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Trans woman

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Mela Habijan, the 2020 winner of the Miss Trans Global contest
Part of a series on
Transgender topics
     

A trans woman (short for transgender woman) is a woman who was assigned male at birth. Trans women have a female gender identity and may experience gender dysphoria (distress brought upon by the discrepancy between a person's gender identity and their sex assigned at birth).[1] Gender dysphoria may be treated with gender-affirming care.

Gender-affirming care may include social or medical transition. Social transition may involve changes such as adopting a new name, hairstyle, clothing style, and/or set of pronouns associated with the individual's affirmed gender identity.[2] A major component of medical transition for trans women is feminizing hormone therapy, which causes the development of female secondary sex characteristics (breasts, redistribution of body fat, lower waist–hip ratio, etc.). This, along with socially transitioning, and receiving desired gender-affirming surgeries can relieve the person of gender dysphoria.[3][4] Like cisgender women, trans women may have any sexual orientation.

Trans women face significant discrimination in many areas of life—including in employment and access to housing—and face physical and sexual violence and hate crimes, including from partners. In the United States, discrimination is particularly severe towards trans women who are members of a racial minority, who often face the intersection of transphobia and racism.

The term transgender woman is not always interchangeable with transsexual woman, although the terms are often used interchangeably. Transgender is an umbrella term that includes different types of gender variant people (including transsexual people).

Terminology[edit]

See also: Transgender § Terminology

Transgender (commonly abbreviated as trans)[5] is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity or gender expression are different from those typically associated with members of the sex they were assigned at birth.[6] Transgender women, sometimes called male-to-female (MTF, M2F), are those who were assigned the male sex at birth (AMAB), but who identify and live as women.[7]

Trans woman may also be short for transsexual woman. Transsexual is a subset of transgender,[8][9] referring to people who desire to medically transition to the sex with which they identify, usually through sex reassignment therapies, such as hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery, to align their body with their identified sex or gender. The term is rejected by some as outdated, though others within the trans community still identify as transsexual.[10]

Transfeminine (or transfemme) is a broader umbrella term for assigned-male trans individuals with a predominantly feminine identity or gender expression. This includes trans women, but is used especially for AMAB non-binary people, who may have an identity that is partially feminine, but not wholly female.[11]

The spelling transwoman (written as a single word) is occasionally used interchangeably with trans woman (where trans is an adjective describing a kind of woman). However, this variant is often associated with views (notably gender-critical feminism) that exclude trans women from woman, and thus require a separate word to describe them.[12] For this reason, many transgender people find the spelling offensive.[12][13] Some prefer to omit trans, and be called simply women.[10]

In several Latin American countries, the word travesti is sometimes used to designate people who have been assigned male sex at birth, but develop a female gender identity. The use of travesti precedes transgender in the region; its distinction from trans woman is controversial and can vary depending on the context, ranging from considering it a regional equivalent to a third gender.[14][15]

Sexuality[edit]

See also: Transgender sexuality

Trans women vary greatly in terms of sexual orientation.[16][17][18][19] A survey of roughly 3,000 American trans women showed 31% of them identifying as bisexual, 29% as "gay/lesbian/same-gender", 23% as heterosexual, 7% as asexual, as well as 7% identifying as "queer" and 2% as "other".[20] A 12-month survey of trans women in Europe found that 22% identified as heterosexual, 10% were attracted almost exclusively to men, 3% were mostly attracted to men, 9% were bisexual, 7% were mostly attracted to women, 23% were almost attracted exclusively to women, and 20% were lesbian. A smaller 2013 study of Italian trans women found that 82% identified as heterosexual.[21]

The European study found that sexual orientation did not change over the 12 months.[22] A 2018 study found that the most common sexual partner for trans women was cisgender women prior to transitioning. Trans women who had been for transitioning for ten years or more were more likely to report a shift in their sexual orientation.[23]

In a 2008 study, no statistically significant difference in libido was detected between trans women and cisgender women.[24] As in males, female libido is thought to correlate with serum testosterone levels[25][26][27][28] (with some controversy)[29] but the 2008 study found no such correlation in trans women.[24][30] Another study, published in 2014, found that 62.4% of trans women reported their sexual desire had decreased after sexual reassignment therapy.[31]

Healthcare[edit]

Fertility[edit]

