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Timeline of schizophrenia

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


The timeline of schizophrenia is a list of significant events in the creation, definition, development and continued redefinition of the diagnostic category "schizophrenia", as was originally created by the doctors of Burgholzli, the hospital clinic of the University of Zurich, during an approximately eleven year period beginning in the early 20th century.

2022: The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is unknown. [1]

2021:

The etiology of schizophrenia is unknown.[2]

2019: ICD 11th revision:The World Health Organisation ICD classification: primary psychotic disorder 6A20 Schizophrenia. For schizophrenia to be diagnosed depends on the existence for most of a 1 month duration 2 of (a) - (g) of which one of the two must be (a) - (d): Persistent delusions (a), and, or, hallucinations (b), disorganized thinking (c), experiences of influence, passivity or control (d), Negative symptoms such as affective flattening, alogia or paucity of speech, avolition, asociality and anhedonia (e), grossly disorganized behaviour that impedes goal-directed activity (f), psychomotor disturbances (g)[3][4]

2014: the Mandarin name for schizophrenia in Taiwan is changed to a word with a new meaning: “disorder with dysfunction of thought and perception” [5]

2013: DSM-5 is published. There are no tests for the purpose of diagnosis using a laboratory or by psychometric methods. Neurological imaging, pathology, and physiology research indicates the presence of abnormalities within the brain, but "none are diagnostic".[6] Schizophrenia has the Diagnostic Criteria codes: 295.90 (F20.9), and is within the group: Schizophrenia Spectrum and other psychotic disorders [7]

2012: The Korean term for schizophrenia (jungshinbunyeolbyung / jeongshin-bunyeol-byung: mind-split disorder) is changed to attunement disorder by the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. The concept of the replacement word was inspired by the text of a South Korean monk written during 1579.[8][9]

2010: a review of existing literature on the benefit of lesion generation by stereotactic neurosurgery for schzophrenia (general anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, schizoaffective disorder, addiction) found schizophrenia (and addiction) had the least improvement from surgery. Of the techniques utilised cingulotomy provided the most benefit, although "all lesional techniques confounded".[10][11][12][13]

2002: In Japan, the translation of the word schizophrenia in discontinued, replaced by Japanese words which mean "integration disorder" or ‘disintegration disorder’[14][15][16][17]

2001: the term for schizophrenia in Hong Kong (jing-shen-fen-lie: 'mental split-mind disorder' / splitting of the mind) is changed to si-jue-shi-tiao.[18][9]

1997: an explanation for schizophrenia by neural diathesis-stress is made by Walker & Diforio via "a substantive literature on the behavioral effects of psychosocial stressors" and recent studies on "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis" cortisol activation[19][20]

1994: DSM-IV is published. Schizophrenia is encoded as 295, with the types: Catatonic, Disorganised, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Undifferentiated [21][22]

1990: ICD 10th revision: encodes "(F20-F29)" with the descriptions: "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders" [23][24] The diagnostic concept is divided: Catatonic, Cenesthopathic, Hebephrenic, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Simple, Undifferentiated, unspecified.[25]

1982: Irwin Feinberg proposes the hypothesis that a cause of schizophrenia is correlation to reduction in synaptic density within the cortex of the brain of adolescent aged individuals.[26][27][28]

1980: DSM-III is published. Diagnosis of schizophrenia depends on the existence of one of (1) - (6) for at least six months: (1): bizarre delusions (2): somatic, grandiose, religious, nihilistic, or other delusions without persecutery or jealous content (3): delusions with persecutory or jealous content if accompanied by hallucinations of any type (4): auditory hallucinations in which either a voice keeps up a running commentary on the individual's behavior or thoughts, or two or more voices converse with each other (5): auditory hallucinations on several occasions with content of more than one or two words (6): incoherence, marked loosening of associations, markedly illogical thinking, or marked poverty of content of speech if associated with at least one of the following: (a) blunted, flat, or inappropriate affect (b) delusions or hallucinations (c) catatonic or other grossly disorganized behavior. Encoded as 295 with the types: Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated, Residual.[29]

1976: the first tomography study of schizophrenia[30][31]

1975: ICD 9th revision: "(295-299) Other psychoses" "295 Schizophrenic psychoses" [32][24]

1972: philosopher Gilles Deleuze and psychoanalyst and political activist Félix Guattari first publish on the subject of "anti-Oedipus" with Capitalism and schizophrenia, as a critique of conventional psychiatric and psychoanalytic practices.[33][34][35]

1968: DSM-II is published. Schizophrenia is within the group: Psychoses not attributed to physical conditions previously listed. The diagnostic code is 295. The concept is divided into the types: acute schizophrenic episode, catatonic, childhood, chronic undifferentiated, hebephrenic, latent, other (and unspecified) types, paranoid, residual, schizo-affective, simple.[36]

1966: Jacques Van Rossum proposes that a more than normally active or more stimulated anatomical receptors for the cerebrally neurotransmitting biochemical catecholamine dopamine could be an etiology. Catecholamines are synthesized in the adrenal medulla.[37][38][39][40]

1965: ICD 8th revision: "(290-299) Psychoses" of which the codes "295.0 - .9" are for "Schizophrenia" [41][24]

1955: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 7th revision: "Psychoses": 300.0-.7: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"[42]

1952: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-I: "Psychoses": 300.0-.8: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)" [43]

1950: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, an English language translation by J. Zinkin of Dr Bleuler's 1911 work is published [44]

1948: International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death 6th revision: Dementia (309): Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) (300.7) / Schizophrenia, schizophrenic (insanity) (psychosis) (reaction) 300.7 [45]

1945: about 40,000 psychiatric patients of 283,000 patients with various diagnoses during 1939 in Germany aren't dead [46]

1941:

Rümke's idea praecox feeling for diagnosing schizophrenia [46]

senior physician at Friedmatt, the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Basel and battalion physician of the Swiss army Dr Manfred Bleuler finds, from a "eugenic standpoint", sterilisation is necessary from the results of a hereditary study of "316 hospitalized schiophrenics and their 11410 relatives"[47][48][49]

1940 JANUARY: 1st group of psychiatric patients killed by carbon monoxide gas in Germany [46][50]

1939 SEPTEMBER 23: Dr Freud dies by euthanasia effected by an overdose of morphine as a consequence of the pathological effects of tobacco and the psychoactive nicotine (an addiction) in addition to or without cocaine, which were precipitative of oral cancer, diagnosed during 1923.[51][52][53][54][55][56]

1939 SEPTEMBER after 1: organization of the deaths of patients with schizophrenia directly caused by the German government.[46][nb 1]

1939 JULY 15: Dr Bleuler dies[68][69]

1939: FRS are included in a monograph by Schneider [70] Schneider's idea of Second Rank Symptoms include "Wahneinfall, thought inhibition (slowing or poverty of thought), flight of ideas, incoherence or dilapidation (Zerfahrenheit), compulsion".[71] The word Zerfahrenheit was created by Dr Kraepelin as the sole sign necessary for recognition of all possible forms of dementia praecox.[72]

1938 OCTOBER 3–7: ILCD 5th revision (in Europe and after the United States): Mental disorders and deficiency: "84b", defined as: "Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)" [73][24][74]

1938: Kurt Schneider mentions his idea of symptoms (First Rank Symptoms: FRS) in a conference in Berlin [70][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82]

1937:

the publically known correspondance of Professor Bleuler and Dr Freud concludes with 26 letters written by Dr Freud, 53 by Professor Bleuler[83]

Schizophrenia in Japan commences to exist by the transferal of the concept by the approval of a translation of the term by a committee within the Japanese Society for Psychiatry and Neurology [17]

Langfeldt describes schizophrenia as “process" or alternatively (for the same considerations) "nuclear" [84][85][86]

1936 FEBRUARY: developed by A C de A F Egas Moniz; the first operative treatment by psycho-neurosurgical intervention, which is by leukotomy, is performed on patients including a patient or patients (psychiatric clinic Bombarda, Lisbon) with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Almeida Lima was the surgeon by the direction of E Moniz, the procedure consists of an injection of alcohol into the brain white matter.[87][88]

1934: Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, which is approximately 26% of the total in Germany, are made unable to produce children via sterilisation [89]

1933 JULY 14: the German government make a law that people diagnosed with "Schizophrenia" can be sterilised.[90][46] [nb 2]

1932: the President of the Royal Society of Medicine in preambulatory speech states that schizophrenia is a "reaction-type"[93][nb 3]

1929: International List of Causes of Death (ILCD 4th revision): "84a" the description for this code is: "Dementia praecox" [100][24] [nb 4]

1924:

Dr Bleuler supports ideas of eugenics.[106]

diagnosis by feelings: Ludwig Binswanger[107][108]

1923: Dr Bleuler differentiates process and reactive schizophrenia [109]

1920: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ISI 3rd revision) list: 84(1) Idiocy, Imbecility" [110][24][111]

1919 before FEBRUARY 20: schizophrenia as a diagnostic term is used within America in Boston Psychopathic Hospital by Bullard Professor in Neuropathology at Harvard Medical School E. E. Southard.[112][113]

1914: Erwin Stransky describes intrapsychic ataxia [114][nb 5]

1913:

Dementia praecox is accepted by "most British psychiatrists"[117]

Dr Kraepelin provides his most detailed description of schizophrenia[118]

1912: The government of Switzerland is the first country outside of the United States of America to produce a eugenics law: it becomes illegal for those diagnosed as mentally ill to marry[119][120]

1911:

Dr Bleuler's German language work: Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien is published in Leipzig & Vienna.[121][122][nb 6] Schizophrenia is a group of diseases not a sole disease. The groupings (paranoid, hebrephrenic, simple, catatonic) are entities constructed for nosology purposes not as descriptions of nature [123]

  • Association-splitting is a primary symptom, the secondary symptoms of sz happen because of "loosening of the associations".[124][125][126] Disturbance of associations is the "main primary symptom"[127][75] "Schizophrenic splitting" per se is "only" an "exaggerated" form of existing healthy "physiological processess" (sic).[128][129]
  • For treatment Dr Bleuler considers the best option available is occupation by work, even if the patient is within the acute stage, if not this, then sport, if neither are possible then preoccupation with games. Work provides the patient the opportunity to escape from an autistic existence.[130]
  • Dr Bleuler's theory of the symptoms but not the causes of schizophrenia used psychology analysis ideas invented by Dr Sigmund Freud.[131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138] Dr Bleuler wrote for his 1911 text that an "important aspect" of the Dr and the Dr's colleagues theory of concepts of the psychology of pathology (this is the "psychopathology") of schizophrenia was the "application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox".[139][140][141][142][143][144][145]
  • Dr Bleuler expresses his "hope" that sterilisation will be used in certain circumstances with regards to those diagnosed with schizophrenia "for eugenic reasons".[146]

Dr Freud's hypothesis that schizophrenia is an "inability to maintain libidinal cathexis of objects"[147]

Dr Ballet describes the nosology psychose hallucinatoire chronique[148][149]

1910: ILCD 2: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute: 67 General paralysis of the insane 68 Other forms of mental alienation 74 (A.B.C.D.) Other diseases of the nervous system 74A Idiocy, imbecility [150][24][151]

1909 MARCH 7: work at the clinic of Zürich by the direction of Dr Jung under he direction of Dr Bleuler: experiments on "word-association", is concluded by Dr Jung's resignation. The doctors who did the experiments were Dr Bleuler (clinic director), Dr Jung, Dr Riklin, Dr Fürst, Dr Binswanger, Dr Nunberg, Dr Wehrlin[152][153]

1908:

APRIL 24: the term "schizophrenie" is first used at a Deutscher Verein für Psychiatrie (German Association for Psychiatry) conference in Berlin by Dr Bleuler, in a lecture entitled 'Prognosis of Dementia Praecox (Group of Schizophrenias)'. Dr Bleuler's concept is from an approximately eight year study of 647 patients [154][155][156][157][158][nb 7] The conference was the first time the Association had convened to discuss specifically dementia praecox. Maximilian Jahrmärker spoke on the ease of the diagnosing and differentiating from other psychoses of d. praecox.[172]

Wolff proposes dysphrenie as a type of mental disorder [57][58]

1907:

Indiana (in the United States of America) is the first place in the world to make a eugenics-law for the sterilisation of "idiots" and "imbeciles" [120][173]

Dr Carl Jung's work on the psychology of Dementia Praecox is published.[174] The work contains no direct reference to schizophrenia.[175] Dr Jung refers to "dissociation (Binet, Janet)" as a "weakness of consciousness due to the splitting-off of one or a series of ideas". Dr Jung discusses Otto Gross's "synchronous series" as consciousness if affected by disease in the lexicon of the "French School" which is that "associations" are "split-off", and that a split-off series of ideas occur in hysteria [176] in situations of hypnotism and with the somnambulists.[177][178][179] Dr Jung explicitly associates a "split off series of ideas" with "Freud and Gross".[180] Dr Jung in discussion of organisms sans brain, and, catatonia, in relation to automatism (the "reflex machine") propounds the notion that the reality of the catatonic state is of a complex in the mind split off ("unassailable") from any external psychological stimuli [181] In discussion of Paranoid Dementia, with reference specifically to "hysterics with dissociation of consciousness", in a first state of one consciousness, the existence of a second subsequent state of consciousness (in a temporal sequence) will not occur in the hysterics consciousness normally, and instead, the "force" of the second state of consciousness is expressed as hallucination or "other automatisms", as a split-off complex disturbing another complex. The disturbance is compared (with reference to Flournoy) as the disturance of an invisible planet in orbit to a visible planet. Split off thoughts coalesce ("crowd themselves") into consciousness forming hallucination.[182]

1906:

investigation of word-association made by Dr Jung and Dr Riklin inside Burgholzli is finished.[183]

Assoziation, Traum und Hysterische Symptom by Dr C Jung is published [184]

1905:

Dr Bleuler's Bewußtsein und Assoziation is published [184]

1904:

Bleuler begins an approximately 33 year exchange of mailed (posted) letters with Dr Freud[83]

Jung & Riklin publish: "Experimental investigations about associations of healthy people" [185]

Über die Bedeutung von Assoziationsversuchen by Dr Bleuler is published [184]

1903: investigation of word-association made by Dr Jung and Dr Riklin inside Burgholzli begins.[133]

1902:

Jung uses the idea of a complex in his thesis.[186][187]

Bleuler first reads the writings of Freud [188]

1900:

Carl Jung is a staff member at a Psychiatric Clinic in Zürich where Dr Eugen Bleuler is director[189]

The Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ILCD-1) describes psychiatric disorders as: "85 General paralysis of insane 86 Insanity (not puerperal)" [190][24]

1899:

the first complete description of Dementia Praecox is made, published in Emil Kraepelin’s textbook [191]

a definition of Dementia Praecox with the syndromes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid is made by Kraepelin in his textbook[192]

a doctor of the Indiana State Reformatory discovers the method for sterilisation: vasectomy[173]

Die Assoziationen in der Erschöpfung by Dr G. Aschaffenburg is published in Psychologische Arbeiten (Volume II) in which Dr E. Kraepelin is the editor [193]

1896: Experimentelle Studien über Associationen by Dr G. Aschaffenburg is published in Psychologische Arbeiten (Volume I) in which Dr E. Kraepelin is the editor [193][194]

1895:

Freud publishes a work which mentions "association fibers" of the brain which "serve the association of ideas"[195]

Connecticut (United States of America): (eugenics) the first law in America for which an enforcement is made that it is illegal for "epileptics, imbeciles, and the feebleminded" to marry [196][197][198]

Freud is using cocaine [199]

1894: Dr Freud is inhaling ignited tobacco smoke containing the psychoactive nicotine from about 20 cigars every day [200][201]

1893: Dr Josef Breuer of Vienna and Dr Freud explain the existence of the phenomenon of "splitting of consciousness" as "present to a rudimentary degree in all forms of hysteria".[202][203]

1892: Freud begins a method of "psychical analysis" or "concentration technique" for analysis of psychology. Dr Freud begins his use of a technique and analysis which later is known as "free association"[204][205][206]

1888: Professor (1886; chef de clinique, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 1885) Gilbert Ballet thinks "inner speech unfolds a life of its own" which "occasionally" persist in consciousness to an extent which is to "border on auditory hallucination" [207]

1887 JANUARY 1: Experiments on the association of ideas by James McKeen Cattell is published by the Mind Association[193][208]

1886: (eugenics) Auguste Forel is the first in Europe (as Director of Burgholzli hospital in Zürich) to sterilize someone because of a psychiatric diagnosis [209][120][189]

OCTOBER 20,1885 - FEBRUARY 28, 1886: Freud's work changes from neuropathology to psychopathology.[210][211][212] During this period Dr Freud is attending lectures provided by the neurologist professor Jean-Martin Charcot ('le pere de la neurologie' in France, the father of modern neurology), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière.[213][214][215][212][207] Dr Freud participates in the drug-use of cocaine, a psychoactive drug, during this period.[210][211][200][216][217]

1884 after APRIL 21 - before JUNE 19: Dr Freud first consumes and self administers cocaine in order to report on the history, pharmacology, effects, and possible medicinal use; published as Über Coca during July 1884.[218][51][219][220][221]

1883: Sir F Galton F.R.S publishes his use of: a word association test. Galton invents "eugenics".[222][223]

