Teacher bias in grading

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Teacher bias in grading is a form of systemic discrimination where teachers give students different grades for an identical work, based on categories like ethnicity or gender. According to the Education Longitudinal Study, "teacher expectations [are] more predictive of college success than most major factors, including student motivation and student effort". Grading bias can be detected by comparing the outcomes of exams where the teacher knows the student's characteristics with blind exams where the student is anonymous. This method may underestimate the bias since, for written exams, the handwriting style might still convey information about the student. Other studies apply the same method to cohorts spanning multiple years, to measure each teacher's individual biases. Alternatively, teacher's grading bias can be measured experimentally, by giving teachers a fabricated assignment were only the name (and thus gender and ethnicity) of the student differs.

Sexism

Multiple studies in various disciplines and countries found that teachers systematically give higher grades to women. There is some evidence that female teachers have a stronger pro-female bias than male teachers. This bias is present at every level of education, starting from elementary school (US), then in middle school (France, Norway, United Kingdom, United States), then again in high school (Czech Republic).

Grading discrimination is also present in university admission exams. In the United States, the counselors who evaluate students for college admission favor women over men. In France, it was shown that, in the exam to enter the elite school École Normale Supérieure, juries were biased against men in male-dominated disciplines (such as mathematics, physics or philosophy) and biased against women in female-dominated ones (such as biology or litterature). Similar results were obtained for teacher's accreditation exams at the end of university.

Using individual teacher effects, Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Camille Terrier showed that teachers' bias affects male students' motivation and impairs their future progress. It can also significantly affect the students' career decisions. There is some evidence that students are aware of the unfair grading, for example middle school boys tend to expect lower grades from female teachers.

Racism

In the same way the work of boys is valued less than the work of girls, the work of ethnic minorities also receives lower grades in school.

See also

• Educational equity
• Women are wonderful effect
• Men's rights movement

References

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