Sandra Adickes
Sandra Adickes is best known for the role in the Mississippi Freedom School of 1964.[citation needed] Adickes is a white American who taught young African Americans for six weeks during the summer of 1964 at a Freedom School.[1]
Early life and education
Adickes grew up in New York and taught English at Hattiesburg and President Creek Church in Palmer Crossings.[1]
In her later life, she wrote numerous books and articles on women’s studies and education. She has written numerous books like Legacy of a Freedom School, To be Young was Very Heaven, (reviewed by the New York Times[2] and journals[3][4]) and Legends of Good Women, etc.
Adickes is an Associate Professor of English at Winona State University in Minnesota.[citation needed]
Civil Right Activism
In the summer of 1964, she was recruited to be an educator in Mississippi in the Freedom School Project to bring educational support to young African Americans who have faced discrimination. In 1964, Adickes was arrested after attempting to eat lunch with six of her black students.[5] Police arrested her under the charges of vagrancy.[5] She brought her case to Supreme Court where she was granted Certiorari.[5]
The United Federation of Teachers (UFT) created a project named “Freedom Schools.” Freedom Schools were designed to provide educational support to schools that had been shut down due to the Prince Edward County School Board’s failure to obey the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Brown V Board of Education.[1] The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) went to Prince Edward County to recruit volunteers for Freedom School for the summer of 1963 in Mississippi.[1] In the spring of 1963, Adickes was recruited by Richard Parrish an African American officer of the UFT for a freedom school project in Prince Edward County. Adickes signed up to join members of the civil rights movement for the Freedom Summer of 1964.[1] In the process, she helped recruit forty other teachers for the Freedom Schools.
Aside from basic small group study of mathematic and English, Adickes’s job was to teach the young black students in the hopes of cultivating leaders, improving leadership skills, and produce a sense of agency in Mississippi’s black population.[1] Her goal was to educate black Americans who had suffered generations of discrimination through the system of segregation in the United States. She was passionate about helping black students and wanted to speak to their experiences and interest. Adickes’s lesson plans included African American history while including contemporary issues of the time. Aside from teaching, educators were expected to be a part of the communities they served. As an activist, she lobbied, raised, funds, solicited book contributions, and recruited teachers.[1]
Adickes v.S.H. Kress & Co
In 1964, Adickes took her students to the Hattiesburg Public Library to receive a library card.[1] After being denied from the library, she and her students went to get lunch together at a Kress store. They were denied service because Adickes a white woman was with six of her black students from the Mississippi Freedom School.[1] The waitress would allow the order from the six black students but not from Adickes. She was later arrested and charged with vagrancy.[1]
In response, Adickes sued and filed a lawsuit under the 42 U.S.C.S § 1983 for an alleged violation of her Equal Protection rights under the United States Constitution and amend XIV.[5] Adickes sued on two counts— (1) her rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment wereviolated as she was being denied service on the basis of race.[5] (2) she claimed the arrest was the result of Kress and Hattiesburg police collusion.[5] The first court ruled in her favor and the second was dismissed. Adickes appealed her cause and brought it forth to the Supreme Court.
Court Decision: The court decision said that Adickes refused service under color of any . . . custom, or usage, of the State" in violation of her rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.[5] Adickes appealed and the Supreme Court granted certiorari.[5] She gave her portion of the settlement to the Southern Conference Education Fund to be used for scholarships for the black youth.[1]
Awards and honors
Adickes was awarded the “Woman of the Year” by the National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women’s in 1966.[citation needed]
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Adickes, Sandra (2005). The legacy of a freedom school. Springer. Search this book on
- ↑ Higbie, Andrea (1998-02-15). "Books in Brief: Nonfiction". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- ↑ Wasserman, Suzanne (1999). "Review of To Be Young Was Very Heaven: Women in New York before the First World War". The Journal of American History. 86 (3): 1360–1361. doi:10.2307/2568669. ISSN 0021-8723.
- ↑ Williams, Jeffrey (2001). "Review of To be Young was Very Heaven: Women in New York before the First World War". The History Teacher. 34 (2): 263–264. doi:10.2307/3054288. ISSN 0018-2745.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 "Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co. | Case Brief for Law School | LexisNexis". Community. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
- Adickes, Sandra. The legacy of a freedom school. Springer, 2005.
- “Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co. - 398 U.S. 144, 90 S. Ct. 1598 (1970).” Community. Accessed April 30, 2021. https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/casebrief/p/casebrief-adickes-v-s-h-kress-co-1559907974.
- "Digital Collections." Digital Collections. Web. 30 Apr. 2021. http://crdl.usg.edu/export/html/usm/coh/crdl_usm_coh_ohadickes.html
- James Wertz. Review of Adickes, Sandra E., The Legacy of a Freedom School. H-1960s, H-Net Reviews. April, 2007. http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=13083
- "Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- Sandra Adickes." Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- Sandra Adickes. Web. 30 Apr. 2021. https://www.crmvet.org/vet/adickes.htm
External links
- Adickes (Sandra E.) Papers , University of Southern Mississippi archive
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