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Transgender rights

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

"Trans rights" and "Gender Identity Law" redirect here. For the social movement to promote the legal status of trans people, see Transgender rights movement. For the law in Argentina, see Gender Identity Law (Argentina).
Part of a series on
Transgender topics
     

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The legal status of transgender people varies greatly around the world. Some countries have enacted laws protecting the rights of transgender individuals, but others have criminalized their gender identity or expression. In many cases, transgender individuals face discrimination in employment, housing, healthcare, and other areas of life.

A transgender person is someone whose gender identity is inconsistent or not culturally associated with the sex they were assigned at birth and also with the gender role that is associated with that sex. They may have, or may intend to establish, a new gender status that accords with their gender identity. Transsexual is generally considered a subset of transgender,[1][2][3] but some transsexual people reject being labelled transgender.[4][5][6][7]

Globally, most legal jurisdictions recognize the two traditional gender identities and social roles, man and woman, but tend to exclude any other gender identities and expressions. People assigned male at birth are usually legally recognized as men, and people assigned female at birth are usually legally recognized as women, in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two. However, there are some countries which recognize, by law, a third gender. That third gender is often associated with being nonbinary. There is now a greater understanding of the breadth of variation outside the typical categories of "man" and "woman", and many self-descriptions are now entering the literature, including pangender, genderqueer, polygender, and agender. Medically and socially, the term "transsexualism" is being replaced with gender incongruence[8] or gender dysphoria,[9] and terms such as transgender people, trans men, and trans women, and non-binary are replacing the category of transsexual people.

Many of the issues regarding transgender rights are generally considered a part of family law, especially the issues of marriage and the question of a transgender person benefiting from a partner's insurance or social security.

The degree of legal recognition provided to transgender people varies widely throughout the world. Many countries now legally recognize sex reassignments by permitting a change of legal gender on an individual's birth certificate.[10] Many transsexual people have permanent surgery to change their body, gender-affirming surgery or semi-permanently change their body by hormonal means, transgender hormone therapy. The legal status of such healthcare varies. In many countries, some of these modifications are required for legal recognition. In a few, the legal aspects are directly tied to health care; i.e. the same bodies or doctors decide whether a person can move forward in their treatment and the subsequent processes automatically incorporate both matters. In others, these medical procedures are illegal.

In some jurisdictions, transgender people (who are considered non-transsexual) can benefit from the legal recognition given to transsexual people. In some countries, an explicit medical diagnosis of "transsexualism" is (at least formally) necessary. In others, a diagnosis of "gender dysphoria", or simply the fact that one has established a non-conforming gender role, can be sufficient for some or all of the legal recognition available. The DSM-5 recognizes gender dysphoria as an official diagnosis. Not all transgender or transsexual people feel gender dysphoria or gender incongruence, but in many countries a diagnosis is required for legal recognition, if transgender people are legally recognized at all.

Legislative efforts to recognise gender identity[edit]

Further information: Legal recognition of non-binary gender

National level[edit]

Country Date Gender identity/expression legislation Upper house Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Germany Germany 1980 Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen[11] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Japan Japan July 2003 Act on Special Cases in Handling Gender for People with Gender Identity Disorder[12] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Africa South Africa 15 March 2004 Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, 2003[13] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
United Kingdom United Kingdom July 2004 Gender Recognition Act[14] 155[15] 57 357[16] 48 Signed Yes Yes
Spain Spain March 2007 Gender identity law[17] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Uruguay Uruguay November 2009 Gender identity law[18] 20 0 51 2 Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Argentina May 2012 Gender identity law[19] 55 0 167 17 Signed Yes Yes
India India January 2014 The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016[20][21][22] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark September 2014 Gender Recognition law[23] N/A Passed Signed Yes Yes
Malta Malta April 2015 Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act[24] N/A Passed Signed Yes Yes
Colombia Colombia June 2015 Gender recognition law (Order 1227)[25][26][27] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Republic of Ireland Ireland July 2015 Gender Recognition Act[28] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Poland Poland September 2015 Gender identity law[29] Passed 252 158 Vetoed No No
Vietnam Vietnam November 2015 Transgender Rights Law[30][31] N/A Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador February 2016 Civil Registration Act (gender identity recognition on legal documents)[32][33] N/A 82 1 Signed Yes Yes
Bolivia Bolivia May 2016 Gender identity law[34][35][36] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Norway Norway June 2016 Gender identity law[37][38][39][40] N/A 79 13 Signed Yes Yes
France France November 2016 Gender identity law (abolishing sterilization)[41][42][43] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canada Canada June 2017 An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code (Bill C-16)[44] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Belgium Belgium July 2017 Gender identity law (abolishing sterilization)[45][46] N/A Passed Signed Yes Yes
Greece Greece December 2017 Gender identity law (abolishing sterilization)[47][48] N/A 171 114 Signed Yes Yes
Pakistan Pakistan May 2018 Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill[49][50][51] Passed Passed Signed[52] Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal July 2018 Gender identity law (expansion: self-determination)[53][54][55][56][57] N/A 109 106 Signed Yes Yes
Luxembourg Luxembourg September 2018 Gender identity law (abolishing sterilization)[58][59] N/A 57 3 Signed Yes Yes
Uruguay Uruguay October 2018 Integral gender identity law (expansion: self-determination)[60][61] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Chile Chile November 2018 Gender identity law[62][63][64] 26 14 95 46 Signed Yes Yes
Iceland Iceland December 2019 Gender autonomy law[65][66][67] N/A 45 0 Signed Yes Yes
Spain Spain February 2023 Gender identity law (expansion: self-determination)[68] N/A Passed Signed Yes Yes
Scotland Scotland December 2022 Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill[69][70] N/A 86 39 Pending
Thailand Thailand Unknown Gender identity law N/A Pending
Brazil Brazil Unknown Gender identity law[71] N/A Pending
Costa Rica Costa Rica Unknown Gender identity recognition and equality before the law[72][73][74][75] N/A Pending
El Salvador El Salvador Unknown Gender identity law[76] N/A Pending
Peru Peru Unknown Gender identity law[77] N/A Pending
Sweden Sweden Unknown Gender identity law[78] N/A Pending

