expressed concerns about the Disney/Fox deal, considering Sky UK was included in the package, as it serves almost 23 million households across Britain, Ireland, Germany, Austria, and Italy. Disney’s takeover of Sky would be greater than RTL Television, Mediaset, ITV, ProSiebenSat.1 Media, and Vivendi combined, according to Eikon estimates. That could allow Sky to expand into new markets and bid more for sports rights and other content. Some felt that Disney's owned Sky UK would be most damaging to its pay-TV competitors since they have invested in content to cross-sell television with mobile services, in a bid to squeeze more out of customers.[36] A hedge fund with a small stake in Sky has complained that Disney/Fox could cost minority shareholders in the UK satellite broadcaster a hefty premium unless UK regulators intervene.[37]
Dish Network CEO Erik Carlson said that blockbuster mergers like Disney/Fox can severely limit the number of content companies that are providing to their customers. Carlson said on CNBC's Squawk on the Street that "We really take the position that we think about the customer and the customer first."[38]
Finance corporations[edit]
In response to the Disney/Fox deal, Analyst Andy Hargreaves of KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc. downgraded Fox's stock from overweight to Sector Weight with no assigned price target. Hargreaves said that although the merger is positive for both companies, it comes with a high antitrust risk, due to Disney's potential share of theatrical revenue, its share of domestic cable assets, its strong position in sports, and its power to already force preferential deals with cable, satellite, and theater owners.[39][40][41]
Film industry[edit]
The Writers Guild of America West, the union that represents writers of movies, TV, and other media wrote that:[42][43]
| “ | In the relentless drive to eliminate competition, big business has an insatiable appetite for consolidation. Disney and Fox have spent decades profiting from the oligopolistic control that the six major media conglomerates have exercised over the entertainment industry, often at the expense of the creators who power their television and film operations. Now, this proposed merger of direct competitors will make matters even worse by substantially increasing the market power of a combined Disney-Fox corporation. The antitrust concerns raised by this deal are obvious and significant. The Writers Guild of America West strongly opposes this merger and will work to ensure our nation’s antitrust laws are enforced. | ” |
Chairman of Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group Thomas Rothman said that Disney/Fox can be a dangerous proposition: "Consolidation under giant corporate mandates rarely promotes creative risk-taking. And in the long run, it is always a challenge to compete against horizontal monopolistic power."[44]
James Mangold, the director of Fox's Marvel adaptations The Wolverine and the R-rated product Logan, expressed concerns that Disney/Fox would lead to the extinction of certain films not suitable for the Disney brand or be reshuffled in order to accommodate more Disney blockbuster movies, thereby limiting the opportunities for certain filmmakers as well as the consumers. Mangold said that “If they’re actually changing their mandate, if what they’re supposed to do alters, that would be sad to me because it just means less movies.”[45]
At the Critics' Choice Movie Awards on January 11, 2018, producer J. Miles Dale—who accepted the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture for The Shape of Water—urged Disney "not to mess" with 20th Century Fox's indie studio Fox Searchlight Pictures, saying "they're making the kind of movies that we need to make, we want to make, and people need to see".[45]
Writer Marc Guggenheim, known for his work for the Arrowverse for The CW, said that "As a writer, I'm not a big fan of these big corporate consolidations. I don't think they're necessarily good for writers, directors, producers, and actors. I also, as an American, don't love these big corporate mergers. I don't think they're necessarily good for the country."[46]
The potential acquisition of Fox by Disney caused worries within the film industry that Viacom (owner of Paramount Pictures) and CBS Corporation talked about merging, which have been split apart since 2005.[47]
Politics[edit]
President Donald Trump praised both companies for the merger, believing it is best for American jobs.[48] However, not all politicians are pleased with the decision. U.S. Rep. David Cicilline from Rhode Island's 1st district, the ranking Democrat on the House Antitrust Subcommittee, expressed concerns over the transaction. He said in a statement that "Disney's proposed purchase of 21st Century Fox threatens to put control of TV, movie, and news content into the hands of a single media giant. If it's approved, this merger could allow Disney to limit what consumers can watch and increase their cable bills," he said. "Disney will gain more than 300 channels, 22 regional sports networks, control over Hulu, and a significant portion of Roku."[23][49]