1882: Dr Arnold Pick describes the general concept krankheitsbewuẞtstein (awareness of illness), which contains specifically krankheitsgefühl (awareness of feeling ill) and kranksheitseinsicht (insight into illness). Reason and or reflection produce kranksheitseinsicht [224][225][226]

after MAY 1880 and before MAY 1881: S Freud begins his predominantly life-long habit of tobacco consumption. During 31 March 1881 Dr S Freud qualifies as a doctor of medicine. Dr Freud's father was also a consumer of the same plant the smoke of which contains the psychoactive substance nicotine and a number of toxic substances.[227][228][229][201][230][231]

1880: "dementia praecox" is first used as a description by alienist Heinrich Schüle within Illenau asylum (construction completed 1842) in Baden, Germany.[232][233][234] Schuele's concept of nosology was made in harmony with an idea of degression from health in which insanity is progressive through generation by biological inheritance, named the theory of degeneration.[235]

1879: Francis Galton first mentions in publication the "essence" of a novel idea for psychological investigation: a word association experiment[236]

1874: Kahlbaum creates the idea of catatonia[237][238]

1863:

Kahlbaum creates the idea of hebephrenia[239][240][241][242] Hebe is the translation of an ancient greek word which meant "goddess of the youth", hebe in the psychiatric sense meant "youth"[239][240][241][243]

Kahlbaum differentiates vesania typica from dysphrenia.[244][245][nb 8]

1861: positive and negative symptoms, a concept, created by the assistant physician (University College Hospital) John Russell Reynolds, in which the former include hallucinations and delusions of the paranoid type (clonic jerking and movements of a non-normal sort), (the latter: loss of sensation, paralysis and coma)[247][248][249]

1860: Morel's degeneration-theory (in Traité des maladies mentales), from Saint-Yon asylum (opened 11 July 1825), is published "1st generation: neurosis, 2nd: mental alienation, 3rd: imbecility, 4th: sterilisation". The degenerative process as from the first stage is thought caused by alcohol and, or, other toxic substances. The possible danger of the problem of degeneration is that it could develop as a “physiological and moral malaria” within a hypothetical population by defective development of circumstances as a consequence of environmental pathologicity.[250][251][252][253][254][255][256] [nb 9]

1859: Heinrich Neumann considered insanity ("Wahsinn") to be a staggered process of development in which the first manifestation is melancholia, should this persist, develops into periods of mania, the third state if continuation of insanity occurs is amentia confusion ("Verwirtheit") or paranoia ("Verrucktheit"). Within individuals with no relief from symptomatic states of the previous three stages the consequence is dementia ("Blödsinn") [nb 10] [260][261]

1852: Alienist Bénédict-Augustin Morel first describes "démence précoce" [262][263][264][253]

1841: medical examiner and physician Canstatt creates the word psychosis; in the original German language version: "Psychose". Dr. Canstatt was "königlich bayerischem Gerichtsarzte" (a royal Bavarian court physician) during 1843, during the reign of Ludwig I.[265][266][267][268][269][270][271] «Psychose» signifies psychic neurosis [272]

1835: Dr Eisenmann created the terms somatopsychrosen and psychrosen to describe orders of neurotic illness.[273][59] The fourth family of somatopsychrosen illnesses is named Dysphrenesien. The fourth family of psychorosen is named phrensie, which is described as sufferings of the intelligence ("Leiden der intelligens"). Phrensie has six groups: Aphelxia ("Zerstreutheit": absent-mindedness), Anamnesia ("Vergefslichteit": obsessiveness), Monomoria ("fixe ideen": fixed ideas), Moria ("Narrheit": folly), Lerema ("Kindischwerden": childishness), Anoëa ("Blödsinn": nonsense - nonsensicalness) [59] [nb 11]

1833: Joseph Guislain considered insanity to develop through definable states (1)manie (2)folie (3)stupidité (4)l’epilepsie (5)hallucinations (6)confusion, with the seventh and terminus state being: dementia [278]

1797: the retrospective first supposed contended obvious example of the admission to an institution of an individual with thoughts and behaviours which indicate the existence of a schizophrenia-like disorder: the case of James Tilly Matthews.[279][280]

1700: the concept of associations of ideas is used explicitly in the year of the fourth edition of Essay Concerning Human Understanding of John Locke; madness is made by associations of ideas which are not within human understanding.[281][282][283][284][285]

1652: the historian Alexander Ross, in his book about the history of the world, states Michael the Stammerer (Michael Balbus) "dyed" (during the year 829) "of a Phrensie and Strangury or as some say of a Bloudy flux" [286][287]

after circa 1640 [nb 12] and before 1651: Thomas HOBBES of Malmesbury is the first to make use of the idea of what is known by Locke as the «association of ideas» [290][281][288][291]

1602-8: Professor (University of Basel) Felix Platter determines within states of phrensie "spectra varia ex falsa imaginatione existiment". Platter determines lesion of the mind as mentis alienatio with mentis hallucinatio.[292]

c. 1533:[nb 13] scholar, university teacher (Dôle, Pavia), lawyer (Metz), physician, court astrologer, Knight, Magician Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim contends that phrensie is the "soul coming from the Gods, or Demons". While "Plato defines this by alienation, and binding", phrensie is divine which proceeds from dieties.[294][295][296][297]

before 1422: an account by a monk of St Albans Thomas Walsingham in which is written of deaths in Cantebriggae during 1389 where people died (moriebantur) by invading (invasi) phrensy (phrenesi) of mind (mentis) [nb 14] ("prout dicebatur, sospites, invasi mentis phrenesi moriebantur, sine viatico sive sensu") [nb 15] [300][301]

c. 1420: the first known use of the English version word dilusioun; Siege of Thebes of John Lydgate, monk at Bury St Edmunds, within the only Middle English poem on Oedipus's sons.[302][303][304][305] [nb 16]

1368: first known use in France of the word realité [308] [nb 17]

1300's: the word frentik is understood to mean both "fooles" and "madde" in England in Piers Plowman and by Geoffrey Chaucer (esquire) respectively.[314][315][316][317][318][319][320][321]

after c. 1241: reading Aristotle’s treatises, a monk of the Order of St Dominic: Albertus (of Lauingen, born as Count von Bollstädt) uses realistic ideas instead of allegory and symbolism for synthesis of libri naturales with sapientia biblica to produce a position of thought of how to understand nature by christian contemplation as realism. [nb 18] [323][324][325][326][327][328]

c. 1200 the idea of insight exists in writing in the Ormulum, in which Canon Regular of St Augustine Orrm (christened Ormin) provides translation of the Gospels (expounds hope for salvation of the illiterate that should be made by their education in the details of christian devotion) as verse-homilies [329][330][331][332][333][334][nb 19]

c. 130 AD: Claudius Galenus Pergami (Greek: Κλαύδιος Γαληνός) recognizes the location of the phrenic nerve at the spinal cord 3rd mylotome with the diaphragm [336]

195 or 185 - 159 BCE Terentius Afer uses "deludi" a word of the ancient Latin language [337]

between c. 205-184: "earum ipsarum rerum rēapse, non oratione perfectio" (a line of Truculentes a comedical play (palliata) by T.M. Plautus); the Latin language words rerum rēapse mean the reality of things. "Phronesium" is a character.[338][339][340][341][342]

Παρανοίας γραφή (paranoías graphḗ) a legal action against insanity, as in Plato's text "Laws" (Πλάτων Νόμοι),[343][344] was a process in which someone could make complaint, usually against a father, or against anyone who is "mad or senile".[345][346][347]

399: Σωκράτης (Socrates) is condemned by a court to be expelled from Athens in relation in part to a voice he hears (τὸ δαιμόνιον - the daimonion).[348][349][350][351][352][353][354][355]

428: In an ancient Greek theatre play by ΕΥΡΙΠΙΔΗΣ (Euripides) a nurse is made to speak on the subject of a problem which relates to φρένας (phrenes)[356][357][358]