While the relationship is not completely understood,[32] feminizing hormone therapy appears to reduce the ability to produce sperm.[33] Individuals who have been on hormone therapy for an extended period of time have been shown to have a lower total sperm count than males not on hormone therapy.[34] Succession of hormone replacement therapy has been associated with a renewed level of fertility.[35][36]

Tucking is also associated with lower quality sperm production because of the increased temperature of the testicles, causing premature sperm death.[37][38][39]

Trans women may elect to undergo fertility preservation through semen cryopreservation via masturbation or testicular sperm extraction.[32]

Discrimination[edit]

Further information: Transgender inequality, Transphobia, Transgender rights, and Transmisogyny
Text written in marker that reads "Women's Room Do Not Enter if you Have A DICK!"
Transmisogynistic graffiti in Springfield, Missouri

Like all gender variant people, trans women often face discrimination and transphobia,[20]:8 particularly those who are not perceived as cisgender.[40] A 2015 survey from The Williams Institute found that, of 27,715 transgender respondents, 52% whose families had rejected them attempted suicide, as did 64.9% of those who were physically attacked in the past year.[41]

A 2011 survey of roughly 3000 trans women living in the United States, as summarized in the report "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey", found that trans women reported that:[20][specify]

  • 36% have lost their job due to their gender.
  • 55% have been discriminated against in hiring.
  • 29% have been denied a promotion.
  • 25% have been refused medical care.
  • 60% of the trans women who have visited a homeless shelter reported incidents of harassment there.
  • When displaying identity documents incongruent with their gender identity/expression, 33% have been harassed and 3% have been physically assaulted.
  • 20% reported harassment by police, with 6% reporting physical assault and 3% reporting sexual assault by an officer. 25% have been treated generally with disrespect by police officers.
  • Among jailed trans women, 40% have been harassed by inmates, 38% have been harassed by staff, 21% have been physically assaulted, and 20% have been sexually assaulted.

The American National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs' report of 2010 anti-LGBTQ violence found that of the 27 people who were murdered because of their LGBTQ identity, 44% were trans women.[42] Discrimination is particularly severe towards non-white trans women, who experience the intersection of racism and transphobia.

In her book Whipping Girl, trans woman Julia Serano refers to the unique discrimination trans women experience as "transmisogyny".[43]

Discrimination against trans women has occurred at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival after the Festival set out a rule that it would only be a space for cisgender females. This led to protests by trans women and their allies, and a boycott of the Festival by Equality Michigan in 2014. The boycott was joined by the Human Rights Campaign, GLAAD, the National Center for Lesbian Rights, and the National LGBTQ Task Force. The "womyn-born-womyn" intention first came to attention in 1991 after a transsexual festival-goer, Nancy Burkholder, was asked to leave the festival when several women recognized her as a trans woman and expressed discomfort with her presence in the space.[44][45]

Violence towards trans women[edit]

See also: List of people killed for being transgender
A group of Argentine travestis carrying the coffin of their murdered friend, August 1987

Trans women face a form of violence known as trans bashing. The Washington Blade reported that Global Rights, an international NGO, tracked the mistreatment of trans women in Brazil, including at the hands of the police.[46] To commemorate those who have been murdered in hate crimes, an annual Transgender Day of Remembrance is held in various locations across the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, with details and sources for each murder provided at their website.[47]

United States[edit]

See also: Violence against transgender people in the United States

According to a 2009 report by the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, quoted by the Office for Victims of Crime, 11% of all hate crimes towards members of the LGBTQ community were directed towards trans women.[48]

In 2015, a false statistic was widely reported in the United States media stating that the life expectancy of a trans woman of color is only 35 years.[49] This appears to be based on a comment specifically about Latin America in a report by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, which compiled data on the age at death of murdered trans women for all of the Americas (North, South, and Central), and does not disaggregate by race.[49][50][51]

In 2016, 23 transgender people suffered fatal attacks in the United States. The Human Rights Campaign report found some of these deaths to be direct results of an anti-transgender bias, and some due to related factors such as homelessness.[52]

One type of violence towards trans women is committed by perpetrators who learn that their sexual partner is transgender, and feel deceived ("trans panic"). Almost 95% of these crimes were committed by cisgender men towards trans women.[53] According to a 2005 study in Houston, Texas, "50% of transgender people surveyed had been hit by a primary partner after coming out as transgender".[48]

Trans women in the media[edit]