Other critics[edit]
Richard Greenfield, the BTIG Research analyst, wrote that the combined Disney and Fox assets would have a 39% theatrical market share:[23]
| “ | Disney is already using its box office muscle to bully movie domestic exhibitors, extracting financial terms far beyond their studio peers... Adding Fox, which controls portions of the Marvel universe (X-Men, Deadpool) and the Avatar franchise, would enable Disney to gain unprecedented market power. | ” |
David Balto, an antitrust lawyer and former policy director at the FTC, said the inclusion of regional sports network would give Disney greater leverage with cable and satellite distributors. "Any increase in Disney sports programming will be extremely problematic and will get intense scrutiny".[42]
John Simpson of the activist group Consumer Watchdog said the deal "would give far too much monopolistic power to Disney, which is known for cutthroat, hardball tactics" and "can only mean higher prices and less choice for consumers."[50]
Barton Crockett, a media analyst at B. Riley FBR, said that “Disney is becoming the Wal-Mart of Hollywood: huge and dominant. That’s going to have a big influence up and down the supply chain.”[51]
Assets[edit]
Assets to be acquired by Disney[edit]
Included in the deal are the majority of 21st Century Fox's entertainment, international and regional sports assets.[1] These include:
- Fox Entertainment Group
- 20th Century Fox[18]
- Fox Searchlight Pictures
- Fox 2000 Pictures
- Fox International Productions
- 20th Century Fox Animation[citation needed]
- Blue Sky Studios[52][53]
- Fox Studios Australia[citation needed]
- 20th Century Fox Television[3]
- 20th Television
- Lincolnwood Drive Inc.
- 20th Century Fox Television Distribution
- Fox 21 Television Studios
- Fox Television Animation
- 20th Television
- 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment[citation needed]
- Fox-Paramount Home Entertainment (Nordic countries) (joint venture with Paramount Home Media Distribution)
- Fox Star Studios[54]
- Zero Day Fox
- Rede Telecine
- Fox Networks Group[55]
- BabyTV
- Fox Crime
- Fox Life[citation needed]
- Nat Geo Music
- Nat Geo Wild
- Sky News
- Star Plus
- Star Gold
- Fox Networks Group Europe
- Fox Networks Group Latin America
- Fox Networks Group Asia
- Fox Networks Group Philippines
- Star Movies
- Fox Sports Networks[54][56]
- Fox Sports Arizona
- Fox Sports Carolinas
- Fox Sports Detroit
- Fox Sports Florida
- Fox Sports Indiana
- Fox Sports Kansas City
- Fox Sports Midwest
- Fox Sports New Orleans
- Fox Sports North
- Fox Sports Ohio
- Fox Sports Oklahoma
- Fox Sports San Diego
- Fox Sports South
- Fox Sports Southeast
- Fox Sports Southwest
- Fox Sports Sun
- Fox Sports Tennessee
- Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket
- Fox Sports Wisconsin
- SportsTime Ohio
- YES Network (80%)
- FoxNext
- Aftershock Studios
- 20th Century Fox[18]
- Fox Music[citation needed]
- Regency Enterprises (20%)
- New Regency Productions (80%)
- Regency Television
- BabyFirst (30%)
- FX Networks[18]
- National Geographic Partners (73%)[54]
- Sky plc (39.14%)
- Sky UK
- Sky Subscriber Services
- Sky In-Home Services
- Sky Home Communications
- Sports Internet Group
- British Interactive Broadcasting Holdings
- Aura Sports
- Aura Play
- Sky Ireland
- Sky Deutschland
- Sky Italia
- Sky News Arabia (50%)
- Sky Spain
- Amstrad
- Jupiter Entertainment (60%)
- Australian News Channel Pty Limited (33.3%)
- Ginx TV
- Love Productions (70%)
- Star TV[54]
- Tata Sky (30%)
- Hulu (United States) (30%)[18]
- Endemol Shine Group (50%)[18]
- Endemol
- ChannelFlip, online original content producers
- Endemol Shine Nordics
- Mag5 Content AB (Sweden)
- Metronome Post AB (Sweden)
- Metronome Rental (Sweden)
- Heartland ApS (Denmark)
- Metronome Spartacus (Norway)
- Rubicon TV AS (Norway)
- Metronome Productions A/S (Denmark)
- Shine Finland Oy (Finland)
- Friday TV (Sweden)
- STO-CPH Produktion AB (Sweden)
- Meter Television AB (Sweden)
- Filmlance International AB (Sweden)
- Endemol Sweden AB
- Endemol Shine North America
- Endemol Shine Studios
- Endemol Shine Latino
- Authentic Entertainment
- Truly Original
- 51 Minds Entertainment (51%)
- Endemol Shine Germany
- Florida TV
- META Productions
- Wiedemann & Berg Filmproduktion
- Herr P. GmbH
- Jukers Media
- Endemol Shine UK
- Artists Studio
- Bandit Television
- Brown Eyed Boy
- Douglas Road Productions Limited
- Dragonfly Film and Television Productions
- Electric Robin
- Endemol Shine Gaming
- Endemol Shine North
- Fifty Fathoms
- FlipSide Talent
- Good Catch
- House of Tomorrow
- Initial Film and Television
- Kudos
- Shine Pictures
- Lovely Day
- OP Talent
- Princess Productions
- Remarkable Television
- Sidney Street
- Sharp Jack TV
- Shine TV
- Shiny Button Productions
- Silent Boom
- Simon's Cat Ltd.