c. 1894–1595: Babylonian language has no word for mind.[359] The concept of the possibility of gaining topical intelligence by access of a supra-consciousness existed as known of by the medium of divination.[360]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Białoń, Magdalena; Wąsik, Agnieszka (2022). "Advantages and Limitations of Animal Schizophrenia Models". Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 (11): 5968. doi:10.3390/ijms23115968. PMC 9181262 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35682647 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ Bouet, Valentine; Percelay, Solenn; Leroux, Elise; Diarra, Boubacar; Léger, Marianne; Delcroix, Nicolas; Andrieux, Annie; Dollfus, Sonia; Freret, Thomas; Boulouard, Michel (2021). "A new 3-hit mouse model of schizophrenia built on genetic, early and late factors". Schizophr Res. 228: 519–528. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.043. PMID 33298334 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. ↑ Reed, Geoffrey M.; First, Michael B.; Kogan, Cary S.; Hyman, Steven E.; Gureje, Oye; Gaebel, Wolfgang; Maj, Mario; Stein, Dan J.; Maercker, Andreas; Tyrer, Peter; Claudino, Angelica; Garralda, Elena; Salvador-Carulla, Luis; Ray, Rajat; Saunders, John B.; Dua, Tarun; Poznyak, Vladimir; Medina-Mora, María Elena; Pike, Kathleen M.; Ayuso-Mateos, José L.; Kanba, Shigenobu; Keeley, Jared W.; Khoury, Brigitte; Krasnov, Valery N.; Kulygina, Maya; Lovell, Anne M.; de Jesus Mari, Jair; Maruta, Toshimasa; Matsumoto, Chihiro; Rebello, Tahilia J.; Roberts, Michael C.; Robles, Rebeca; Sharan, Pratap; Zhao, Min; Jablensky, Assen; Udomratn, Pichet; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rydelius, Per-Anders; Bährer-Kohler, Sabine; Watts, Ann D.; Saxena, Shekhar (February 2019). "Innovations and changes in the ICD-11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders". World Psychiatry. 18 (1): 3–19. doi:10.1002/wps.20611. PMC 6313247. PMID 30600616.
  4. ↑ ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version : January 2023) 6A20 Schizophrenia Archived 2018-08-01 at Archive.today Excerpt of "Description": "multiple mental modalities...including thinking...perception...self-experience...cognition...volition...affect...and behaviour"
  5. ↑ Chiu, Yi-Hang; Kao, Meei-Ying; Goh, Kah Kheng; Lu, Cheng-Yu; Lu, Mong-Liang (2022). "Renaming Schizophrenia and Stigma Reduction: A Cross-Sectional Study of Nursing Students in Taiwan". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 19 (6): 3563. doi:10.3390/ijerph19063563. PMC 8954196 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35329254 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Jeste et al. (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition DSM-5TM: p.98 American Psychiatric Association
  7. ↑ Jeste, Dilip V.; Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; Benson, R Scott; Young, Melinda L.; Akaka, Jeffrey; Bernstein, Carol A.; Crowley, Brian; Everett, Anita S; Geller, Jeffrey; Graff, Mark David; Greene, James A.; Kashtan, Judith F.; Mcvoy, Molly K.; Nininger, James E.; Oldham, John M.; Schatzberg, Alan F.; Widge, Alik S.; Vanderlip, Erik R. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition DSM-5TM. American Psychiatric Association. pp. 87-90 99-105. Retrieved 8 December 2023. Search this book on
  8. ↑ Lee, Yu Sang; Kim, Jae-Jin; Kwon, Jun Soo (August 2013). "Renaming schizophrenia in South Korea". The Lancet. 382 (9893): 683–684. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61776-6. PMID 23972810. jungshinbunyeolbyung Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sartorius, N.; Chiu, H.; Heok, K. E.; Lee, M.-S.; Ouyang, W.-C.; Sato, M.; Yang, Y. K.; Yu, X. (1 March 2014). "Name Change for Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 40 (2): 255–258. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt231. PMC 3932100. PMID 24457142. jeongshin-bunyeol-byung... a lot of medical terms used in China are actually from Japan, including those of schizophrenia and dementia: the Chinese name of schizophrenia and dementia are exactly the same as the Japanese Kanji
  10. ↑ Leiphart and Valone 2010 In: Lévêque, Marc; Durand, Edgar; Weil, Alexander G. (2014). "Psychosurgery for Schizophrenia". Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 92 (6): 412. doi:10.1159/000366005. PMID 25376376. Retrieved 20 December 2023. performed a review of the literature, identifying 172 publications for schizophrenia compared to 147 for depression and 33 for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Assessment of these publications shows that it is for schizophrenia – and addiction disorder – that results are the most deceiving, all lesional techniques confounded. For schizophrenic patients, the best results are obtained with cingulotomy. To this effect, Leiphart and Valone comment that the ‘best reported outcome for cingulotomy was 1.6, a poor outcome in comparison with the other disorders’.
  11. ↑ Leiphart, James W; Valone III, Frank H (December 2010). "Stereotactic lesions for the treatment of psychiatric disorders". J Neurosurg. 113 (6): 1204–11. doi:10.3171/2010.5.JNS091277. PMID 3300791. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Soares, Matheus Schmidt; Silva Paiva, Wellingson; Guertzenstein, Eda Z; Amorim, Robson Luis; Silveira Bernardo, Luca; Francisco Pereira, Jose; Talamoni Fonoff, Erich; Jacobsen Teixeira, Manoel (15 April 2013). ""Conclusion" in "Psychosurgery for schizophrenia: history and perspectives"". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 9: 509–515. doi:10.2147/NDT.S35823. PMC 3666566. PMID 23723702. There is still no evidence base to support the use of stereotactic procedures for schizophrenia. Well designed controlled studies are still needed to establish the effectiveness of psychosurgery in patients with the disease. There remain legal and ethical issues concerning psychosurgery, and outcomes have been unfavorable in the past.
  13. ↑ Christmas, David; Morrison, Colin; Eljamel, Muftah S.; Matthews, Keith (2004). ""Contraindications to surgery" in "Neurosurgery for mental disorder"". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 10 (3): 189–199. doi:10.1192/apt.10.3.189. There is no evidence that personality disorders, anorexia nervosa or schizophrenia respond to neurosurgery, and patients with these disorders should not be considered unless the aim of the surgery is restricted to chronic intractable affective or obsessional comorbid symptoms.
  14. ↑ Kim, Y.; Berrios, G. E. (2001). "At Issue: Impact of the Term Schizophrenia on the Culture of Ideograph: The Japanese Experience". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 27 (2): 181–185. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006864. PMID 11354585.
  15. ↑ Aoki, Ai; Aoki, Yuta; Goulden, Robert; Kasai, Kiyoto; Thornicroft, Graham; Henderson, Claire (August 2016). "Change in newspaper coverage of schizophrenia in Japan over 20-year period" (PDF). Schizophrenia Research. 175 (1–3): 193–197. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.026. PMID 27177807. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-11-17. Retrieved 2023-12-17. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Lee, Yu Sang; Park, II Ho; Park, Seon-Cheol; Kim, Jae-Jin; Kwon, Jun Soo (April 2014). "Johyeonbyung (attunement disorder): Renaming mind splitting disorder as a way to reduce stigma of patients with schizophrenia in Korea". Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 8: 118–120. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2014.01.008. PMID 24655643. The term schizophrenia, which comes from the Greek roots "skhizein" and "phren," was translated as "Jungshinbunyeolbyung" in East Asian Countries, including Japan, Korea, and China.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Maruta, Toshimasa; Matsumoto, Chihiro (June 2019). "Renaming schizophrenia". Chihiro. 28 (3): 262–264. doi:10.1017/S2045796018000598. PMC 6998908 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 30370893. ‘disintegration disorder’
  18. ↑ Chan, Sherry K.W.; Ching, Elaine Y.N.; Lam, Kenneth S.C.; So, Hon-Cheong; Hui, Christy L.M.; Lee, Edwin H.M.; Chang, Wing C.; Chen, Eric Y.H. (August 2017). "Newspaper coverage of mental illness in H ong K ong between 2002 and 2012: impact of introduction of a new C hinese name of psychosis". Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 11 (4): 342–345. doi:10.1111/eip.12298. PMID 26593744. 'mental split-mind disorder' Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Pruessner, Marita; Cullen, Alexis E.; Aas, Monica; Walker, Elaine F. (February 2017). "The neural diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia revisited: An update on recent findings considering illness stage and neurobiological and methodological complexities". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 73: 191–218. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.013. PMID 27993603. Archived from the original on 2024-01-04. Retrieved 2023-12-18. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Walker, Elaine F.; Diforio, Donald (1997). "Schizophrenia: A neural diathesis-stress model". Psychological Review. 104 (4): 667–685. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.104.4.667. PMID 9337628. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ "Code table for conditions listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, 6th printing". www.tewhatuora.govt.nz. Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand Government of New Zealand. 29 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ "DSM IV from hopeallianz.com/ResourceCenter". www.theweb.ngo. Alaska Mental Health Consumer Web. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ WHO Collaborating Centres for Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision Archived 2016-06-20 at the Wayback Machine World Health Organization
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 History of the development of the ICD Archived 2023-10-21 at the Wayback Machine World Health Organization
  25. ↑ "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)-2014-WHO Version for ;2014". icd.who.int/. World Health Organization. 2014. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ Feinberg, I. (January 1982). "Schizophrenia: Caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence?". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 17 (4): 319–334. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(82)90038-3. PMID 7187776. In: Howes, Oliver D.; Onwordi, Ellis Chika (2023). "The synaptic hypothesis of schizophrenia version III: a master mechanism". Molecular Psychiatry. 28 (5): 1843–1856. doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02043-w. PMC 10575788 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37041418 Check |pmid= value (help). In 1982, Irwin Feinberg first proposed that a fault in synaptic elimination in adolescence is causal to schizophrenia
  27. ↑ Sekar, Aswin; Bialas, Allison R.; de Rivera, Heather; Davis, Avery; Hammond, Timothy R.; Kamitaki, Nolan; Tooley, Katherine; Presumey, Jessy; Baum, Matthew; Van Doren, Vanessa; Genovese, Giulio; Rose, Samuel A.; Handsaker, Robert E.; Daly, Mark J.; Carroll, Michael C.; Stevens, Beth; McCarroll, Steven A. (11 February 2016). "Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4". Nature. 530 (7589): 177–183. doi:10.1038/nature16549. PMC 4752392. PMID 26814963.
  28. ↑ Severance, Emily G.; Prandovszky, Emese; Yang, Shuojia; Leister, Flora; Lea, Ashley; Wu, Ching-Lien; Tamouza, Ryad; Leboyer, Marion; Dickerson, Faith; Yolken, Robert H. (21 September 2023). "Prospects and Pitfalls of Plasma Complement C4 in Schizophrenia: Building a Better Biomarker". Developmental Neuroscience. 45 (6): 349–360. doi:10.1159/000534185. PMID 37734326 Check |pmid= value (help). Complex brain disorders like schizophrenia may have multifactorial origins related to mis-timed heritable and environmental factors interacting during neurodevelopment. Infections, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases are over-represented in schizophrenia leading to immune system-centered hypotheses. Complement component C4 is genetically and neurobiologically associated with schizophrenia, and its dual activity peripherally and in the brain makes it an exceptional target for biomarker development.
  29. ↑ Spitzer, Robert L.; Andreasen, Nancy; Arnstein, Robert L.; Cantwell, Dennis; Clayton, Paula J.; Endicott, Jean; Frosch, William A.; Gittelman, Rachel; Goodwin, Donald W.; Klein, Donald F.; Kramer Sc.D, Morton; Lipowski, Z.J.; Mavroidis, Michael L.; Millon, Theodore; Pinsker, Henry; Saslow, George; Sheehy, Michael; Woodruff, Robert; Wynne, Lyman C.; Lipinski, Joseph F.; Pope Jr., Harrison G.; Williams M.S.W., Janet B.W. (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (third Edition) DSM-III (PDF). The American Psychiatric Association. p. 184. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-08. Course. As noted previously, the diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires that continuous signs of the illness have lasted for at least six months which always includes an active phase of psychotic symptoms, and may or may not include prodromal or residual phases. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  30. ↑ Luchins, Daniel J. (July 1982). "Computed Tomography in Schizophrenia: Disparities in the Prevalence of Abnormalities". Archives of General Psychiatry. 39 (7): 859–860. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070079015. PMID 6984644. In 1976, Johnstone et al reported the first computed tomography (CT) study in schizophrenia. They observed enlarged lateral ventricles in more than 50% of their sample of middle-aged patients undergoing longterm hospitalization.
  31. ↑ Yuhas, Daisy (1 March 2013). "How Schizophrenia's Definition Has Evolved: a Timeline". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ WHO Expert Committee on Health Statistics Ninth Revision Archived 2016-03-25 at the Wayback Machine World Health Organization
  33. ↑ Roberts, Marc (April 2007). "Capitalism, psychiatry, and schizophrenia: a critical introduction to Deleuze and Guattari's Anti-Oedipus". Nursing Philosophy. 8 (2): 114–127. doi:10.1111/j.1466-769X.2007.00306.x. PMID 17374072.
  34. ↑ Van der Wielen, Julie (October 2018). "Living the intensive order: Common sense and schizophrenia in Deleuze and Guattari". Nursing Philosophy. 19 (4): e12226. doi:10.1111/nup.12226. PMC 6175004. PMID 30239115.
  35. ↑ Woods, Angela (2011). "Anti-Oedipus and the politics of the schizophrenic sublime". The Sublime Object of Psychiatry. pp. 145–161. doi:10.1093/med/9780199583959.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-958395-9. Search this book on
  36. ↑ Gruenberg, Ernest M.; Jenkins, Richard L.; Kalinowsky, Lothar B.; Klein, Henriette; Pasamanick, Benjamin; Slenger, W.R.; Kramer, Morton; Spitzer, Robert L.; Kolb, Lawrence C.; Stainbrook, Edward (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II) (PDF). Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2023-12-08. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  37. ↑ Kellendonk, Christoph (2009). "Modeling excess striatal D2 receptors in mice". Genetic Models of Schizophrenia. Progress in Brain Research. 179. pp. 59–65. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17907-4. ISBN 978-0-444-53430-9. PMID 20302818. Search this book on
  38. ↑ Seeman, Philip (January 1987). "Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia". Synapse. 1 (2): 133–152. doi:10.1002/syn.890010203. PMID 2905529. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ Vallone, Daniela; Picetti, Roberto; Borrelli, Emiliana (January 2000). "Structure and function of dopamine receptors". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 24 (1): 125–132. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00063-9. PMID 10654668. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ Paravati, Stephen; Rosani, Alan; Warrington, Steven J. (2023). "Physiology, Catecholamines". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29939538. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-12-16. Catecholamine synthesis within the adrenal medulla is controlled by the serum concentration of the amino acid tyrosine. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  41. ↑ WHO Expert Committee on Health Statistics Eighth Revision Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine World Health Organization 12 July 1965
  42. ↑ Organization, World Health (1957). Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death : based on the recommendations of the seventh revision Conference, 1955, and adopted by the ninth World Health Assembly under the WHO Nomenclature Regulations. p. 11. hdl:10665/42900. Search this book on
  43. ↑ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Mental Disorders-1 p.93-4 1952
  44. ↑ Bleuler, Jung, Riklin, Abraham, Wolfsohn (1911) (Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias) archive.org International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York), pp. 2 (Jung, Riklin, Abraham), 274 (Wolfsohn), Bleuler cites "Freud": 67 367 370 376 389 391 405 419 423 435 456, cites "Jung": 350 364 367 393438 456, cites "Riklin": 448, cites "Abraham": 401, cites "Wernicke": 363; Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien published from Leipzig & Vienna 1911 by Franz Deuticke (original: German)
  45. ↑ Bulletin of the World Health Organization Supplement 1 Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death Sixth Revision of the International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death Adopted 1948 Volume 2 Alphabetical Index Archived 2023-11-11 at the Wayback Machine pp.129 (original source: p.109) 391 (389) World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland 1949
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 Torrey, E. F.; Yolken, R. H. (2010). "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 36 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp097. PMC 2800142. PMID 19759092.
  47. ↑ Bleuler, M. (August 1941). "Krankheitsverlauf, Persönlichkeit und Verwandtschaft Schizophrener und ihre gegenseitigen Beziehungen". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 94 (2): 242–244. doi:10.1097/00005053-194108000-00045. From the eugenic standpoint the high schizophrenia number already amongst the grandparents of schizophrenics points to the indication of sterilisation
  48. ↑ Rosenthal, D. (1 March 1974). "Introduction to Manfred Bleuler's 'The Offspring of Schizophrenics'". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1 (8): 91–92. doi:10.1093/schbul/1.8.91. PMID 4619495.
  49. ↑ Holsboer, Florian; Weber, Matthias M. (January 1995). "Manfred Bleuler (1903–1994)". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 29 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(95)90003-9. PMID 7629751.
  50. ↑ Helene Melanie Lebel Archived 2023-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Holocaust Memorial Day Trust
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Trimarchi, Matteo; Bertazzoni, Giacomo; Bussi, Mario (January 2019). "The disease of Sigmund Freud: oral cancer or cocaine-induced lesion?". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 276 (1): 263–265. doi:10.1007/s00405-018-5173-3. PMID 30328499. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  52. ↑ A. López-Valverde "FREUD’S ORAL PATHOLOGY" In: history of medicine/Freud cocaine dependence Archived 2023-12-12 at the Wayback Machine Campus Miguelde Unamuno, Salamanca
  53. ↑ Jones E, 1981 In: A. López-Valverde "FREUD'S ORAL PATHOLOGY" In: history of medicine/Freud cocaine dependence Archived 2023-12-12 at the Wayback Machine Campus Miguelde Unamuno, Salamanca
  54. ↑ Franklin, James L. (28 October 2022). ""My dear neoplasm:" Sigmund Freud's oral cancer". hekint.org. Hektoen International. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023. JAMES L. FRANKLIN is a gastroenterologist and associate professor emeritus at Rush University Medical Center. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  55. ↑ Elkin, Evan J. "More Than a Cigar Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, revered his cigars and defended his right to smoke above all else". cigar aficianado. No. George Burns • Winter 94/95. www.cigaraficionado.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023. Evan J. Elkin is a clinical psychologist interning at St. Vincent's Hospital in New York City and a research scientist at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. He is an avid cigar smoker. - And yet Freud had a partial understanding that his own penchant for cigars was significant for psychoanalysis...Freud even hinted that he felt his own addiction to smoking may have had this psychological origin. However, he never published his theory, and his abortive attempts at a theory of addiction may be the result of his ambivalence about examining his own addiction to smoking. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  56. ↑ Fuchshuber, Jürgen; Unterrainer, Human Friedrich (2020). Wenbin Guo, ed. "Childhood Trauma, Personality, and Substance Use Disorder: The Development of a Neuropsychoanalytic Addiction Model". Front. Psychiatry. Vienna. 11 (531): 531. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00531. PMC 7296119 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32581894 Check |pmid= value (help). Freud did not develop a comprehensive theory regarding the development of addiction disorders. This fact might not only be explained by Freud’s serious nicotine addiction, leading to a lack of inner distance towards this topic
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Scharfetter, C. (2001). "Eugen Bleuler's schizophrenias – synthesis of various concepts". Schweiz Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik, Zurich. 152: 2(35). doi:10.4414/sanp.2001.01199. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 D'Estrubé, M.D., Pierre (1966). "Historical Note Diagnostic Labels in the History of Schizophrenia". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 11 (4): 2(357). doi:10.1177/0706743766011004 (inactive 2023-12-24). Archived from the original on 2023-12-24. Retrieved 24 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Eisenmann, Gottfried (1835). "Einleitung Gesundheit,Krankheit". Die vegetativen Krankheiten und die entgiftende Heilmethode. Erlangen: Palm und Enke. p. 83. Search this book on
  60. ↑ Salvatori, Valeria; Marino, Agnese; Ciucci, Paolo; Galli, Claudio; Machetti, Massimo; Passalacqua, Edoardo; Ricci, Simone; Romeo, Giorgia; Rosso, Fabio; Tudini, Lucia (23 November 2023). Kariuki, Rebecca, ed. "Managing wolf impacts on sheep husbandry: a collaborative implementation and assessment of damage prevention measures in an agricultural landscape". Front. Conserv. Sci. 4. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2023.1264166. Reviewed by Francesco M. Angelici (National Center for Wildlife, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) & Emily Pomeranz (Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, United States)
  61. ↑ Johnson, Lawrence (2001). The Wolf Man's Burden. Cornell University Press. p. 56. ISBN 0801438756. Archived from the original on 2024-01-04. Retrieved 2023-12-24. Sigismund (Freud's given name) Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  62. ↑ Austin, Susan (6 January 2011). "Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55514. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  63. ↑ Cumming, Laura (6 August 2023). "Tracing Freud on the Acropolis review – Freud's big fat Greek guilt complex". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023. Sigmund Freud and his father, Jakob, a wool merchant and autodidact, in 1864. Freud Museum London Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  64. ↑ Long, Jennifer (2012). "Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939)". In Seel, N.M. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 1326–1327. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_1395. ISBN 978-1-4419-1428-6. Archived from the original on 2023-12-24. Retrieved 2023-12-24. Freud was raised in an impoverished situation; his father was a wool dealer, and the family reared eight children. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  65. ↑ Nietzsche, Friedrich (1887). "On the Genealogy of Morality". philosophy.stackexchange. Archived from the original on 2023-12-24. At the centre of all these noble races the beast of prey, the splendid blond beast avidly prowling around for spoil and victory; this hidden centre needs release from time to time, the beast must out again, must return to the wild – Roman, Arabian, Germanic, Japanese nobility, Homeric heroes, Scandinavian Vikings – in this requirement they are all alike Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  66. ↑ "Foreign News: God's Noble Wolf". content.time.com. Time magazine (TIME USA, LLC). February 18, 1935. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023. From erudite Berlin savant Dr. Karl Plumeyer, Realmleader Hitler learned last week that "Adolf is an ancient and valorous name derived from the Edelwolf or Noble Wolf, a victory-and-fortune-promising animal." Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  67. ↑ Lieutenant Colonel David Grossman (2005) On Combat in Cummings, Michael; Cummings, Eric (January 21, 2015). "The Surprising History of American Sniper's "Wolves, Sheep, and Sheepdogs" Speech". slate.com. SLATE. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023. If you have no capacity for violence then you are a healthy productive citizen: a sheep. If you have a capacity for violence and no empathy for your fellow citizens, then you have defined an aggressive sociopath—a wolf. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  68. ↑ Brill, A. A. (October 1939). "Eugen Bleuler". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 90 (4): 564–567. doi:10.1097/00005053-193910000-00078.
  69. ↑ Aubane Rossier Mémoire de Maîtrise en médecine No 1921 Archived 2023-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Lausanne, décembre 2015
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Picardi, Angelo (2019). "The Two Faces of First-Rank Symptoms". Psychopathology. 52 (4): 221–231. doi:10.1159/000503152. PMID 31610542.
  71. ↑ Kendler, Kenneth S; Mishara, Aaron (2019). "The Prehistory of Schneider's First-Rank Symptoms: Texts From 1810 to 1932". Schizophr Bull. 45 (5): 971–990. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz047. PMC 6737481 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31206162.
  72. ↑ Peters, U. (November 2006). "Hommage an Kraepelin zu seinem 150. Geburtstag - Zerfahrenheit: Kraepelins spezifisches Symptom für Schizophrenie". Fortschritte der Neurologie • Psychiatrie. 74 (11): 656–664. doi:10.1055/s-2006-944302. PMID 17103366. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  73. ↑ Commission of Statistical Experts Fifth Revision Archived 2023-10-21 at the Wayback Machine International Institute of Statistics and the Health Organization of the League of Nations October 1938