Trans representation in television, film, news, and other forms of media was slim before the 21st century. Early mainstream accounts and fictional depictions of trans women almost always relied on common tropes and stereotypes.[54] However, portrayals have steadily grown and improved in tandem with activism. In the 2020 film Disclosure: Trans Lives on Screen, director Sam Feder explores Hollywood's history of trans representation and the cultural effects of such depictions. Many notable 21st century trans actresses and celebrities shared their stories in the film, including Laverne Cox, Alexandra Billings, Jamie Clayton, and more.[55]

See also[edit]

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References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People (version 7)" (PDF). The World Professional Association for Transgender Health. p. 96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-24. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Sherer, Ilana (2016-03-01). "Social Transition: Supporting Our Youngest Transgender Children". Pediatrics. 137 (3): e20154358. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-4358. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 26921284.
  3. ↑ Beidel, Deborah C; Frueh, B. Christopher; Hersen, Michel (30 June 2014). Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis (7th ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 618. ISBN 978-1-118-92791-5. OCLC 956674391. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  4. ↑ Köllen, Thomas (25 April 2016). Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity. Springer. p. 138. ISBN 978-3-319-29623-4. OCLC 933722553. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  5. ↑ "trans". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  6. ↑ Forsyth, Craig J.; Copes, Heith (2014). Encyclopedia of Social Deviance. SAGE Publications. p. 740. ISBN 978-1483364698. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  7. ↑ Hembree, Wylie C; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T; Gooren, Louis; Hannema, Sabine E; Meyer, Walter J; Murad, M Hassan; Rosenthal, Stephen M; Safer, Joshua D; Tangpricha, Vin; T'Sjoen, Guy G (2017-09-13). "Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 102 (11): 3869–3903. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01658. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 28945902. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Bevan, Thomas E. (2015). The psychobiology of transsexualism and transgenderism : a new view based on scientific evidence. Santa Barbara, California. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4408-3126-3. OCLC 881721443. The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) ... . The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince. The adjective transgendered should not be used ... . Transsexuals constitute a subset of transgender people. Search this book on
  9. ↑ Alegria, Christine Aramburu (22 March 2011). "Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation". Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. Wiley. 23 (4): 175–182. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00595.x. ISSN 1041-2972. PMID 21489011. Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Transgender Terms". GLAAD. 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
  11. ↑ "Definition of transfeminine". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Serano, Julia (2007). Whipping girl: a transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity. Emeryville, California: Seal Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-58005-154-5. Search this book on
  13. ↑ German Lopez, Why you should always use "transgender" instead of "transgendered", Vox, February 18, 2015
  14. ↑ Vartabedian Cabral, Julieta (2012). Geografía travesti: Cuerpos, sexualidad y migraciones de travestis brasileñas (Rio de Janeiro-Barcelona) (doctoral thesis) (in español). Universitat de Barcelona. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  15. ↑ Álvares Ferreira, Amanda (2018). "Queering the Debate: Analysing Prostitution Through Dissident Sexualities in Brazil" (PDF). Contexto Internacional. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Relações Internacionais. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. 40 (3): 525–546. doi:10.1590/s0102-8529.2018400300006. ISSN 0102-8529. Retrieved June 9, 2021. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ "Transgender FAQ". GLAAD. 2020. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  18. ↑ Cooper, Christopher (June 26, 2017). "My Experiences As A Straight Cis Man Engaged To A Straight Trans Woman". HuffPost. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  19. ↑ Bogert, Brennan (September 10, 2018). "11 Dating Struggles Only Trans Lesbians Will Understand". GoMag. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey" (PDF). National Center for Transgender Equality & National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. 2015-01-21. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2012-07-03. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Fisher, Alessandra D.; Bandini, Elisa; Casale, Helen; Ferruccio, Naika; Meriggiola, Maria C.; Gualerzi, Anna; Manieri, Chiara; Jannini, Emmanuele; Mannucci, Edoardo; Monami, Matteo; Stomaci, Niceta; Delle Rose, Augusto; Susini, Tommaso; Ricca, Valdo; Maggi, Mario (February 2013). "Sociodemographic and Clinical Features of Gender Identity Disorder: An Italian Multicentric Evaluation". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 10 (2): 408–419. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.03006.x. PMID 23171237. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ Defreyne, J.; Elaut, E.; Den Heijer, M.; Kreukels, B.; Fisher, A. D.; T’Sjoen, G. (November 2021). "Sexual orientation in transgender individuals: results from the longitudinal ENIGI study". International Journal of Impotence Research. 33 (7): 694–702. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-00402-7. ISSN 0955-9930. PMID 33483604 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ Fein, Lydia A.; Salgado, Christopher J.; Sputova, Klara; Estes, Christopher M.; Medina, Carlos A. (2018-04-16). "Sexual Preferences and Partnerships of Transgender Persons Mid- or Post-Transition". Journal of Homosexuality. 65 (5): 659–671. doi:10.1080/00918369.2017.1333808. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 28569625. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Elaut E, De Cuypere G, De Sutter P, Gijs L, Van Trotsenburg M, Heylens G, Kaufman JM, Rubens R, T'Sjoen G (Mar 2008). "Hypoactive sexual desire in transsexual women: prevalence and association with testosterone levels". European Journal of Endocrinology. 158 (3): 393–9. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0511. PMID 18299474.
  25. ↑ Turna B, Apaydin E, Semerci B, Altay B, Cikili N, Nazli O (2005). "Women with low libido: correlation of decreased androgen levels with female sexual function index". International Journal of Impotence Research. 17 (2): 148–153. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901294. PMID 15592425.
  26. ↑ Santoro N, Torrens J, Crawford S, Allsworth JE, Finkelstein JS, Gold EB, Korenman S, Lasley WL, Luborsky JL, McConnell D, Sowers MF, Weiss G (2005). "Correlates of circulating androgens in mid-life women: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (8): 4836–4845. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2063. PMID 15840738.
  27. ↑ Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM, Brender W (1985). "Androgen enhances sexual motivation in females: a prospective, crossover study of sex steroid administration in the surgical menopause". Psychosomatic Medicine. 47 (4): 339–351. doi:10.1097/00006842-198507000-00004. PMID 4023162. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Sherwin, B (1985). "Changes in sexual behavior as a function of plasma sex steroid levels in post-menopausal women". Maturitas. 7 (3): 225–233. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(85)90044-1. PMID 4079822.
  29. ↑ Davis SR, Davison SL, Donath S, Bell RJ (2005). "Circulating androgen levels and self-reported sexual function in women". Journal of the American Medical Association. 294 (1): 91–96. doi:10.1001/jama.294.1.91. PMID 15998895.
  30. ↑ DeCuypere G, T'Sjoen G, Beerten R, Selvaggi G, DeSutter P, Hoebeke P, Monstrey S, Vansteenwegen A, Rubens R (2005). "Sexual and physical health after sex reassignment surgery". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 34 (6): 679–690. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-7926-5. PMID 16362252. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Wierckx, Katrien; Elaut, Els; Van Hoorde, Birgit; Heylens, Gunter; De Cuypere, Griet; Monstrey, Stan; Weyers, Steven; Hoebeke, Piet; t'Sjoen, Guy (2014). "Sexual Desire in Trans Persons: Associations with Sex Reassignment Treatment". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 11 (1): 107–118. doi:10.1111/jsm.12365. PMID 24165564.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Cheng, Philip J.; Pastuszak, Alexander W.; Myers, Jeremy B.; Goodwin, Isak A.; Hotaling, James M. (June 2019). "Fertility concerns of the transgender patient". Translational Andrology and Urology. 8 (3): 209–218. doi:10.21037/tau.2019.05.09. ISSN 2223-4691. PMC 6626312 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31380227.
  33. ↑ "Fertility options for transgender persons | Gender Affirming Health Program". transcare.ucsf.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
  34. ↑ Rodriguez-Wallberg, Kenny A.; Häljestig, Jakob; Arver, Stefan; Johansson, Anna L. V.; Lundberg, Frida E. (November 2021). "Sperm quality in transgender women before or after gender affirming hormone therapy—A prospective cohort study". Andrology. 9 (6): 1773–1780. doi:10.1111/andr.12999. ISSN 2047-2919. PMID 33683832 Check |pmid= value (help).