- Tiger Aspect Productions
- Tigress Productions
- Wild Mercury Productions
- Zeppotron
- Endemol Shine Australia
- Endemol Shine France
- Endemol Shine Thailand
- Endemol Shine Middle East
- Endemol Shine India (joint venture with CA Media)
- Endemol Shine Iberia
- Gestmusic
- Zeppelin TV
- Diagonal TV
- Tuiwok Estudios
- Telegenia
- Shine Iberia
- Endemol Portugal
- Endemol Shine Beyond
- Shine TV
- Shine International
- Shine Network
- children production co-venture with Andrew Davenport
- Shine Digital
- Shine 360°
- Fox Digital Entertainment
- TrueX
- Fox VFX Labs
- 20th Century Fox World (Malaysia)
- 20th Century Fox World (Dubai)
Catalogs and libraries[edit]
- 20th Century Fox film and television library
- Material from 20th Century Fox's predecessors (Fox Film and Twentieth Century Pictures) post-1915 that did not enter the public domain
- Fox Searchlight Pictures film library
- Fox Star Studios film library
- Animated films
- Third-party animated films for 20th Century Fox
- Sullivan Bluth Studios films produced for Warner Bros.
- 2013–2017 DreamWorks Animation film library distribution rights
- 20th Century Fox Animation library
- Blue Sky Studios library
- Third-party animated films for 20th Century Fox
- 20th Century Fox Television library
- 20th Television library
- Fox 21 Television Studios library
- Fox Television Animation library
- Animated sitcoms
- Regency Enterprises library
- Animation Domination High-Def[citation needed]
- MTM Enterprises library
- New World Pictures library (excluding feature films and certain television series)
- Four Star Television library
- Genesis Entertainment library
- Metromedia library
- FNM Films library
- FX Networks library
- National Geographic library
- Sky plc library
Despite no longer owning the rights to the Power Rangers or Digimon franchises, Disney will claim the rights to Digimon: The Movie[57] and the first two Power Rangers films (Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie and Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie),[58] which were originally released by Fox. Disney had originally acquired these franchises in 2001, through its $5.3 billion purchase of Fox Family Worldwide,[59] but sold the rights to the franchises to Saban Brands in 2010 and 2012 respectively.