  74. ↑ Census, United States Bureau of the (1940). Manual of the International List of Causes of Death: As Adopted for Use in the United States, Based on the Fifth Decennial Revision by the International Commission, Paris, October 3-7, 1938. Manual of Joint Causes of Death. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 13, 24. Archived from the original on 2023-12-18. Retrieved 2023-12-18. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Ceccherini-Nelli, Alfonso; Crow, Timothy J. (March 2003). "Disintegration of the components of language as the path to a revision of Bleuler's and Schneider's concepts of schizophrenia: Linguistic disturbances compared with first-rank symptoms in acute psychosis". British Journal of Psychiatry. 182 (3): 233–240. doi:10.1192/bjp.182.3.233. PMID 12611787.
  76. ↑ Massuda, Raffael (February 2020). "Schneider's first-rank symptoms and treatment outcome". Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. 42 (1): 5. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0628. PMC 6986478 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32022163 Check |pmid= value (help).
  77. ↑ Silverstein, Marshall L. (March 1981). "Schneiderian First-Rank Symptoms in Schizophrenia". Archives of General Psychiatry. 38 (3): 288–293. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780280056006. PMID 7212959.
  78. ↑ Moscarelli, Massimo (July 2020). "A major flaw in the diagnosis of schizophrenia: what happened to the Schneider's first rank symptoms". Psychological Medicine. 50 (9): 1409–1417. doi:10.1017/S0033291720001816. PMID 32524921 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  79. ↑ Soares-Weiser, Karla; Maayan, Nicola; Davenport, Clare; Kirkham, Amanda J; Adams, Clive E (16 July 2013). Soares-Weiser, Karla, ed. "First-rank symptoms for schizophrenia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010653.
  80. ↑ Peralta, Victor; Cuesta, Manuel J (April 2023). "Schneider's first-rank symptoms have neither diagnostic value for schizophrenia nor higher clinical validity than other delusions and hallucinations in psychotic disorders". Psychological Medicine. 53 (6): 2708–2711. doi:10.1017/S0033291720003293. PMID 32943125 Check |pmid= value (help).
  81. ↑ Peralta, Victor; Cuesta, Manuel J. (March 1999). "Diagnostic significance of Schneider's first-rank symptoms in schizophrenia: Comparative study between schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychotic disorders". British Journal of Psychiatry. 174 (3): 243–248. doi:10.1192/bjp.174.3.243. PMID 10448450. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  82. ↑ Soares-Weiser, Karla; Maayan, Nicola; Bergman, Hanna; Davenport, Clare; Kirkham, Amanda J; Grabowski, Sarah; Adams, Clive E (25 January 2015). "First rank symptoms for schizophrenia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD010653. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010653.pub2. PMC 7079421 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 25879096.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Maetzener, Christian (June 2018). "The Freud-Bleuler Correspondence: German Edition". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 66 (3): 549–568. doi:10.1177/0003065118777453. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  84. ↑ Retterstöl, N. (1968). "Paranoid Psychoses The Stability of Nosological Categories Illustrated by a Personal Follow-up Investigation". British Journal of Psychiatry. 114 (510): 553–562. doi:10.1192/bjp.114.510.553. PMID 5654132. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. Many American authors include in their concept of schizophrenia what may be called “the schizophrenic reaction types”. In the present paper, the concept of schizophrenia used by Langfeldt (1937, 1939), sometimes, referred to as “process schizophrenia” or “nuclear schizophrenia” is used. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  85. ↑ Cancro, Robert; Lehmann, Heinz E. (2000). "CHAPTER 12. SCHIZOPHRENIA 12.7 SCHIZOPHRENIA: CLINICAL FEATURES Other Theorists". Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (Harold I. Kaplan, M.D, Benjamin J. Sadock, M.D and Virginia A. Sadock) (PDF). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  86. ↑ Carpenter, William T; Koenig, James I (28 November 2007). "The Evolution of Drug Development in Schizophrenia: Past Issues and Future Opportunities". Neuropsychopharmacology. 33 (9): 2061–2079. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301639. PMC 2575138. PMID 18046305. The title of Bleuler's text, Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, suggests heterogeneity, but the traditional subtypes such as paranoid schizophrenia, hebephrenic schizophrenia and catatonic schizophrenia were not validated as separate disease entities. Rather, by the mid-twentieth century, influential proposals from Schneider (1959) and Langfeldt (1937, 1939) focused on symptoms with critical diagnostic importance proposing to distinguish true schizophrenia from pseudoschizophrenia and other forms of psychotic illness.
  87. ↑ Gross, Dominik; Schäfer, Gereon (February 2011). "Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources". Journal of Neurosurgery. 30 (2): E8. doi:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214. PMID 21284454. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  88. ↑ Staudt, Michael D.; Herring, Eric Z.; Gao, Keming; Miller, Jonathan P.; Sweet, Jennifer A. (2019). "Evolution in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: From Psychosurgery to Psychopharmacology to Neuromodulation". Front. Neurosci. 13 (108): 108. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00108. PMC 6384258. PMID 30828289.
  89. ↑ Friedlander H., The Origins of Nazi Genocide Archived 2024-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, 1995 Chapel Hill, NC University of North Carolina Press 29, 61, 83, 9: Torrey, E. F.; Yolken, R. H. (1 January 2010). "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 36 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp097. PMC 2800142. PMID 19759092.
  90. ↑ The Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler; The Reich Minister of the Interior Frick; The Reich Minister of Justice Dr. Gürtner. "§1" In: Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases (July 14, 1933) Archived June 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine republished by German Historical Institute Washington
  91. ↑ Adolf Hitler "Mein Kampf" In: Roitberg, Guilherme Prado; Baptista, Fabiana Maria; Gomes, Luiz Roberto (2020). "Expositions of 'degenerate' art and music in nazi Germany: reflections on totalitarian aesthetics and education Exposições de arte e música "degeneradas" na Alemanha nazista: reflexões sobre estética totalitária e educação" (PDF). Revista Digital do LAV – Santa Maria. 13 (3). doi:10.5902/1983734848141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2023. ...every blood mix between the Aryan and inferior peoples the result has always been the extinction of the civilizing element...the effect of the fusion of races clearly and distinctly. The German of the American continent rose until its domination, because it was kept purer and without mixture; there he will continue to reign until he is victimized by the sin of the mixture of blood. In few words,the result of crossbreeding is therefore always as follows: A) Lowering of the level of the strongest race; B) Physical and intellectual return and thus the onset of a slowly but surely progressing disease. To provoke such a thing, then, is nothing but an attack on the will of the Creator. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  92. ↑ Jäckel, Eberhard; Latzin, Ellen (11 May 2006). "Mein Kampf (Adolf Hitler, 1925/26)". www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de. Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. The first edition was published on 18 July 1925 (volume 1) and 11 December 1926 (volume 2) by Franz Eher Nachf. Verlag in Munich. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  93. ↑ Devine, Henry (December 1932). "The Problem of Schizophrenia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 26 (2): 111–120. doi:10.1177/003591573202600211. Having spent some twenty-five years in almost daily contact with psychotic patients, it is only natural to wish I felt myself to be in a position to speak with assurance on the causation, pathology, and treatment of the reaction-type to which the term schizophrenia is applied.
  94. ↑ Cockcroft, J. D.; Walton, E. T. S. (April 1932). "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons". Nature. 129 (3261): 649. Bibcode:1932Natur.129..649C. doi:10.1038/129649a0. In: Jensen, Carsten; Aaserud, Finn; Kragh, Helge; Rüdinger, Erik; Stuewer, Roger H. (2000). "From Anomaly to Explanation: The Continuous Beta Spectrum, 1929–1934". Controversy and Consensus: Nuclear Beta Decay 1911–1934. pp. 145–184. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8444-0_6. ISBN 978-3-0348-9569-9. the first nuclear disintegrations with artificially accelerated protons were made Search this book on
  95. ↑ McBrierty, Vincent J. (2012). "Ernest Walton: Nobel Laureate and Committed Irish Scientist". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 101 (403): 301–314. JSTOR 23333150. pioneer work on he transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated particles
  96. ↑ Poole, Mike; Dainton, John; Chattopadhyay, Swapan (20 November 2007). "Cockcroft's subatomic legacy: splitting the atom". CERN Courier. IOP Publishing. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2023. transformed subatomic physics was 14 April 1932 when Cockcroft and Walton split the lithium atom with a proton beam Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  97. ↑ Bryant, P.J. (26 January 1994). "A Brief History and Review of Accelerators" (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: CERN Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire Accelerator School. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) ed. note: page 2 has an erratum, page 12 ("Livingston chart") shows the changes in scale of energies used for accelarators in disintegrations "1930" - "1980"+
  98. ↑ Reader, Joseph; Clark, Charles W. (March 2013). "1932, a watershed year in nuclear physics". Physics Today. 66 (3): 44–49. Bibcode:2013PhT....66c..44R. doi:10.1063/PT.3.1917. The year 1932 also witnessed the first use of accelerators to study nuclear reactions.
  99. ↑ Cox, Hayley (10 October 2017). "100 years on, marking Rutherford's breakthroughs". www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk. University of Manchester. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. Rutherford is often credited with splitting the atom during this period...Sean Freeman, Professor of Nuclear Physics at the University, explains: ‘“Splitting the atom” is not a particularly good description of this work. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help):
  100. ↑ E. Roesle Commission of Expert Statisticians Fourth Revision Archived 2023-10-21 at the Wayback Machine International Statistical Institute (Michel Huber), Health Organization of the League of Nations
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 English translation of 'blöd' www.collinsdictionary.com
  102. ↑ Translation of blöd – German–English dictionary Archived 2024-01-04 at the Wayback Machine dictionary.cambridge.org
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 Translations for „blöd“ in the German » English Dictionary Archived 2018-11-09 at the Wayback Machine en.pons.com
  104. ↑ Translation of Blödsinn Archived 2023-12-26 at the Wayback Machine Google LLC
  105. ↑ English translation of 'Sinn' Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine www.collinsdictionary.com
  106. ↑ Thomas Stephens " 'Negative value' lives" "Eugenics movement" Reviewing the legacy of racist scientists Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine Swiss Broadcasting Corporation SRG SSR July 16, 2020
  107. ↑ Lanzoni, Susan (2006). "Diagnosing with Feeling: The Clinical Assessment of Schizophrenia in Early Twentieth-Century European Psychiatry". Medicine, Emotion and Disease, 1700–1950. pp. 169–190. doi:10.1057/9780230286030_8. ISBN 978-1-349-54036-5. Search this book on
  108. ↑ Gozé, Tudi (18 March 2022). "How to Teach/Learn Praecox Feeling? Through Phenomenology to Medical Education". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.819305. PMC 8971516 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35370862 Check |pmid= value (help).
  109. ↑ Adityanjee MD, MRCPSYCH (sic); Aderibigbe MD, FWCAP, Yekeen A.; Theodoridis MD, D.; Vieweg MD, W. Victor R. (August 1999). ""Eugene Bleuler" in Dementia praecox to schizophrenia: The first 100 years". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 53 (4): 437–448. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00584.x. PMID 10498224. In 1923 in the 4th edition of his book, Bleuler differentiated between ‘process’ and ‘reactive’ schizophrenia based on aetiology, course and symptoms. 43,64 This led to the later distinction between true schizophrenia and schizophreniform psychosis.43...43 Van Praag HM. About the impossible concept of schizophrenia. Compr. Psychiatry 1976; 17: 481 497...64 Bleuler E. Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Springer, Berlin, 1923.
  110. ↑ International Classification of Diseases, Revision 3 (1920) Archived 2023-10-21 at the Wayback Machine Wolfbane Cybernetic
  111. ↑ International Classification of Diseases, Revision 3 (1920) Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine Karolinska Institute
  112. ↑ Lunbeck (1994: 373) In: Noll, Richard (2007). "Kraepelin's 'lost biological psychiatry'? Autointoxication, organotherapy and surgery for dementia praecox". History of Psychiatry. 18 (3): 317. doi:10.1177/0957154X07078705. PMID 18175634. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. According to Lunbeck (1994: 373), schizophrenia was fi rst used as a diagnostic term at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital in 1919. E. E. Southard, who was the medical director of that hospital, wrote to several colleagues about this time to ask their opinion on the comparative desirability of the two terms. He summarized them in notes attached to his unpublished typescript, ‘Non-Dementia Non-Praecox: Note on the Advantages to Mental Hygiene of Extirpating a Term’ (held among his Nachlass at the Countway Library of Medicine at Harvard Medical School). The unpublished paper was the basis of a lecture he delivered to the Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology on 20 February 1919 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  113. ↑ Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine. Center for the History of Medicine. "Southard, Elmer Ernest, 1876-1920. Papers, 1892-1940 (inclusive), 1905-1920 (bulk): Finding Aid". hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu. Harvard University. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  114. ↑ Stransky, Erwin Schizophrenia & Intrapsych. Ataxia, neue u. alte Btrr., ibid. 36, 1914, pp. 485–520 Gröger, Helmut (2013). ""Stransky, Erwin" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 25, pp. 476-477 [online version]". www.deutsche-biographie.de. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  115. ↑ N., Sam M.S. "Intrapsychic Ataxia" Psychology Dictionary "The Austrian psychiatrist Erwin Stransky introduced in 1904 the concept in association with schizophrenia." https //psychologydictionary.org/intrapsychic-ataxia/
  116. ↑ Triarhou, Lazaros C. (2012). "Erwin Stransky (1877–1962)". Journal of Neurology. 259 (9): 2012–2013. doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6461-2. PMID 22399146. Retrieved 18 December 2023. In 1903, Stransky formulated a ‘‘dissociation process’’[6] and in 1904 ‘‘intrapsychic ataxia’’ (the incongruity between thymopsyche and noopsyche—or between affect and cognition in modern terms) as a pathogenetic hallmark of schizophrenia. His ideas were credited by Emil Kraepelin, Carl Jung, and Eugen Bleuler [3].
  117. ↑ Ion, R.M.; Beer, M.D. (August 2002). "The British reaction to dementia praecox 1893-1913. Part 1". History of Psychiatry. 13 (51): 285–304. doi:10.1177/0957154X0201305103. PMID 12503573. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  118. ↑ McKenna, Peter J.; Oh, Tomasina M. (2005). Schizophrenic Speech: Making Sense of Bathroots and Ponds that Fall in Doorways. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-81075-3. Search this book on
  119. ↑ Lucassen, Leo (August 2010). "A Brave New World: The Left, Social Engineering, and Eugenics in Twentieth-Century Europe". International Review of Social History. 55 (2): 265–296. doi:10.1017/S0020859010000209.
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 Luty, Jason (January 2014). "Psychiatry and the dark side: eugenics, Nazi and Soviet psychiatry". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 20 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1192/apt.bp.112.010330.
  121. ↑ Bleuler, Dr Professor, Eugen; Jung, Dr, Carl; Riklin, Dr, Franz; Abraham, Dr, Karl; Zablocka, Dr, Emma-Marie; Wolfsohn, Dr, Ryssia (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien. Leipzig & Wien: Franz Deuticke. Search this book on
  122. ↑ Feldmann, Silke (2005). ""3.3.4 Die Jahresversammlung des Deutschen Vereins für Psychiatrie 1908" in "Die Verbreitung der Kraepelinischen Krankheitslehre im deutschen Sprachraum zwischen 1893 und 1912 am Beispiel der Dementia praecox" (Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Medizin des Fachbereichs Medizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen)". d-nb.info. Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Diese und die folgenden Erkenntnisse hatte er mithilfe de Daten zweier Doktoranden (Emma-Marie Zablocka und Ryssia Wolfsohn) seiner Klinik Burghölzli gewonnen. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  123. ↑ Jablensky, MD, Assen (September 2010). ""Bleuler's "group of schizophrenias"" In: "The diagnostic concept of schizophrenia: its history, evolution, and future prospects"". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 12 (3): 271–287. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.3/ajablensky. PMC 3181977. PMID 20954425.
  124. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). "Theory of Symptoms" "B. The Secondary Symptoms 1. The Indvidual Symptoms" (352) "2. The Origin of the Secondary Symptoms" (354-5) & "(a) The Train of Thought-Splitting" (362) In: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia no. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien ). Translated 1950 by J. Zinkin. archive.org: International Universities Press. pp. 352, 354, 355, 359, 362. Search this book on
  125. ↑ Moskowitz, A.; Heim, G. (May 2011). "Eugen Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 37 (3): 471–479. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr016. PMC 3080676. PMID 21505113.
  126. ↑ Nestor, Paul G; Levitt, James J; Ohtani, Toshiyuki; Newell, Dominick T; Shenton, Martha E; Niznikiewicz, Margaret (2022). "Loosening of Associations in Chronic Schizophrenia: Intersectionality of Verbal Learning, Negative Symptoms, and Brain Structure". Schizophrenia Bulletin Open. 3 (1): sgac004. doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac004. PMC 8918213 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35295655 Check |pmid= value (help).
  127. ↑ Heckers, S. (November 2011). "Bleuler and the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 37 (6): 1131–1135. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr108. PMC 3196934. PMID 21873614.
  128. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911) Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias) archive.org International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York) 362: "The splitting is the prerequisite condition of most of the coinplicated phenomena of the disease. It is the splitting which gives the peculiar stamp to the entire symptomatology. However, behind this systematic splitting into definite idea-complexes, we have found a previous primary loosening of the associational structure which can lead to an irregular fragmentation of such solidly established elements as concrete ideas. The term, schizophrenia, refers to both kinds of splitting which often fuse in their effects. Schizophrenic splitting is again only another example of exaggerated physiological processess. Even the healthy person can harbor various complexes, all more or less unconnected with each other; and he may even continue to elaborate and develop them in his unconscious or in dreams."
  129. ↑ Stotz-Ingenlath, Gabriele (2000). "Epistemological aspects of Eugen Bleuler's conception of Schizophrenia in 1911". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 3 (2): 153–159. doi:10.1023/A:1009919309015. PMID 11079343. so-called pathological phenomena actually seemed to be only exaggerations of normal psychic functions. So there were only a quantitative, not a qualitative difference between schizophrenia and normal psychic processes Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  130. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias). International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York). pp. 476-8. At the present time, the only type of therapy that can seriously be considered for schizophrenia as a whole is the psychic method...At present, there is nothing we can do at the peak of an active thrust of the disease. We are forced to wait for improvement. However, in many cases, it is difficult to recognize when the end of the acute stage has been reached...The general tasks or treatment, then, consist in educating the patient in re-establishing his contact with reality, i.e., in combatting autism...Occupational therapy represents the best means of meeting our demands. It provides an opportunity for exercising the normal psychic functions, for continual active and passive contact with reality, it stimulates the patients’ capacity for adaptation, and forces them to think about normal life outside the hospital. After all, in the absence of some such external means, it is impossible for anyone to maintain for any length of time psychic contact with individuals with whom one does not have any spiritual rapport. Even in acute stages, occupational therapy proves often both practical and useful. Every mental institution should have the kind of set-up that will make it possible to offer every patient some kind of work at all times... Sports may also be considered as an inferior substitute for work. However, as an addition to work, it is of considerable value when dealing with people who are well acquainted with it. Otherwise, games... Search this book on
  131. ↑ Raskin, David E. (September 1975). "Bleuler and Schizophrenia". British Journal of Psychiatry. 127 (3): 231–234. doi:10.1192/bjp.127.3.231. PMID 1102046. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  132. ↑ Dalzell, Thomas G. (December 2007). "Eugen Bleuler 150: Bleuler's reception of Freud". History of Psychiatry. 18 (4): 471–482. doi:10.1177/0957154X07077556. PMID 18590024. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 Moskowitz, A.; Heim, G. (May 2011). "Eugen Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 37 (3): 471–479. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr016. PMC 3080676. PMID 21505113.
  134. ↑ Falzeder, Ernst (2019). "The story of an ambivalent relationship: Sigmund Freud and Eugen Bleuler". Psychoanalytic Filiations. pp. 177–196. doi:10.4324/9780429478949-8. ISBN 978-0-429-47894-9. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help) Search this book on
  135. ↑ Makari, George (2008). Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. pp. 210, 254, 256. ISBN 978-0-522-85480-0. Archived from the original on 2023-12-17. Retrieved 2023-12-17. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  136. ↑ Burkhart Brückner, Ansgar Fabri (2015) Bleuler, Paul Eugen. Archived 2023-11-10 at the Wayback Machine: "Bleuler and psychoanalysis" In: Biographical Archive of Psychiatry. Archived 2023-11-10 at the Wayback Machine (retrieved:10.11.2023) (ed. note: "trained countless physicians" (sic)
  137. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias). archive.org: International Universities Press Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York). p. 389. we still owe it only to Freud that it has become possible to explain the special symptomatology of schizophrenia. Search this book on
  138. ↑ A.A. Brill (1909) In: "The physiological psychologist" Kieran McNally Looking Back: Treasures of knowledge Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine the british psychological society 18 October 2013 "Based on experimental psychology, and on the new and invaluable psychology of Freud..."
  139. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias). Translated 1950 by J. Zinkin. archive.org: International Universities Press. p. 7. The Definition of the Disease Search this book on
  140. ↑ Loch, Alexandre Andrade (10 May 2019). "Schizophrenia, Not a Psychotic Disorder: Bleuler Revisited". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10: 328. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00328. PMC 6526283 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31133901.
  141. ↑ Insel, Thomas R. (November 2010). "Rethinking schizophrenia". Nature. 468 (7321): 187–193. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..187I. doi:10.1038/nature09552. PMID 21068826.
  142. ↑ Moskowitz, Andrew; Heim, Gerhard (May 2011). "Eugen Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 37 (3): 471–479. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr016. PMC 3080676. PMID 21505113. Archived from the original on 2023-12-20. Retrieved 2023-11-24. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  143. ↑ Stengel, E. (1957). "Concepts Of Schizophrenia". The British Medical Journal. 1 (5028): 1174–1176. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5028.1174. JSTOR 25382555. PMC 1973489. PMID 13426576.
  144. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). "Author's Preface" In: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien). archive.org: International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin, 1950). p. 1. Our knowledge of the disease group which Kraepelin established under the name of Dementia Praecox is too recent to warrant a complete description. The whole complex is still too fluid, incomplete, tentative.... An additional difficulty arises with regard to the chapters on psychopathology, that is the embryonic state of contemporary psychology. We do not even have the necessary terminology for the new psychological concepts.... An important aspect of the attempt to advance and enlarge the concepts of psychopathology is nothing less than the application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox. I feel certain that every reader realizes how greatly we are indebted to this author, without my mentioning his name at each appropriate point of the discussion. Search this book on
  145. ↑ Kieran McNally "A psychological persuasion" "The physiological psychologist" History and philosophy Looking Back: Treasures of knowledge Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine. "Based on experimental psychology, and on the new and invaluable psychology of Freud." A.A. Brill, 1909
  146. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias). archive.org: International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York). pp. 482, 483. Search this book on