  35. ↑ de Nie, Iris; van Mello, Norah M.; Vlahakis, Emanuel; Cooper, Charlie; Peri, Angus; den Heijer, Martin; Meißner, Andreas; Huirne, Judith; Pang, Ken C. (January 2023). "Successful restoration of spermatogenesis following gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender women". Cell Reports Medicine. 4 (1): 100858. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100858. ISSN 2666-3791. PMC 9873819 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36652919 Check |pmid= value (help).
  36. ↑ Schneider, Florian; Neuhaus, Nina; Wistuba, Joachim; Zitzmann, Michael; Heß, Jochen; Mahler, Dorothee; van Ahlen, Hermann; Schlatt, Stefan; Kliesch, Sabine (2015-11-01). "Testicular Functions and Clinical Characterization of Patients with Gender Dysphoria (GD) Undergoing Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS)". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12 (11): 2190–2200. doi:10.1111/jsm.13022. ISSN 1743-6109. PMID 26559385.
  37. ↑ Li, K.; Rodriguez, D.; Gabrielsen, J. S.; Centola, G. M.; Tanrikut, C. (November 2018). "Sperm cryopreservation of transgender individuals: trends and findings in the past decade". Andrology. 6 (6): 860–864. doi:10.1111/andr.12527. ISSN 2047-2927. PMC 6301129. PMID 30094956.
  38. ↑ Hamada, A.; Kingsberg, S.; Wierckx, K.; T'Sjoen, G.; De Sutter, P.; Knudson, G.; Agarwal, A. (September 2015). "Semen characteristics of transwomen referred for sperm banking before sex transition: a case series". Andrologia. 47 (7): 832–838. doi:10.1111/and.12330. PMID 25269748.
  39. ↑ de Nie, Iris; Asseler, Joyce; Meißner, Andreas; Voorn-de Warem, Ilona A.C.; Kostelijk, E. Hanna; den Heijer, Martin; Huirne, Judith; van Mello, Norah M. (March 2022). "A cohort study on factors impairing semen quality in transgender women". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 226 (3): 390.e1–390.e10. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.10.020. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 34688596 Check |pmid= value (help).
  40. ↑ McKinnon, Rachel. "Gender, Identity, and Society." Philosophy: Sex and Love, edited by James Petrik and Arthur Zucker, Macmillan Reference US, 2016, pp. 175-198. Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Apr. 2017.
  41. ↑ Herman, Jody L.; Brown, Taylor N.T.; Haas, Ann P. (September 2019). "Suicide Thoughts and Attempts Among Transgender Adults" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2020-01-23. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ "70 Percent of Anti-LGBT Murder Victims Are People of Color". Archived from the original on 2013-04-07. Retrieved 2013-04-28. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ Barker-Plummer, Bernadette (2013). "Fixing Gwen". Feminist Media Studies. 13 (4): 710–724. doi:10.1080/14680777.2012.679289. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ Williams, Cristan (April 9, 2013). "Michigan Womyn's Music Festival". The TransAdvocate. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  45. ↑ "Myths and The Truth About the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival". thetruthaboutthemichiganfestival.com. September 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2021-03-27. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ Lavers, Michael K. (25 November 2013). "Report documents anti-transgender violence, discrimination in Brazil". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ "Transgender Day of Remembrance". Transgender Day of Remembrance. Archived from the original on 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2016-12-10. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Sexual Assault: The Numbers – Responding to Transgender Victims of Sexual Assault". Office for Victims of Crime. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Herzog, Katie. "Is the Life Expectancy of Trans Women in the U.S. Just 35? No". The Stranger. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-06-02. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  50. ↑ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. "IACHR: Forms and contexts of violence against LGBTI persons in the Americas". IACHR: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  51. ↑ Lavers, Michael K. (20 December 2014). "Nearly 600 LGBT people murdered in Americas in 15 months". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  52. ↑ "Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017 | Human Rights Campaign". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  53. ↑ SCHILT, KRISTEN; WESTBROOK, LAUREL (2009). "DOING GENDER, DOING HETERONORMATIVITY: "Gender Normals," Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality". Gender and Society. 23 (4): 440–464. doi:10.1177/0891243209340034. ISSN 0891-2432. JSTOR 20676798. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  54. ↑ Sicular, Eve (2013-12-02), "Outing the Archives: From the Celluloid Closet to the Isle of Klezbos", Queer Jews, Routledge, pp. 199–214, doi:10.4324/9781315811277-18, ISBN 978-1-315-81127-7, retrieved 2022-10-04
  55. ↑ Buchanan, Blu (2021-06-04). "Film Review: Disclosure: Trans Lives on Screen". Teaching Sociology. 49 (3): 299–301. doi:10.1177/0092055x211022474. ISSN 0092-055X. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)

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