Assets to be spun off to New Fox[edit]
Fox's broadcast, news and sports businesses will not be included in the deal and will be separated into a new independent company to be owned by current 21st Century Fox shareholders (tentatively known as "New Fox").[3] They include:
- Fox Broadcasting Company[3]
- Fox Television Stations, also known as Fox Television Stations Group[3]
- MyNetworkTV[60]
- Movies! (50% owned in joint venture with Weigel Broadcasting)
- Fox News Group[56]
- Fox Sports
- The 20th Century Fox studio lot (although it will be leased by Disney)[61]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., After Spinoff Of Certain Businesses, For $52.4 Billion In Stock". The Walt Disney Company (Press release). December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The Walt Disney Company to Acquire Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., After Spinoff of Certain Businesses, for $52.4 Billion in Stock". 21st Century Fox (Press release). December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Nolter, Chris (December 14, 2017). "Disney Acquires Most of Fox's Assets in Blockbuster $52.4 Billion Stock Deal". TheStreet.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ Shaw, Lucas; Sakoui, Anousha (November 6, 2017). "Disney Explored Buying Fox Assets; Talks Now Dead". Bloomberg. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
- ↑ White, Adam (November 7, 2017). "Why Disney buying 20th Century Fox could be good news for Marvel and Star Wars fans". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
- ↑ Moyer, Liz (November 10, 2017). "Fox shares jump as 'pencils aren't down' on possible Disney deal". CNBC. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
- ↑ James, Meg (November 16, 2017). "Comcast jumps into bidding war for 21st Century Fox's media assets". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
- ↑ Bond, James (November 17, 2017). "Sony Also Inquiring About 21st Century Fox Assets". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
- ↑ Littleton, Cynthia (November 16, 2017). "21st Century Fox Shares Soar on Reports of Comcast Acquisition Overture, Verizon Interest". Variety. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
- ↑ Littleton, Cynthia (November 16, 2017). "21st Century Fox Shares Soar on Reports of Comcast Acquisition Overture, Verizon Interest". Variety. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
- ↑ Johnson, Ted (December 5, 2017). "A Disney-Fox Deal Would Land at an Uncertain Moment for DOJ Review of Big Media". Variety. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ Fleming Jr., Mike (November 28, 2017). "Bart & Fleming: Sparks Rekindling On Disney-Fox Deal? Should Shamed Artists & Execs Be Stricken From History?". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
- ↑ Faber, David (December 5, 2017). "Disney and Fox are closing in on deal, could be announced next week: Sources". CNBC. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
- ↑ Jackson, Eric (December 5, 2017). "Disney's latest proposal to Fox is a big bet on local TV sports -- and ESPN". CNBC. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
- ↑ Andreeva, Nellie; Fleming, Mike (December 6, 2017). "Disney-Fox: What Happens To FBC, Will Disney Become OTT Powerhouse & How Will Teams & Cultures Mesh If Deal Makes". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
- ↑ Littleton, Cynthia (December 8, 2017). "Disney, Fox Huddle With Bankers as Deal Talks Progress". Variety. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
- ↑ Littleton, Cynthia (December 11, 2017). "Disney Nearing Finish Line With 21st Century Fox as Comcast Bows Out of Acquisition Hunt". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Castillo, Michelle (December 14, 2017). "Disney to buy 21st Century Fox assets in a deal worth more than $52 billion in stock". CNBC. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
- ↑ Kit, Borys; Couch, Aaron; McMillan, Graeme (December 14, 2017). "'X-Men', 'Fantastic Four' in Flux After Fox-Disney Deal". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
- ↑ Cassidy, Mark (February 5, 2018). "Disney's Acquisition Of Fox May Not Be A Done Deal - A New Report Indicates That Comcast May Top Their Bid". ComicBookMovie.com. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ↑ Primack, Dan; Fischer, Sara (December 14, 2017). "Trump steps into Disney-Fox fray". Axios. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
- ↑ "Mergers". June 11, 2013.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Johnson, Ted (December 14, 2017). "Disney-Fox Deal Lands at Uncertain Time for Antitrust Enforcement". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Yandoli, Krystie (January 2, 2018). "Journalists Are Nervous About What A Disney And Fox Merger Would Mean For Them". BuzzFeed. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Bailey, Jason (December 18, 2017). "Disney's Fox Deal Threatens to Create Superpowered Mouse". The Village Voice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Carroll, Rory (November 7, 2017). "Disney's blackout of LA Times triggers boycott from media outlets". The Guardian. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
- ↑ "Why I won't be reviewing 'The Last Jedi', or any other Disney movie, in advance". The Washington Post. November 6, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