    Under all circumstances, if the disease is diagnosed or suspected, marriage must be discouraged with the greatest emphasis...we know of no measures which will cure the disease, as such, or even bring it to a halt...it is to be hoped that sterilisation will soon be employed on a larger scale in these cases as in other patients with a pathological Anlage for eugenic reasons

  147. ↑ Freeman, T (1977). "On Freud's theory of schizophrenia". The International Journal of Psycho-analysis. 58 (4): 383–388. PMID 340399. For many years now there has been a continued and sustained criticism of Freud's (1911) hypothesis that the basic disorder in schizophrenia consists of the patient's inability to maintain libidinal cathexis of objects.
  148. ↑ Haustgen, T. (September 2007). "La psychose hallucinatoire chronique doit-elle disparaître ? Une revue historique". PSN. 5 (3): 162–175. doi:10.1007/s11836-007-0041-z. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  149. ↑ Ferreira, M.C.; Sousa-Ferreira, T.; Almeida, N.; Santos, B. (March 2015). "Can We Still Talk About Chronic Hallucinatory Psychosis? a Case Report". European Psychiatry. 30: 1689. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(15)31295-5. The growing influence of international nosology has led to a progressive disuse of the concept of chronic hallucinatory psychosis and patients with such clinical condition have been classified under the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, according to the Anglo-Saxon current classifications. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  150. ↑ International List of Causes of Death, Revision 2 (1909) Archived 2023-10-21 at the Wayback Machine Wolfbane Cybernetique
  151. ↑ Manual of the International List of Causes of Death, as adapted for use in England and Wales. ased on the Decennial Revision of the International Commission Paris, 1909 London: Published by His Majesty's Stationary Office p.xvii facsimile published by archive.org 2015-02-25
  152. ↑ Möller, A.; Scharfetter, C.; Hell, D. (October 2002). "Development and termination of the working relationship of C. G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler, 1900-1909". History of Psychiatry. 13 (52): 445–453. doi:10.1177/0957154X0201305206. PMID 12645573. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  153. ↑ Studies in Word-Association Experiments in the Diagnosis of Psychopathological Conditions carried out at the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Zurich under the direction of C. G. Jung , LL.D. (formerly of the University of Zurich) authorized translation by Dr. Eder. New York Moffat, Yard & Company 1919

    Professor E Bleuler, Dr CG Jung, Dr F Riklin, Dr E Fürst, Dr L Binswanger, & Dr H Nunberg: hathitrust.org Archived 2010-10-10 at the Wayback Machine: Record/010606802 Archived 2023-12-08 at the Wayback Machine archive.org: front cover abridged title page, title page Translator's Preface Contents Index

  154. ↑ JMS Pearce Eugen Bleuler and schizophrenia Archived 2023-12-23 at the Wayback Machine Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL
  155. ↑ Lee, Yu Sang; Park, II Ho; Park, Seon-Cheol; Kim, Jae-Jin; Kwon, Jun Soo (April 2014). "Johyeonbyung (attunement disorder): Renaming mind splitting disorder as a way to reduce stigma of patients with schizophrenia in Korea". Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 8: 118–120. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2014.01.008. PMID 24655643.
  156. ↑ Trueb, RalphMichel; Dutra, Hudson; Dias, MariaFernanda Reis Gavazzoni (2019). "Autistic-undisciplined thinking in the practice of medical trichology". International Journal of Trichology. 11 (1): 1–7. doi:10.4103/ijt.ijt_79_18. PMC 6385517. PMID 30820126.
  157. ↑ "Eine Gesellschaft mit Tradition: historische Entwicklung der DGPPN". www.dgppn.de. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde e. V. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  158. ↑ Hoff, Paul (2012). "Eugen Bleuler's Concept of Schizophrenia and Its Relevance to Present-Day Psychiatry" (PDF). Neuropsychobiology. University Hospital, Zürich. 66 (6): 8. doi:10.1159/000337174. PMID 22797272. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  159. ↑ Elgeti, Hermann (2003). "Schizophrenie und wahnhafte Störungen Modelle der Diagnostik und des Krankheitsverständnisses" (PDF). Medizinische Hochschule Hannover : Publikationsserver. mhh-publikationsserver.gbv.de. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  160. ↑ Ashok, AhbishekhHulegar; Baugh, John; Yeragani, VikramK (2012). "Paul Eugen Bleuler and the origin of the term schizophrenia (SCHIZOPRENIEGRUPPE)". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 54 (1): 95–96. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.94660. PMC 3339235. PMID 22556451.
  161. ↑ Fusar-Poli, Paolo; Politi, Pierluigi (November 2008). "Paul Eugen Bleuler and the Birth of Schizophrenia (1908)". American Journal of Psychiatry. 165 (11): 1407. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050714. PMID 18981075.
  162. ↑ Burton, Neel (8 September 2012). "A Brief History of Schizophrenia". Psychology Today.
  163. ↑ Crespi, Bernard J. (June 2010). "Revisiting Bleuler: relationship between autism and schizophrenia". British Journal of Psychiatry. 196 (6): 495, author reply 495–6. doi:10.1192/bjp.196.6.495. PMID 20513864.
  164. ↑ Gina Ryder and Christie Craft medically reviewed by Matthew Boland, PhD The History of Schizophrenia Archived 2023-11-28 at the Wayback Machine Healthline Media
  165. ↑ "Paul Eugen Bleuler". Oxford Reference.
  166. ↑ Stam, J.; Vermeulen, M. (June 2013). "Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939), an early pioneer of evidence based medicine". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 84 (6): 594–595. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-303715. PMID 23236013.
  167. ↑ Hany, Manassa; Rehman, Baryiah; Azhar, Yusra; Chapman, Jennifer (2023). "Schizophrenia". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30969686. Archived from the original on 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2023-11-24. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  168. ↑ Kallivayalil, RoyAbraham (2016). "The Burgholzli Hospital: Its history and legacy". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 58 (2): 226–228. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.183772. PMC 4919972. PMID 27385861.
  169. ↑ Park, Sohee; Thakkar, Katharine N. (April 2010). "'Splitting of the Mind' Revisited: Recent Neuroimaging Evidence for Functional Dysconnection in Schizophrenia and Its Relation to Symptoms". American Journal of Psychiatry. 167 (4): 366–368. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10010089. PMC 4584400. PMID 20360323.
  170. ↑ Hahn, Patrick D. (2019). "The Beginning". Madness and Genetic Determinism. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21866-9_1. ISBN 978-3-030-21865-2. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help) Search this book on
  171. ↑ Rachel Kelly Bloody battleground Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine 20 JUNE 2019, The Tablet The International Catholic News Weekly
  172. ↑ Feldmann, Silke (2005). ""3.3.4 Die Jahresversammlung des Deutschen Vereins für Psychiatrie 1908" in "Die Verbreitung der Kraepelinischen Krankheitslehre im deutschen Sprachraum zwischen 1893 und 1912 am Beispiel der Dementia praecox" (Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Medizin des Fachbereichs Medizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen)". d-nb.info. Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Es war das erste Mal, dass Kraepelins Dementia praecox im Mittelpunkt einer Versammlung stand und nicht nur dessen Schüler sich mit Referaten über dieses Thema äußerten... Jahrmärker würdigt in seinem Vortrag Kraepelins Verdienst in Bezug auf eine Abgrenzung der Dementia praecox gegenüber anderen Psychosen und die damit verbundene Erleichterung beim Stellen einer Diagnose. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  173. ↑ 173.0 173.1 Matthew Thomson "Beyond Segregation": p.120 Archived 2023-11-23 at the Wayback Machine In: The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics Archived 2023-11-23 at the Wayback Machine Oxford University Press, 3 Aug 2010 (Editors: Alison Bashford, Philippa Levine) ISBN 0199706530 Search this book on .
  174. ↑ Über die Psychologie der Dementia praecox. Ein Versuch von Dr. C. G. Jung Halle a S. Verlagsbuchhandlung Carl Marhold
  175. ↑ Dr. C. G. Jung "schizophrenie" 1907
  176. ↑ Dr C Jung pp.25-6-7 1907

    Dissociation according to the French school is a weakness of consciousness due to the splitting off of one or a series of ideas. They separate themselves from the hierarchy of the conscious ego and begin a more or less independent existence.77 The hysteria doctrine of Breuer and Freud was developed on this foundation...77 See the fundamental work of Janet : L'automatisme psychologique....If the connection between Gross's synchronous series is severed by disease, disintegration of consciousness results. Translated into the language of the French school, it means that if one or more association series are split off there results a dissociation causing weakness of consciousness. Let us not quarrel over words....As aforesaid, the displeasing part in this hypothesis is the assumption of synchronous independent association series. Normal psychology does not furnish us with any facts on this point. Where we can best observe split-off series of ideas, namely, in hysteria, we find that the opposite holds true.

  177. ↑ Dr C Jung p.28 1907

    If we weaken the power of consciousness by suggestion and produce thereby a split-off series of presentations, as, for example, in post-hypnotic commands, we find that this series reappears with a power inexplicable to the ego-consciousness. In the psychology of ecstatic somnambulists we have the typical breaking in of split-off ideas.84...84 See especially the magnificent script examples of Helene Smith, Flournoy: Des Indes, etc.

  178. ↑ Jastrow, Joseph (July 1900). "Des Indes à la Planète Mars. Etude sur un cas de somnambulisme avec glossolalie" [From India to the planet Mars: A study of a case of somnambulism with glossolalia]. Psychological Review (in français). 7 (4): 406–411. doi:10.1037/h0069534. Archived from the original on 2024-01-04. Retrieved 2023-12-18. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  179. ↑ Jastrow, Joseph (July 1902). "Nouvelles observations sur un cas de somnambulisme avecglossolalie" [Review of the book Nouvelles observations sur un cas de somnambulisme avec glossolalie, by T. Flournoy]. Psychological Review (in français). 9 (4): 401–404. doi:10.1037/h0064849. Archived from the original on 2024-01-04. Retrieved 2023-12-18. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  180. ↑ Dr C Jung p.35

    Freud and Gross find the important fact of the presence of split-off series of ideas. To Freud, however, belongs the credit of being the first to show in a case of paranoid dementia praecox the " principle of conversion " (repression and indirect reappearance of the complexes).

  181. ↑ p.96: section on "Sterotypy" in the Chapter "Dementia Praecox and Hysteria" 1907
  182. ↑ p.149-50-1
  183. ↑ Moskowitz, Andrew; Heim, Gerhard (May 2011). "Eugen Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 37 (3): 471–479. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr016. PMC 3080676. PMID 21505113. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. Bleuler's ideas about schizophrenia were powerfully influenced by the extensive psychological tests—the word association task—performed by Jung and Franz Riklin at Burghölzli from 1903 to 1906 at his behest. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  184. ↑ 184.0 184.1 184.2 Meier, Prof. Dr. C. A. (1994). Die Empirie des Unbewussten. Einsiedeln, Switzerland: Daimon. p. 158. ISBN 3856303030. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  185. ↑ "Complex (Analytical Psychology)" In International dictionary of psychoanalysis by Kast, V. Call Number: Ladera: REF RC501.4.D4313 Publication Date: 2005 Archived 2023-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Pacifica Graduate Institute
  186. ↑ Kast, V. (2005) "Complex (Analytical Psychology)" In International dictionary of psychoanalysis Archived 2023-11-15 at the Wayback Machine In: A Library Guide to Jung's Collected Works Pacifica Graduate Institute
  187. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911) Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (Monograph Series on Schizophrenia NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias) archive.org International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York) p.9: "The Definition of the Disease... at different times different psychic complexes seem to represent the personality. Integration of different complexes and strivings appears insufficient or even lacking. The psychic complexes do not combine in a conglomeration of strivings with a unified resultant as they do in a healthy person; rather, one set of complexes dominates the personality for a time, while other groups of ideas or drives are "split off" and seem either partly or completely impotent."
  188. ↑ Ray Dyer, PhD, B.Ed., M.Phil.(psychol.) Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939): A Brief Biography Archived 2023-11-08 at the Wayback Machine The Victoria Web
  189. ↑ 189.0 189.1 Bleuler, Manfred; Bleuler, Rudolf (November 1986). "Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien: Eugen Bleuler". British Journal of Psychiatry. 149 (5): 661–664. doi:10.1192/bjp.149.5.661. PMID 3545358. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  190. ↑ Jacques Bertillon (1851-1922) Committee Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death Archived 2023-10-21 at the Wayback Machine (First Revision of the classification of causes of death by the City of Paris; Government of France), International Statistical Institute 21 August 1900
  191. ↑ Kendler, Kenneth S (March 2019). "The Genealogy of Dementia Praecox I: Signs and Symptoms of Delusional Psychoses From 1880 to 1900". Schizophr. Bull. 45 (2): 296–304. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx147. PMC 6403057. PMID 29165678.
  192. ↑ Kendler, Kenneth S. (November 2020). "The Development of Kraepelin's Concept of Dementia Praecox: A Close Reading of Relevant Texts". JAMA Psychiatry. 77 (11): 1181–1187. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1266. PMID 32520320 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  193. ↑ 193.0 193.1 193.2 "Internet Publikation für Allgemeine und Integrative Psychotherapie". www.sgipt.org. Dr. phil. Rudolf Sponsel. ISSN 1430-6972. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  194. ↑ Gustav, Aschaffenburg (1896). "Experimentelle Studien über Associationen". pure.mpg.de. Max Planck Society. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-4952-A. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  195. ↑ Lothane, Zvi (May 1998). "Freud's 1895 Project : From Mind to Brain and Back Again". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 843 (1): 43–65. Bibcode:1998NYASA.843...43L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08204.x. PMID 9668650.
  196. ↑ Goodheart, 2004 In: eugenics Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine University of Vermont
  197. ↑ "On how eugenicists sought to address the "threat" to the gene pool" The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced Sterilizations Archived 2023-11-24 at the Wayback Machine (Review of Adam Cohen Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck ISBN 9781101980835 Search this book on .)
  198. ↑ Chamberlain, J. P. (1923). "Current Legislation: Eugenics and Limitations of Marriage". American Bar Association Journal. 9 (7): 429–430. JSTOR 25711334.
  199. ↑ Sigmund Freud 28 March 1895 Archived 4 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine - 26 April 1895 Archived 4 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine Psychoanalytic Electronic Publishing
  200. ↑ 200.0 200.1 Dr. Ernest Jones In: Edward M. Brecher and the Editors of Consumer Reports Magazine, 1972 Chapter 24. The case of Dr. Sigmund Freud Archived 2023-11-24 at the Wayback Machine In: The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs Archived 2023-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Mount Vernon, N. Y. : Consumers Union ISBN 0316153400 Search this book on .
  201. ↑ 201.0 201.1 Laviolette, Steven R.; van der Kooy, Derek (2004). "The neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from molecules to behaviour". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 5 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1038/nrn1298. PMID 14708004. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco smoke, produces diverse neurophysiological, motivational and behavioural effects through several brain regions and neurochemical pathways. Recent research in the fields of behavioural pharmacology, genetics and electrophysiology is providing an increasingly integrated picture of how the brain processes the motivational effects of nicotine. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  202. ↑ Breuer, J; Freud, S (1893). "On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomenon: Preliminary Communication". Breuer J., Freud S., (1893-1895) Studies on Hysteria. Standard Edition, Vol. 2 (PDF). pp. 11–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-17. Retrieved 2023-12-17. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  203. ↑ Triarhou, Lazaros C. (2022). "Josef Breuer (1842–1925)". The Brain Masters of Vienna. pp. 55–60. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13052-6_12. ISBN 978-3-031-13051-9. Search this book on
  204. ↑ Seidenberg, Henry (January 1971). "The Basic Rule: Free Association—A Reconsideration". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 19 (1): 98–109. doi:10.1177/000306517101900108. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  205. ↑ Ray Dyer, PhD "Fräulein Elisabeth von R." Archived 2023-11-23 at the Wayback Machine In: Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud's Studies on Hysteria [1882] 1893, 1895
  206. ↑ Sugarman, Susan (2022). "The Analysis of Psychoneuroses". Freud's Interpretation of Dreams. pp. 89–113. doi:10.1017/9781009244138.011. ISBN 978-1-00-924413-8. Search this book on
  207. ↑ 207.0 207.1 Tkaczyk, Viktoria (2 July 2020). "How to turn interior monologues inside out: epistemologies, methods, and research tools in the long twentieth century". Sound Studies. 6 (2): 130–152. doi:10.1080/20551940.2020.1794647. hdl:21.11116/0000-0006-FAD3-2.
  208. ↑ Cattell, James McKeen (1887). "Experiments on the Association of Ideas". Mind. os-12 (45): 68–74. doi:10.1093/mind/os-12.45.68. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F78D-E. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  209. ↑ Jack S. Blocker Jr., David M. Fahey, Ian R. Tyrrell p.245 Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine In: Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 17 Dec 2003
  210. ↑ 210.0 210.1 The Institute of Psycho-analysis p.9 Archived 2023-11-23 at the Wayback Machine ("Editors Note") In: The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol.3: Early Psycho-Analytic Publications Archived 2023-11-22 at the Wayback Machine Random House, 2001 ISBN 0099426544 Search this book on .
  211. ↑ 211.0 211.1 Austin, Susan (23 September 2004). "Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), founder of psychoanalysis". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55514. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  212. ↑ 212.0 212.1 Teive, Hélio A. G.; Marques, Paula T.; Oliveira, Livia P. de; Germiniani, Francisco M. B.; Paola, Luciano de; Camargo, Carlos Henrique F. (November 2019). "Overcoming bashfulness: how cocaine aided Freud to summon the courage to meet Charcot". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 77 (11): 825–827. doi:10.1590/0004-282X20190052. PMID 31826139.
  213. ↑ Waraich, Manni; Shah, Shailesh (2017). "The life and work of Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893): 'The Napoleon of Neuroses'". J Intensive Care Soc. 19 (1): 48–49. doi:10.1177/1751143717709420. PMC 5810866. PMID 29456601. 'le pere de la neurologie'
  214. ↑ da Mota Gomes, Marleide; Engelhardt, Eliasz (October 2013). "Jean-Martin Charcot, father of modern neurology: an homage 120 years after his death". Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr. 71 (10): 815–817. doi:10.1590/0004-282X20130128. PMID 24212522. a pioneer in a variety of subjects, including nervous system diseases; anatomy; physiology; pathology; and diseases of ageing, joints, and lungs.
  215. ↑ Bogousslavsky, Julien; Boller, François (2013). "Jean-Martin Charcot and art". The Fine Arts, Neurology, and Neuroscience - Neuro-Historical Dimensions. Progress in Brain Research. 203. pp. 185–199. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62730-8.00007-4. ISBN 978-0-444-62730-8. PMID 24041281. the "father of neurology" in France and much beyond, was also the man who established academic psychiatry in Paris, differentiating it from clinical alienism. Search this book on
  216. ↑ Bowden-Jones, Owen (2016). "What are psychoactive drugs, who uses them and why?". The Drug Conversation: How to Talk to Your Child about Drugs. Royal College of Psychiatrists. ISBN 978-1-909726-57-4. Search this book on
  217. ↑ Nestler, Eric J. (2005). "The Neurobiology of Cocaine Addiction". Sci Pract Perspect. 3 (1): 4–10. doi:10.1151/spp05314. PMC 2851032. PMID 18552739. Cocaine produces its psychoactive and addictive effects primarily by acting on the brain's limbic system, a set of interconnected regions that regulate pleasure and motivation.
  218. ↑ Lebzeltern, G (11 November 1983). "Freud und das Kokain" [Sigmund Freud and cocaine]. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift (in Deutsch). 95 (21): 765–769. PMID 6369804.
  219. ↑ A. López-Valverde history of medicine/Freud cocaine dependence Archived 2023-12-12 at the Wayback Machine Campus Miguelde Unamuno, Salamanca
  220. ↑ "Uber Coca Von Dr. Sigm. Freud, Seeundararzt im k. k. Allgemeinen Krankenhause in Wien. Centralblatt fiir die ges. Therapie. 2, 289-314. 1884 Juli]" In: Shaffer, Howard (January 1984). "Uber coca: Freud's cocaine discoveries". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1 (3): 205–217. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(84)90023-0.
  221. ↑ Sigmund Freud private letter dated June 19, 1884 Archived December 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine Psychoanalytic Electronic Publishing
  222. ↑ Mülberger, Annette (2017). ""Triggering Mental Associations in the 1880s: From Chronometry to Group Testing" In: Mental Association: Testing Individual Differences Before Binet". Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences. 53 (2): 176–198. doi:10.1002/jhbs.21850. PMC 5413820. PMID 28236298. (in: Galton, Sir Francis (1883). Inquiries into human faculty and its development. Macmillan. Archived from the original on 2023-12-18. Retrieved 2023-12-18. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on [page needed])
  223. ↑ Aubert-Marson, Dominique (June 2009). "Sir Francis Galton : le fondateur de l'eugénisme" [Sir Francis Galton: the father of eugenics]. Médecine/Sciences (in français). 25 (6–7): 641–645. doi:10.1051/medsci/2009256-7641. PMID 19602363.
  224. ↑ Lysaker, Paul H.; Pattison, Michelle L.; Leonhardt, Bethany L.; Phelps, Scott; Vohs, Jenifer L. (February 2018). "Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments". World Psychiatry. 17 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1002/wps.20508. PMC 5775127. PMID 29352540.
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  226. ↑ Zelmanowits, Joseph (1953). "A Historical Note on the Simple Dementing Form of Schizophrenia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 46 (11): 931–933. doi:10.1177/003591575304601107. PMC 1918676. PMID 13112246.
  227. ↑ Freud and his Cigars Archived 2023-11-13 at the Wayback Machine Freud Museum London
  228. ↑ Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Archived 2023-11-01 at the Wayback Machine Freud Museum London
  229. ↑ Paul Hofmann Freud's Vienna Begins at Berggasse 19 Archived 2023-11-23 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times March 27, 1988
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  231. ↑ Burns, David M. (February 1998). "Cigar Smoking: Overview and Current State of the Science" (PDF). Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. pp. 1–20. NIH Pub. No. 98-4302. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-10-23. Retrieved 2023-12-19. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  232. ↑ McNally, Kieran (December 2013). "Dementia praecox revisited". History of Psychiatry. 24 (4): 507–509. doi:10.1177/0957154x13501454. PMID 24573761. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  233. ↑ Noll, Richard (June 2012). "Dementia praecox, 1886: a new turning point?". History of Psychiatry. 23 (2): 255–256. doi:10.1177/0957154X11428420. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  234. ↑ Sammet, Kai (2020). "Silent 'Night of Madness'? Light, Voice, Sounds, and Space in the Illenau Asylum in Baden between 1842 and 1910". Material Cultures of Psychiatry. Histoire. 155. pp. 44–73. doi:10.14361/9783839447888-005. ISBN 978-3-8376-4788-4. The Illenau asylum in Baden was built between 1837 and 1842 according to plans by Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Roller (1802–1878) near the town of Achern on the edge of the northern Black Forest. Search this book on
  235. ↑ GeniI-Perrin, Dr. Georges "Histoire des Origines et de L'Evolution de L'Idee de Degenerescence en Medecine Mentale." Alfred Leclerc, Paris 1913. Archived 2023-12-11 at the Wayback Machine In: Zubin, Joseph; Oppenheimer, Gerald; Neugebauer, Richard (November 1985). "Degeneration theory and the stigma of schizophrenia". Biological Psychiatry. 20 (11): 1145–1148. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(85)90171-4. PMID 3902104. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  236. ↑ Widacki, Jan (September 2019). "Attempts at Lie Detection Based on Scientific Premises on the End of 19 Century and in the First Half of the 20 Century". European Polygraph. 13 (3): 121–139. doi:10.2478/ep-2019-0009. hdl:11315/27260.
  237. ↑ Shorter, Edward; Fink, Max (2018). "Karl Kahlbaum". The Madness of Fear: A History of Catatonia. doi:10.1093/med/9780190881191.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-088119-1. Search this book on
  238. ↑ Hirjak, Dusan; Foucher, Jack R.; Ams, Miriam; Jeanjean, Ludovic C.; Kubera, Katharina M.; Wolf, Robert Christian; Northoff, Georg (June 2022). "The origins of catatonia – Systematic review of historical texts between 1800 and 1900". Schizophrenia Research. 263: 6–17. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.003. PMID 35710511 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  239. ↑ 239.0 239.1 "Schizophrenic ego disorders - argument for body-including therapy". Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 150 (1): 11–15. 19 February 1999. doi:10.4414/sanp.1999.01074.
  240. ↑ 240.0 240.1 Waugaman, Richard M. (March 2007). "A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatryby Edward Shorter. New York, Oxford University Press, 2005, 352 pp., $49.95". American Journal of Psychiatry. 164 (3): 531. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.531.
  241. ↑ 241.0 241.1 Prof. Dr. Gerald Stöber The Concept of Hebephrenia Archived 2023-11-15 at the Wayback Machine University of Würzburg, Germany: Strasbourg, November 15, 2013
  242. ↑ "Bailly abrégé" βη Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine Liddell, Scott, Jones Ancient Greek Lexicon
  243. ↑ "Bailly abrégé" Ἥβη Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine Liddell, Scott, Jones Ancient Greek Lexicon
  244. ↑ Fusar-Poli, Paolo; Salazar de Pablo, Gonzalo; Rajkumar, Ravi Philip; López-Díaz, Álvaro; Malhotra, Savita; Heckers, Stephan; Lawrie, Stephen M; Pillmann, Frank (January 2022). "Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of brief psychotic episodes: a review and research agenda". The Lancet Psychiatry. 9 (1): 72–83. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00121-8. hdl:10261/306651. PMID 34856200 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  245. ↑ Daker, Mauricio Viotti (2021). "LIST OF TABLES" In: The Continuum of Mental Disorders and Unitary Psychosis: History and Perspectives (PDF). Cambridge Scholar Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-5275-7282-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-18. Retrieved 2023-12-18. Table 5-3: Class dysphrenia, its family and genus (Kahlbaum 1863, 136) Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  246. ↑ Rocha, T. Coelho; Cunha, J.; Torres, S.; Lopes, A. (April 2021). "The universe of brief psychosis". European Psychiatry. 64 (S1): S514–S515. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1377. PMC 9475909 Check |pmc= value (help).
  247. ↑ Shmukler, Alexander B. (25 May 2021). "The Evolution of Approaches to Schizophrenia Diagnostics: from Kraepelin to ICD-11". Consortium Psychiatricum. 2 (2): 65–70. doi:10.17816/CP62.
  248. ↑ Brown, G H (1896). "Sir John Russell Reynolds b.22 May 1828 d.29 May 1896 BART MD Lond Hon LLD Aberd Edin MRCS FRCP(1859) FRS". Lancet & B.M.J. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  249. ↑ Pearce, J M S (August 2004). "Positive and negative cerebral symptoms: the roles of Russell Reynolds and Hughlings Jackson". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 75 (8): 1148. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.038422. PMC 1739179. PMID 15258217.
  250. ↑ Abel, E. L. (December 2004). "Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809-1873)". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (12): 2185. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185. Benedict-Augustin Morel’s theory of degeneration dominated French psychiatry for almost a century after its publication in 1857...Morel described a progressive generational degeneration...culminating in sterility in the fourth and final generation (ed. note: Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine doesn't contain any reference to sterility (see note: "nb 9" attached)
  251. ↑ Karschay, Stephan (2015). "Degeneration and the Victorian Sciences". Degeneration, Normativity and the Gothic at the Fin de Siècle. Palgrave Studies in Nineteenth-Century Writing and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 30–84. doi:10.1057/9781137450333_2 (inactive 2023-12-18). ISBN 978-1-137-45033-3. Archived from the original on 2023-11-17. Retrieved 2023-11-24. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  252. ↑ Yavuz, Furkan Berkant. Dreams of perfection: Eugenics, Ethics and Politics from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Diss. Central European University, 2023. Archived 2023-11-17 at the Wayback Machine "Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine"
  253. ↑ 253.0 253.1 Carbonel, F. (November 2010). "L'idéologie aliéniste du Dr B.A. Morel : christianisme social et médecine sociale, milieu et dégénérescence, psychiatrie et régénération. Partie I" (PDF). Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique. 168 (9): 666–671. doi:10.1016/j.amp.2010.07.010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2023-12-17. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  254. ↑ "F. Carbonel's research while affiliated with Université de Rouen and other places". www.researchgate.net. 2008–2023. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  255. ↑ Carbonel, Frédéric (15 June 2005). "L'asile pour aliénés de Rouen: Un laboratoire de statistiques morales de la Restauration à 1848". Histoire & mesure. XX (1/2): 97–136. doi:10.4000/histoiremesure.788.
  256. ↑ Victor Masson, ed. (1860). Traité des maladies mentales (2 ed.). Paris: Librairie Victor Masson. Search this book on
  257. ↑ Arno Press, ed. (1857). Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine. Paris (chez J.B. Baillière Libraire de l'académie impériale de medecine), Londres (H. Baillière), New York (H. Baillière), Madrid (C. Bailly-Baillière): J.B. Baillière. Search this book on
  258. ↑ search of "stérilité" in Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives : atlas 27 December 2023
  259. ↑ search of "stérilisation" in Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives : atlas 27 December 2023
  260. ↑ Menninger In: Tinker, Barbara Ann (1980). The temporal sequence of symptoms in acute psychotic episodes (Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology thesis). University of Massachusetts Amherst. p. 2. doi:10.7275/q85x-fs66. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Insanity begins with a phase of depression (melancholia), followed by a period of excitement or fury (mania); then follows a phase of either death or recovery, or--if the disease continues—a phase of "weakness or perversion" of mental faculties, taking the aspect of Verwirtheit (amentia) or Verrucktheit (paranoia); finally, if there is no improvement, it ends with a terminal state of mental destruction called Blodsinn (dementia) Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  261. ↑ Rybakowski, J.K. (2019). ""Continuum or Staging Concepts of Psychiatric Disorders" in "120th Anniversary of the Kraepelinian Dichotomy of Psychiatric Disorders"". Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 21 (65): 65. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1048-6. PMC 6603189 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31264045. Heinrich Neumann (1814–1888), can be mentioned here who staged “Irresein” (madness) beginning from Wahsinn (insanity) to Verwirrheit (confusion) and further Blődsinn (dementia)
  262. ↑ M. Morel pp.37, 38, 361 Archived 2023-11-13 at the Wayback Machine of Études cliniques: traité théorique et pratique des maladies mentales considérées dans leur nature, leur traitement, et dans leur rapport avec la médecine légale des aliénés, Volume 1 Archived 2023-12-12 at the Wayback Machine Grimblot, 1852
  263. ↑ Adityanjee; Aderibigbe, Yekeen A.; Theodoridis, D.; Vieweg, W. Victor R. (1999). "Dementia praecox to schizophrenia:The first 100 years". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 53 (4): 438. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00584.x. PMID 10498224.
  264. ↑ Coffin, Jean-Christophe (May 2004). "Conceptions de la dégénérescence dans la psychiatrie italienne du XIXème siècle". PSN. 2 (3): 46–59. doi:10.1007/BF03005222. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  265. ↑ Bürgy, Martin (2012). "The Origin of the Concept of Psychosis: Canstatt 1841". Psychopathology. 45 (2): 133–134. doi:10.1159/000330257. PMID 22310731. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  266. ↑ Burgy, M. (20 August 2008). "The Concept of Psychosis: Historical and Phenomenological Aspects". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34 (6): 1200–1210. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm136. PMC 2632489. PMID 18174608.
  267. ↑ Canstatt, Carl Friedrich (1843). Handbuch der medicinischen Klinik : die Specielle Pathologie und Therapie vom klinischen Standpunkte aus bearbeitet (in Deutsch). Erster Band (first volume) (Zweite vermehrte Auflage: Second enlarged ed.). Erlangen: F. Enke. p. 337. Retrieved 9 December 2023 – via archive.org (Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh). §. 50. Die Frage, welchen Ausgang eine Neurose im concreten Falle nehmen werde, ist gar nicht zu beantworten ohne Hinblick auf die Grundzustände, die, an und für sich ein Anderes als die Neurose, nur unter der Form derselben in die äussere Erscheinung treten. Diess hat man aber oft genug übersehen und hat z.B. für Krise der Neurosen genommen , wras, beim Lichte betrachtet, Ausgang primären mit der Neurose ursächlich zusammenhängenden Leidens wTar. So können wir unmöglich zugeben, dass eine Neuralgia coeliaca sich durch Blutbrechen oder Meiäna, eine Psychose durch Darmausleerungen, eine Lähmung durch Nasenbluten u. dgl. m. entscheide; materielle Krisen sind nur im und vom vegetativen Systeme aus möglich; jene Entleerungen sind Aeusserungen einer sich wieder ins Gleichgewicht setzenden Plastik und können zur Heilung der Neurose beilragen, wenn sie das sie bedingende Grundleiden heben; aber sie stehen in keinem unmittelbaren Verbände mit den erkrankten Nerven, sind keine Metamorphose innerhalb der Neurose selbst. Dass uns gar oft jene Anomalieen der Vegetation verborgen bleiben, dass uns solche materielle Krisen, welche die Neurose oft mit Einem Sclilage heben, nicht selten überraschen und wir vergeblich nach ihrem inneren Zusammenhänge forschen, ändert Nichts an der Sache. Je weiter wir in der ätiologischen Kenntniss der Neurosen (und sie ist gewiss die wichtigere!) Vordringen werden, desto weniger werden wir an diesen Rälhseln zu kauen haben. Wie häufig aber Bildungskrankheilen und Degenerationen Ursache der Neurosen sind , lehrt uns das in neuerer Zeit auch in diesem Gebiete der pathologischen Aanatomie sorgfältiger forschende Scalpell. §. 51. Man hat auch von nervösen Krisen gesprochen. Search this book on
  268. ↑ "168 Jahre Museumsgeschichte". www.bayerisches-nationalmuseum.de/en/museum/history. Bayerisches Nationalmuseum 2023. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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  270. ↑ "Die innere Politik 1825–1848". hdbg.eu. Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte Museum. 2023. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023. Vormärz und Revolutionsangst Die Ära Ludwigs I. (1825–1848) fällt in die Zeit des „Vormärz“, der langen Phase zwischen dem Wiener Kongress von 1814/15 und der Märzrevolution von 1848. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  271. ↑ Ploscowe, M (1935). "The Expert Witness in Criminal Cases in France, Germany, and Italy". Law and Contemporary Problems. 2 (4): 505. doi:10.2307/1189442. JSTOR 1189442. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  272. ↑ Loch, Alexandre Andrade (10 May 2019). von Peter, Sebastian, ed. "Schizophrenia, Not a Psychotic Disorder: Bleuler Revisited". Front. Psychiatry. 10: 328. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00328. PMC 6526283 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31133901. reviewed by: Raoul Borbé (University of Ulm, Germany), Stephan T. Egger (University of Zurich, Switzerland)
  273. ↑ Spittles, Brian (2018). "3.2.1 Gottfried Eisenmann (1835)". Better understanding psychosis: A psychospiritual challenge to medical psychiatry (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). murdoch.edu.au (Murdoch University). Archived from the original on 2023-12-24. Die vegetativen Krankheiten und die entgiftende Heilmethode (1835), coined the terms ‘psychrosen’ and ‘psychrose’ to depict a specific form of neurosis.16 Emulating the system of scientific classification in botany, he proposed that, within the overall kingdom of diseases, ‘psychrosen’ was one of four orders of illness under the class ‘neurosis’; namely, the order of “the mental diseases” (López Piñero, 1983, p.15). Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  274. ↑ Oberreiter, David (27 July 2020). "Carl Rogers and Schizophrenia. The evolution of Carl Rogers' thinking on psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature survey Carl Rogers et la schizophrénie. L'évolution de la pensée de Carl Rogers à propos de la psychose et de la schizophrénie. Une revue de la littérature. Carl Rogers und Schizophrenie. Die Evolution von Carl Rogers' Denken zu Psychose und Schizophrenie: eine Literatur-Studie Carl Rogers y la esquizofrenia. La evolución del pensamiento de Carl Rogers sobre la psicosis y la esquizofrenia: una investigación basada en la literatura Carl Rogers e a Esquizofrenia. A evolução do pensamento de Carl Rogers a respeito das Psicoses e da Esquizofrenia: uma revisão bibliográfica". Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies. 20 (2): 152–173. doi:10.1080/14779757.2021.1898456.