- ↑ Carroll, Rory (November 7, 2017). "Disney ends blackout of LA Times after boycott from media outlets". The Guardian. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 14, 2017). "How The Overwhelming Disney-Fox Movie Lineup Will Impact Rivals And Exhibitors". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
- ↑ Kurjata, Andrew (December 19, 2017). "Disney's movie dominance has a dark side for small towns, independent theatre warns". CBC. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Sabbaga, Julia (December 28, 2017). "Coco can suffer a boycott in Brazilian cinemas; understand". Omelete. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
- ↑ Gomes, Rafaela (January 4, 2018). "'Coco' is released in a few rooms after Disney's demand". Cinepop. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
- ↑ "Brazil Box Office, January 5-7, 2018". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ↑ "ACA Urges Full Federal Investigation Of Disney-Fox Transaction". American Cable. December 14, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
- ↑ Frankel, Daniel (December 14, 2017). "Disney-Fox video market power must be 'fully investigated', ACA says". Variety. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
- ↑ Proud, Liam (December 14, 2017). "Disney's Fox Deal May Force European Telecoms to Retreat". New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
- ↑ Fildes, Nic; Garrahan, Matthew (December 17, 2017). "Fund claims Sky investors could lose out in Disney-Fox deal". Financial Times. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
- ↑ Castillo, Michelle (January 10, 2018). "Dish CEO Erik Carlson: 'We have concerns with AT&T and Time Warner' deal". CNBC. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ↑ Aycock, Jason (December 15, 2017). "KeyBanc downgrades Fox amid high regulatory risk around Disney deal". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
- ↑ VanDerWerff, Todd (December 14, 2017). "Disney acquiring Fox means big, scary things for film and TV". Vox. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
- ↑ Derrick, Jayson (December 15, 2017). "The Disney-Fox Deal: With Great Power Comes Great Regulatory Risk". Benzinga. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 James, Meg; Peltz, James F. (December 14, 2017). "Massive Disney-Fox deal expected to get close antitrust scrutiny". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ "WGAW Opposes Disney-Fox Deal". Writers Guild of America West. December 14, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
- ↑ McClintock, Pamela (January 4, 2018). "Box Office: Get Ready for Hollywood's Shrinking Studio System". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 McClintock, Pamela (January 11, 2018). "'The Shape of Water' Producer Calls Out Disney/Fox Deal in Critics' Choice Awards Speech". ComicBook.com. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ↑ Schmidt, Joseph (January 15, 2018). "'X-Men Gold' Writer Reveals His Opinions About Disney/Fox Purchase". ComicBook.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ↑ Wang, Christine (January 12, 2018). "Viacom, CBS shares surge after report Shari Redstone pursuing merge of companies". CNBC. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- ↑ Shanley, Patrick (December 14, 2017). "White House: Trump Congratulated Rupert Murdoch on Fox-Disney Deal". Hollywood Reporter.
- ↑ Johnson, Ted (December 21, 2017). "Judge Urges Parties in AT&T-Time Warner Case to Limit 'Chatter in the Press'". Variety. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
- ↑ "Disney-Fox Deal Puts Antitrust Enforcers In Bind Over Trump Ally". ChannelsTV. December 17, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
- ↑ Smith, Gerry (December 21, 2017). "Movie Theaters Were Already in Trouble. With Disney's Fox Deal, It's Double". Bloomberg. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
- ↑ Marotta, Jenna; Thompson, Anne (December 14, 2017). "Disney's Buy: What Happens to 21st Century Fox's Leadership, Fox Searchlight, and 'X-Men'?". IndieWire. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ Giardina, Carolyn (December 14, 2017). "Disney Deal Could Redraw Fox's Animation Business". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 Barnes, Brooke; Hsu, Tiffany (December 14, 2017). "What Disney Is Getting From Fox". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ Sweney, Mark (December 13, 2017). "Rupert Murdoch set to sell off 21st Century Fox assets to Disney". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 56.6 56.7 56.8 Burke, Timothy (December 14, 2017). "What Disney's Acquisition Of 21st Century Fox Means For Sports Fans". Deadspin. Univision Communications. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ Peters, Megan (December 18, 2017). "Disney's Fox Acquisition Includes 'Digimon' Rights". ComicBook.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Mueller, Matthew (December 14, 2017). "What The Disney-Fox Deal Means For Power Rangers". ComicBook.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Britt, Russ; Wilkerson, David (July 23, 2001). "Disney to buy Fox Family Worldwide". MarketWatch. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Terence (December 15, 2017). "Disney and Fox – the deal no one thought would ever be made". T Dog Media. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ↑ Hayes, Dade; Busch, Anita; Robb, David (December 13, 2017). "Fox Studio Lot Likely Staying in The Murdoch Fold Post-Disney Deal". Yahoo!. Oath Inc. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
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