  275. ↑ Blevins, Natalie C. (2011). "Psychosis". In Kreutzer, J.S.; DeLuca, J.; Caplan, B. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Springer. pp. 2076–2077. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_2055. ISBN 978-0-387-79948-3. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  276. ↑ van Os, James; Reininghaus, Uli (June 2016). "Psychosis as a transdiagnostic and extended phenotype in the general population". World Psychiatry. 15 (2): 118–124. doi:10.1002/wps.20310. PMC 4911787. PMID 27265696.
  277. ↑ Schultze-Lutter, Frauke; Ruhrmann, Stephan; Klosterkötter, Joachim (2008). "Early Detection and Early Intervention In Psychosis In Western Europe". Clinical Neuropsychiatry. Giovanni Fioriti Editore s.r.l. 5 (6): 2(304). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  278. ↑ Rybakowski, J.K. (2019). ""Continuum or Staging Concepts of Psychiatric Disorders" in "120th Anniversary of the Kraepelinian Dichotomy of Psychiatric Disorders"". Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 21 (65): 65. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1048-6. PMC 6603189 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31264045. Belgian psychiatrist, Joseph Guislain (1797–1860), who postulated the following staging of the severity of mental disorders (phrenalgie) (in French): manie-folie-stupidité-l’epilepsie-hallucinations-confusion-dementia [14] 14. Guislain J. Traité Des Phrénopathies ou Doctrine Nouvelle des Maladies Mentales. Etablissement Encyclopédique, Brussels. 1833.
  279. ↑ Carpenter, Peter K. (July 1989). "Descriptions of schizophrenia in the psychiatry of Georgian Britain: John Haslam and James Tilly Matthews". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 30 (4): 332–338. doi:10.1016/0010-440x(89)90058-8. PMID 2667883.
  280. ↑ Jay, Mike (12 November 2014). "Illustrations of Madness: James Tilly Matthews and the Air Loom". The Public Domain Review. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  281. ↑ 281.0 281.1 Tabb, Kathryn (2014). "The Fate of Nebuchadnezzar: Curiosity and Human Nature in Hobbes". Hobbes Studies. 27 (1): Tabb 5–7, footnote 17. doi:10.1163/18750257-02701005. Retrieved 25 December 2023. Pettit argues that Hobbes...The unruly crowd of sensations that make their way to the brain by way of the spirits are organized based on patterns of association between ideas.17 17 I use this term, following Pettit, anachronistically—it is not used to describe the connection of ideas until the fourth edition of John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1700. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  282. ↑ Warren, H. C. (1916). "Mental association from Plato to Hume". Psychological Review. 23 (3): 208–230. doi:10.1037/h0073099. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  283. ↑ Tabb, Kathryn (December 2019). "Locke on Enthusiasm and the Association of Ideas". In Rutherford, Donald. Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, Volume IX. academic.oup.com: Oxford University. pp. 75–104. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198852452.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-885245-2. Archived from the original on 2023-12-24. Retrieved 2023-12-24. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  284. ↑ Tabb, Kathryn (2023). "John Locke's Account of Madness: Its Skeptical Origins and Outcomes". www.academia.edu. Bard College, University of Cambridge; Columbia University: Academia.edu Publishing. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  285. ↑ Young, R.M. (1973). "Association of Ideas". In Wiener, P. P. Dictionary of the history of ideas studies of selected pivotal ideas. 1. New York: Scribner. pp. 111–118. ISBN 0684132931. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25. complex mental phenomena are formed from simple elements derived ultimately from sensations...the mechanism by which these are formed depends on similarity and/or repeated juxtapositoin of the simple elements in space and time. The association of ideas provides a mechanism for ordered change through experience Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  286. ↑ Skylitzes, John; Wortley, J. (5 July 2014). "Chapter 3 - Michael II the Stammerer [820–829]". A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057: Translation and Notes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–26. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511779657.006. ISBN 9780521767057. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  287. ↑ The history of the world the second part in six books, being a continuation of famous history of Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight : beginning where he left viz at the end of the Macedonian kingdom, and deduced to these later-times : that is from the year of the world 3806, or 160 years before Christ till the end of the year 1640 after Christ / by Alexander Ross ; wherein the most remarkable passages of those times both ecclesiasticall and civill, in the greatest states, empires, and kingdomes, are represented ; together with a chronologie of those times and an alphabeticall-table by the author. 1652. Archived from the original on 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2023-12-26. Michael Balbus a Phrygian born, a defender of heresies, a hater of disputations, a countenancer of all Religions, a denyer of the Resurrection, and of Divels, a maintainer of whoredomes, a rejecter of lawfull oaths, the sink of all wicked∣nesse: as he nefariously got the Eastern Empire, so he ruled it, or rather mis∣ruled it. He was called Balbus from his stammering tongue....The Saracens of Afric invade Sicily, which they took by the treachery of one Euphemius, whom the Praetor of the Island should have executed for the abusing of a Nun; Balbus strove to recover these, but was still beat off with losse. Dalmatia likewise shook off the Graecian yoak, and became a kingdom. Thus the Eastern Empire being torn, Balbus dyed of a Phrensie and Strangury, or as some say of a Bloudy flux, having reigned 8 yeares. To him succeeded Theophilus his son, who justly punished the murtherers of Leo Armenius, though they advanced his father Balbus from the prison to the Throne Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  288. ↑ 288.0 288.1 Sorell, Thomas (2002). Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Taylor and Francis. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  289. ↑ Tabb, Kathryn (2014). "The Fate of Nebuchadnezzar: Curiosity and Human Nature in Hobbes". Hobbes Studies. 27 (1): Tabb 5. doi:10.1163/18750257-02701005. Retrieved 25 December 2023. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  290. ↑ Kallich, Martin (December 1945). "The Association of Ideas and Critical Theory: Hobbes, Locke, and Addison". ELH. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 12 (4): 290–315. doi:10.2307/2871509. JSTOR 2871509. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  291. ↑ Lubienski, Z (1930). "Hobbes' Philosophy and its Historical Background". Philosophy. 5 (18): 175–190. doi:10.1017/S0031819100013243. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. page 189 note 1 Hobbes was the first to formulate a law of association of ideas. He made interesting observations on the psycho-physiology of dreams, on the nature of affects, etc. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  292. ↑ Hamanaka, Toshihiko (2003). Hamanaka, Toshihiko; Berrios, German E., eds. From "Imaginatio/Hallucinatio" (F.Platter) to "Hallucination/Illsion" (J.-E.-D. Esquirol) In: Two Millennia of Psychiatry in West and East: Selected Papers from the International Symposium「英文版・東西精神医学の二千年国際シンポジウムより」. Tokyo, Japan: Gakuju Shoin, Publishers Lt. pp. 22–3. ISBN 4906502253. Archived from the original on 2024-01-04. Retrieved 2023-12-15. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  293. ↑ Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (1533). De occulta Philosophia Libri Tres. Coloniæ: s.i.n. Johann Soter. Archived from the original on 2024-01-04. Retrieved 2023-12-27. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  294. ↑ Hoorens, Vera; Renders, Hans (Spring 2012). "Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa and Witchcraft: A Reappraisal". Sixteenth Century Journal. University of Chicago Press. XLIII (1): 3–18. doi:10.1086/SCJ23210753. JSTOR 23210753. Archived from the original on 2023-12-26. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  295. ↑ Morley, Henry (1857). "The Life of Henry Cornelius Agrippa Von Nettesheim, Doctor and Knight, Commonly Known as a Magician". The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review. 19: 170. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  296. ↑ "XLVI Of the first kind of phrensie from the Muses". Three books of occult philosophy written by Henry Cornelius Agrippa of Nettesheim translated by John French (1616-1657) - The third and last Book of Magick, or Occult Philosophy; written by Henry Cornelius Agrippa. 1651. p. 500. Archived from the original on 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2023-12-26. Now there are four kinds of divine phrensie proceeding from several dieties, viz. from the Mu∣ses, from Dionysius, from Apollo, and from Venus. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  297. ↑ Strazzoni, A. (28 October 2022). "Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius". Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy. Cham: Springer. pp. 71–74. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14169-5_547. ISBN 978-3-319-14169-5. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Born: 14 September 1486, Nettesheim (Cologne) Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  298. ↑ "Translation of Thomas Walsingham". translate.google.com. Google LLC. 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  299. ↑ "Translation of Thomas Walsingham". translate.google.com. Google LLC. 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  300. ↑ Creighton M.A., M.D., Charles (1891). "A History Of Epidemics In Britain" (PDF). Cambridge: Deighton, Bell and Co. p. 49. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Search this book on
  301. ↑ Hastings, Margaret; Prestwich, Michael Charles. "England in the 15th century". www.britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Culturally the 15th century was a period of sterility. Monastic chronicles came to an end, and the writing of history declined. Thomas Walsingham (died c. 1422) was the last of a distinguished line of St. Albans chroniclers.
  302. ↑ Lydgate, John (c. 1420). "line 968". The Siege of Thebes: Prima Pars. d.lib.rochester.edu: University of Rochester. And with that word the kyng lift up his hede, And abrayd with sharpe sighes smerte, And al this thing be ordre gan adverte, Ceriously be good avisement, And by signes cleer and evident Conceyveth wel, and sore gan repente It was hymsilf that Jocasta mente. And whan the quene in manere segh hym pleyn, By her goddes she gan hym to constreyne To shewen out the cause of his affray, And it expowne, and make no delay, Crop and root shortly, why that he Entred first into that contré, Fro when he kam and fro what regioun. But he hir put in dilusioun, As he had done it for the nonys, Til at laste he brak out atonys Unto the queene and gan a processe make First how he was in the forest take, Wounded the feet and so forth everythyng, Of his chershing with Polyboun the kyng, And hool the cause why he hym forsoke, And in what wise he the weye toke Toward Thebes as Appollo bad, And of fortune how that he was lad Wher that Spynx kepte the mounteyn; And how that he slough also in certeyn Kyng Layus at the castel gate, Towardes nyght whan it was ful late; And how to Thebes that he gan hym spede To fynden oute the stok of his kynrede: Which unto hym gan to wexe couth; For by processe of his grene youth He fonde out wel, be reknyng of his lif, That she was both his moder and his wif. So that al nyght and suing on the morow Atwene hem two gan a newe sorowe, Which unto me were tedious to telle; For therupon, yif I shulde dwelle, A long space it wolde occupie. Search this book on
  303. ↑ "delusion NOUN". www.oed.com. University of Oxford: Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 30 December 2023. OED's earliest evidence for delusion is from around 1420, in the writing of John Lydgate, poet and prior of Hatfield Regis.
  304. ↑ Edwards, Robert R. (2001). "The Siege of Thebes: Introduction". d.lib.rochester.edu. University of Rochester. Retrieved 30 December 2023. the only Middle English poetic text to recount the disastrous fratricidal struggle between Oedipus' sons Eteocles and Polynices as they strive to retain lordship over ancient Thebes.
  305. ↑ Taylor, Martyn (5 July 2023). "Review Extras". www.burysociety.com. The Bury St. Edmunds Society. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  306. ↑ Galloway, Andrew (December 2010). "John Gower: Introduction". Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195396584-0017. Retrieved 30 December 2023. (b. c. 1335–d. 1408)
  307. ↑ "TEAMS Middle English Text Series". University of Rochester. d.lib.rochester.edu. Retrieved 30 December 2023. (archive)
  308. ↑ "RÉALITÉ sust. fem". www.cnrtl.fr. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales de France. 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  309. ↑ Tamminga, Carol (2022). "Schizophrenia". MSD Manual Consumer Version. Merck. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality (psychosis), hallucinations (usually, hearing voices), firmly held false beliefs (delusions),
  310. ↑ Stangor, Charles; Walinga, Jennifer (2020). ""Key Takeaways" in "15.6 Schizophrenia: The Edge of Reality"". 1st Canadian Edition Introduction to Psychology. Canada: Thompson Rivers University. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, and loss of contact with reality. Search this book on BC campus, LibreTexts
  311. ↑ Van Duppen, Zeno (December 2017). "The Meaning and Relevance of Minkowski's 'Loss of Vital Contact with Reality'". Philosophy, Psychiatry & Psychology. 24 (4): 385–397. doi:10.1353/ppp.2017.0057. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Eugène Minkowski is among the most prominent figures in phenomenological psychopathology. His notion of the ‘loss of vital contact with reality’ remains a key concept in the phenomenological description of schizophrenia. However, the precise meaning and relevance of this concept is unclear. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  312. ↑ Gozé, Tudi; Moskalewicz, Marcin; Schwartz, Michael A; Naudin, Jean; Micoulaud-Franchi, Jean-Arthur; Cermolacce, Michel (September 2019). "Reassessing "Praecox Feeling" in Diagnostic Decision Making in Schizophrenia: A Critical Review". Schizophr. Bull. 45 (5): 966–970. doi:10.1093/schbul/sby172. PMC 6737542 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 30476340. Classical Psychopathology and the History of PF...Bleuler...spoke of the “intrapsychic Spaltung,” resulting in the release of the associations and detachment from reality (autism)... According to Minkowski, Bleuler did not go far enough in his conceptualization of schizophrenic autism...Focusing on mental contents, he missed the key link between a person and his/her world. The clinical core of schizophrenia consists of a “loss of vital contact with reality.” The patient loses “resonance” with the world, but not (as is the case of Bleuler’s autism) contact with the world.
  313. ↑ KATAN, M.D, M. (1950). "Structural Aspects of a Case of Schizophrenia" (PDF). The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 5 (1): 175–211. doi:10.1080/00797308.1950.11822891. Retrieved 28 December 2023. The psychosis proper starts when contact with reality has been abandoned.
  314. ↑ Collection items Archived 2023-10-27 at the Wayback Machine The British Library
  315. ↑ Warner, Lawrence (2014). "Conclusion: Leland's madness and the tale of Piers Plowman". The Myth of Piers Plowman. pp. 129–140. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107338821.010. ISBN 978-1-107-33882-1. Search this book on
  316. ↑ Jack, A. S. (1901). "The Autobiographical Elements in Piers the Plowman". The Journal of Germanic Philology. 3 (4): 393–414. JSTOR 27699140.
  317. ↑ William Langland The Vision of William Concerning Piers Plowman (Rev. Walter W Skeat) Early English Text Society, N. Trübner & Company, 1867
  318. ↑ TROILUS AND CRISEYDE Book V (Geoffrey Chaucer), The Riverside Chaucer: lines 206 - 212 p.563: (Larry Dean Benson), Oxford University Press, 2008
  319. ↑ frenetī̆k Regents of the University of Michigan
  320. ↑ Martin M Crow and Virginia E Leland INTRODUCTION CHAUCER'S LIFE Last Years page xxii in, Geoffrey Chaucer, Larry Dean Benson The Riverside Chaucer Oxford University Press, 2008 ISBN 0199552096 Search this book on .
  321. ↑ Random House Unabridged Dictionary Random House
  322. ↑ Popov, V. Y. (2014). "Realitas vs wirklichkeit: the genesis of the two concepts of western metaphysics". Granì. 3. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Category «reality» reflects a dynamic dimension of being, and originates from the «Metaphysics» of Aristotle, which later developed into the category of German philosophy Wirklichkeit.
  323. ↑ O'Connor, J J; Robertson, E F (2003). "Saint Albertus Magnus". mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 28 December 2023. He was sent to the Dominican convent of Saint-Jacques at the University of Paris in about 1241 where he read the new translations, with commentaries, of the Arabic and Greek texts of Aristotle. This was a period when the writings of Arabic scholars, and through them the texts of ancient Greek philosophers, was becoming known throughout Christian Europe and it was having to come to terms with this new knowledge. Albertus would play a major role in accepting this new learning into Europe
  324. ↑ Brumberg-Chaumont, J. (2020). "Albert the Great". In Lagerlund, H. Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 86–91. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1665-7_18. ISBN 978-94-024-1665-7. His ambition was to deliver to his contemporaries a deep understanding of the newly available Aristotelian philosophy (metaphysics, psychology, natural science, and “theology” through the Liber de causis) founded on a synthesis of the teaching of peripatetism and of that of Christian faith. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help) Search this book on
  325. ↑ Cerrito, A. (2018). "Botany as Science and Exegetical Tool in Albert the Great". Aisthesis. Pratiche, Linguaggi e Saperi dell'estetico. 11 (1): 97–107. doi:10.13128/Aisthesis-23275. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  326. ↑ CONTI, ALESSANDRO D. (2005). "Realism in the Later Middle Ages: an Introduction". Vivarium. 43 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1163/1568534054068438. JSTOR 41963735. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  327. ↑ Langholm, O. (9 September 2016). "Albert the Great, Saint Albertus Magnus (c.1200–1280)". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–2. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2029-1. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Search this book on
  328. ↑ Kennedy, D (1907). Knight, Kevin, ed. "St. Albertus Magnus". www.newadvent.org. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 December 2023. In the year 1223 he joined the Order of St. Dominic, being attracted by the preaching of Blessed Jordan of Saxony second Master General of the Order.
  329. ↑ "insight" Oxford University English Dictionary
  330. ↑ McMullen, A. Joseph (2014). "Forr þeʒʒre sawle need: The Ormulum, Vernacular Theology and a Tradition of Translation in Early England". English Studies. 95 (3): 256–277. doi:10.1080/0013838X.2014.897074. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  331. ↑ Kaphengst, C. (1879). An Essay on the Ormulum. Elberfeld: the Bavarian State Library (4 L.g.sept. 15 i) Digitized 10 Sep 2019 (Google LLC): University of Rostock. pp. 3–4. Search this book on
  332. ↑ Thomas, Carla María (3 August 2017). "Ormulum". The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain. onlinelibrary.wiley.com. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1002/9781118396957.wbemlb269. ISBN 978-1-118-39698-8. Search this book on
  333. ↑ Johannesson, Nils-Lennart (January 2004). "THE ETYMOLOGY OF 'RÍME' IN THE 'ORMULUM'". Nordic Journal of English Studies. 3 (1): 11(71). doi:10.35360/njes.22. Retrieved 29 December 2023. 1. Orm names himself and his book in the Dedication to his brother Walter, who is said to have commissioned the work. Both brothers are described as Augustinian canons.
  334. ↑ Phillips, Betty S. (1992). "Open syllable lengthening and the Ormulum". WORD. 43 (3): 375–382. doi:10.1080/00437956.1992.12098314. The date at which Middle English open syllable lengthening began and the value of the evidence from the Ormulum (ca. 1200) in determining that date have been disputed...Orm’s use of several nouns with etymologically short vowels in the penultimate syllable of his line of verse (which required a heavy syllable) supports the conclusion that open-syllable lengthening had begun in his dialect.
  335. ↑ The Augustinian Order of the Province of Saint Thomas of Villanova
  336. ↑ Baloyannis, Stavros J. Aik., Divoli, ed. "The neurology in the Hellenistic era: An harmonization of the philosophy with the science". Encephalos. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  337. ↑ Publius Terentius Afer "Andria" 1, 2, 32 In: dē-lūdo , si, sum, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary
  338. ↑ Lewis Ph.D., Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). Crane, G.R., ed. "Latin Word Study Tool". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 29 December 2023. rēapse , adv. contr. from re and eapse, an old form for ipsā; hence in tmesi: reque eapse, Scip. Afr. ap. Fest. p. 286, 3; cf. ipse init., I. in fact, in reality, actually, really (an old word, which does not occur after Cic.): “reapse est re ipsā,” Fest. p. 278 Müll.; Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 41: “earum ipsarum rerum reapse, non oratione perfectio,”
  339. ↑ Karakasis, Evangelos (16 December 2013). "28 The Language of the Palliata". In Fontaine, Michael; Scafuro, Adele C. The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Comedy. University of Oxford: Oxford Academic. pp. 555–578. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199743544.013.028. Retrieved 29 December 2023. Search this book on
  340. ↑ Nervegna, Sebastiana (September 2023). "Greek New Comic Fragments". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Oxford University: Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195389661-0354. ISBN 978-0-19-538966-1. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  341. ↑ Klar, Laura S. (October 2006). "HEILBRUNN TIMELINE OF ART HISTORY ESSAYS: Theater and Amphitheater in the Roman World". www.metmuseum.org. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 December 2023. In 240 B.C., full-length, scripted plays were introduced to Rome by the playwright Livius Andronicus, a native of the Greek city of Tarentum in southern Italy. The earliest Latin plays to have survived intact are the comedies of Plautus (active ca. 205–184 B.C.), which were principally adaptations of Greek New Comedy.
  342. ↑ Pappaioannou, Sophie (15 May 2020). "Chapter 6 Postclassical Comedy and the Composition of Roman Comedy". In Petrides, Antonis K. New Perspectives on Postclassical Comedy. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 169. ISBN 9781527551589. It is widely acknowledged nowadays that the Truculentes is not a typical Plautine palliata. The acting is too self-conscious, and this persistent emphasis on realism and reality is largely responsible for the plays unorthodox plotline and content. As a result, the play clashes against the structural conventions of the New Comedy, which are founded on illusion and the reversal of reality. Search this book on
  343. ↑ Thür, Gerhard (2006). "Paranoias graphe". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth. Brill’s New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e907930. ISBN 978-90-04-12259-8.
  344. ↑ Platon. "Laws 11." In; "Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 10 & 11 translated by R.G. Bury.". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1967 & 1968. p. 929d. Search this book on
  345. ↑ Ahonen, Marke (March 2019). "Ancient philosophers on mental illness". History of Psychiatry. 30 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1177/0957154X18803508. PMID 30299163.
  346. ↑ Serafim, Andreas (6 July 2022). "Religion on the Rostrum: Euchomai Prayers in the Texts of Attic Oratory". Trends in Classics. 14 (1): 93–123. doi:10.1515/tc-2022-0004.
  347. ↑ Marke Ahonen p.88 in Mental Disorders in Ancient Philosophy Springer International Publishing 16 January 2014
  348. ↑ Μπαγιόνας, Αύγουστος (2002). "Οι πολιτικές ιδέες του Σωκράτη". Ουτοπία: διμηνιαία έκδοση θεωρίας και πολιτισμού. Ελληνικά Γράμματα. 51: 89–96. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  349. ↑ Partridge, John (2006). "Review of Nicholas D. Smith, Pierre Destrée, Socrates' divine sign : religion, practice and value in Socratic philosophy. Apeiron ; v. 38, no. 2. Kelowna, BC: Academic Printing and Publishing, 2005. xii, 180 pages ; 23 cm.. ISBN 0920980902". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Bryn Mawr. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  350. ↑ Naddaff, Ramona (2019). "Hearing voices". Antiquities Beyond Humanism. pp. 47–62. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198805670.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-880567-0. Search this book on
  351. ↑ Πλάτων. "Plato, The Apology of Socrates Translated by Benjamin Jowett Adapted by Miriam Carlisle, Thomas E. Jenkins, Gregory Nagy, and Soo-Young Kim". chs.harvard.edu. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Retrieved 14 December 2023. I have said enough in my defense against the first class of my accusers; I turn to the second class, who are headed by Meletus, that good [agathos] and patriotic man, as he calls himself. And now I will try to defend myself against them: these new accusers must also have their affidavit read...Socrates commits wrong [a-dika] deeds, and corrupts the young men, and he does not believe in the gods that the state [polis] believes in, but believes in other things having to do with daimones of his own. That is the sort of charge
  352. ↑ Mason, John (2023). "The Interpretation and Treatment of: "Hearing Voices". Historical understandings from: Classical Antiquity, Lay/Folk beliefs, Christian Church Theology and the Scientific era of Psychiatry. DHMSA Lecture June 30th 2023 John P.Mason". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.17644.13442.
  353. ↑ Wan, Sze-Kar (1 May 2017). Poo, Mu-chou; Drake, H. A.; Raphals, Lisa, eds. "Colonizing the Supernatural How Daimon became demonized in Late Antiquity" In: Old Society, New Belief: Religious transformation of China and Rome, ca. 1st-6th Centuries. Oxford University Press. pp. 147–153. ISBN 978-0190278366. Search this book on
  354. ↑ McCarthy-Jones, Simon (2012). Hearing Voices: The Histories, Causes and Meanings of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-107-00722-2. Search this book on
  355. ↑ Berman, David (2014). "Socrates' Daimonion". Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. pp. 1676–1679. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_652. ISBN 978-1-4614-6085-5. I have a divine sign [daimonion] from the god which… began when I was a child. It is a voice Search this book on
  356. ↑ Gümüş, Florentina. (2021). Love as Disease in Euripides’ Hippolytus and Tony Harrison’s Phaedra Britannica
  357. ↑ ΕΥΡΙΠΙΔΗΣ Ἱππόλυτος (published by Κέντρο Ελληνικής Γλώσσας) Translation of [6] [7]:

    τάδε μαντείας ἄξια πολλῆς,

    ὅστις σε θεῶν ἀνασειράζει

    καὶ παρακόπτει φρένας, ὦ παῖ.

    ΦΑ. δύστηνος ἐγώ, τί ποτ᾽ εἰργασάμην;

    ποῖ παρεπλάγχθην γνώμης ἀγαθῆς

    using:

    with:

  358. ↑ Euripides Core Vocab: phrēn, phrenes The Kosmos Society AUGUST 22, 2016
  359. ↑ Reynolds, Edward H.; Kinnier Wilson, James V. (September 2014). "Neurology and psychiatry in Babylon". Brain. 137 (9): 2611–2619. doi:10.1093/brain/awu192. PMID 25037816. Retrieved 29 December 2023. Babylonian accounts of neurological and psychiatric disorders...The concept of ‘mind’ was not current either, so that what is today broadly regarded as mental disorders were in large part observed as disorders of behaviour.
  360. ↑ Annus, Amar (August 2023). "Theory of Marduk's Mind in Babylonian Wisdom Literature". www.researchgate.net. Zaphon. Retrieved 29 December 2023. The following explanation of this epithet was written down in the Babylonian Creation Epic: dšà-zu mu-de-e lìb-bi ilāni šá i-bar-ru-u kar-šú “Shazu, the one who knows the heart of the gods, who examines the mind” (Lambert, 2013: 126 VII 35). The Akkadian expression used here was barû karšu “to look into a stomach,” which also related to the divination through extispicy, when the inner organs of sacrificial animal were inspected to learn about deities’ plans for future (Starr 1983: 54–55)...the divine authority was the sun god Shamash.

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑

    Lupus est homo homini, non homo, quom qualis sit non novit

    — Titus Maccius Plautus ex Asinaria

    Homo homini lupus est; viz. Wolff (see 1908) [57][58] from Eisenmann (see 1835) [59] (i.e. livestock depredation [60]): the father of Sigismund Freud (see 1911 & 1893) was at some time registered as (or primarily was) a wool merchant,[61][62][63][64] the first name of the leader of the German government, Adolf Hitler, apparently means noble wolf [65][66][67]

  2. ↑ "sin of the mixture of blood" (Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1925-6):[91][92] see 1924, 1911, 1908, 1859, 1835, 1833
  3. ↑ During 14 April a method for the splitting of an atom is discovered. An atom of lithium is made disintegrational by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton using a particle accelerator (after Rutherford) designed to study nuclear reactions. The disintegrational products are transmutations.[94][95][96][97][98][99] see: 1948
  4. ↑ the word Blödsinn (see 1835 & 1859) means literally; (blöd): idiot, sheepish,[101][102] silly,[101] disagreeable,[103] imbecilic (old meaning),[101][103] feeble-minded (old meaning) [103][104] (sinn): senses, &, consciousness, &, mind [105]
  5. ↑ "introduced in 1904 the concept in association with schizophrenia.";[115](Triarhou 2012) "and in 1904 ‘‘intrapsychic ataxia’’...as a pathogenetic hallmark of schizophrenia" [116]
  6. ↑ For sources of first names of "Riklin" and "Abraham" see: Bibliography: Ashok; Moskowitz, respectively
  7. ↑ "coined the term schizophrenia" (i.e. "coin") is used in a number of sources [159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171]
  8. ↑ (Rocha, Cunha, Torres, Lopes 2021) "Initially, in 1896, Kahlbaum coined the term ‘dysphrenia’, a group of severe form of psychosis"[246]
  9. ↑ Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine (1857) doesn't contain any reference to stérilité or stérilisation.[257][258][259]
  10. ↑ see 1835
  11. ↑
    • "The term psychosis was first used by Carl Canstatt, who thus distinguished functional disorders of the ‘intelligent sphere of the nervous system’ from disorders of ‘other nerve provinces’ (Canstatt, Citation1841, p. 328)" [274]
    • "Canstatt introduced the concept of psychosis into the psychiatric literature in 1841. He used the term synonymously with “psychic neurosis” and emphasized, for the first time, psychic manifestations of a brain disease (Burgy, 2008)."[275]
    • "While there has been no universal consensus on the concept of “psychosis”, since the term was introduced by Canstatt into the psychiatric literature" (Burgy M. 2008), "one of the most common uses has been to refer to phenomena such as delusions and hallucinations" (van Os J, Murray RM 2013)[276]
    • "The term 'psychosis' and its synonym 'psychic neurosis' was introduced into the psychiatric literature by the German forensic doctor Carl Canstatt in 1841 ...(Bürgy, 2008). In the 1843 edition of the handbook, Canstatt wrote..." - 'Where the ailment underlying the psychosis is recognised and removed by the doctor's action, where psychosis has not firmly struck its roots as an independent disease of the individuality, there, the causal indication fully claims its rights...Yet more often causal indications are beyond the scope of the doctor, and nothing else remains except direct combat against the psychosis' (p.368 [277]
  12. ↑ the year of the existence of The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic[288][289]
  13. ↑ the year of the existence of De occulta Philosophia Libri Tres [293]
  14. ↑ (or more literally) with an invaded mind madly died [298] (machine translation verbatim) "as it was said, the suspects, attacked by a frenzy of mind, died without rest or sense" [299]
  15. ↑ italics are added here i.e. are not in the original
  16. ↑ although search return "delude" in University Rochester returns an earlier text: John Gower (who died 1408) "... desire to know buried Then delude contrived their ..." Confessio Amantis: Book 7 [306][307] with view and twice review of the complete text no such passage or word or variation of is visible. Quotes proceeding elucidate "deceipte" by "flaterie" so "fallas aperceiveth", that: "Of feigned wordes make him wene That blak is whyt and blew is grene":

    line 1545:In ston and gras vertu ther is, Bot yit the bokes tellen this,That word above alle erthli thinges Is vertuous in his doinges,Wher so it be to evele or goode.For if the wordes semen goode And ben wel spoke at mannes ere,Whan that ther is no trouthe there,Thei don fulofte gret deceipte;For whan the word to the conceipte Descordeth in so double a wise, Such Rethorique is to despise In every place, and for to drede. 2168: The covoitouse flaterie, Which many a worthi king deceiveth, Er he the fallas aperceiveth Of hem that serven to the glose. 2177: A Philosophre, as thou schalt hiere, Spak to a king of this matiere, And seide him wel hou that flatours Coupable were of thre errours. 2185: Toward the king another was, Whan thei be sleihte and be fallas Of feigned wordes make him wene That blak is whyt and blew is grene Touchende of his condicion. 2651: "I schal," quod he, "deceive and lye With flaterende prophecie In suche mouthes as he lieveth." And He which alle thing achieveth Bad him go forth and don riht so. And over this I sih also The noble peple of Irahel Dispers as schep upon an hell, Withoute a kepere unarraied;

  17. ↑ schizophrenia is loss of contact with reality [309][310][311][312][313]
  18. ↑ "Category «reality»...originates from the «Metaphysics» of Aristotle, which later developed into the category of German philosophy Wirklichkeit" [322]
  19. ↑ The Order of St. Augustine began 1244 [335]

Bibliography[edit]


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