Legislative efforts to derecognise gender identity[edit]

National level[edit]

Country Date Gender identity/expression legislation Upper house Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Hungary Hungary May 2020 On Amendments to Certain Administrative Laws and the Free Transfer of Property (T/9934), Article 33[79][80][81] N/A 134 56 Signed Yes Yes
Slovakia Slovakia May 2023 Birth Number Act (Bill No. 301/1995)[82] N/A N/A N/A N/A
Russia Russia July 2023 164 0 386 0 Signed Yes Yes

Subnational level[edit]

United States[edit]

State Date Gender identity/expression legislation Upper house Lower house Governor Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Idaho Idaho July 2020 House Bill 509, An Act Relating to Vital Statistics 27 6 53 16 Signed Yes Yes
Yes Struck down by court in August 2020[83][84][85]

Asia[edit]

Pakistan[edit]

Main article: Transgender rights in Pakistan

In Pakistan, some members of the LGBT community have started undergoing acts of sex reassignment surgery to change their sex. There are situations where such cases have caused media attention.[86] A 2008 ruling at Pakistan's Lahore High Court gave permission to Naureen, 28, to have a sex change operation, although the decision was applicable only towards individuals who were diagnosed with gender dysphoria.[87]

In 2009, the Pakistan Supreme Court made a ruling in favor of the transgender community. The landmark ruling stated that as citizens they were entitled to the equal benefit and protection of the law and called upon the Pakistani government to take steps to protect transgender people from discrimination and harassment.[88] Pakistan's chief justice, Iftikhar Chaudhry, was the architect of major extension of rights to Pakistan's transgender community during his term.[89] There are also anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services for transgender or transsexual individuals (known as Khuwaja Sira, formerly hijra, or Third Gender) in Pakistani.[90][91]

In 2018, the Pakistani government passed the Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act which officially established the legal right of transgender people in Pakistan to identify themselves as such and instituted anti-discrimination laws. These include recognition of transgender identity in legal documents such as passports, identity card, and drivers licences, along with prohibiting discrimination in employment, schools, workplaces, public transit, healthcare, etc. The bill also included the right for inheritance in accordance to their chosen gender. Furthermore, the bill obligates the Pakistani government to build protection centers and safe houses for the specific purpose of being used by the transgender community in Pakistan.[92]

Table and world map of legal status[edit]

Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory
  Legal identity change, surgery not required
  Legal identity change, surgery required
  No legal identity change
  Unknown/Ambiguous

Part of the data is provided by Spartacus Gay Travel Index and highlights the legal status of gender identity change and expression.[93]

Legend
Legal
permitted, with complex legality or practice
varies by subdivision
prohibited
unknown or unclear
Legal status of Transgender people
Country Status
 Abkhazia Unknown or unclear
 Afghanistan Prohibited
 Albania Prohibited
 Algeria Prohibited
 American Samoa Legal
 Andorra Legal
 Angola Permitted
 Argentina Legal
 Armenia Prohibited
 Artsakh Unknown or unclear
 Australia Legal
 Austria Legal
 Azerbaijan Prohibited
 Bahamas Prohibited
 Bahrain Permitted, with Sterilization
 Bangladesh Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Barbados Prohibited
 Belarus Prohibited (Defacto)[94]
 Belize Prohibited
 Belgium Legal
 Benin Unknown or unclear
 Bermuda Prohibited
 Bhutan Unknown or unclear
 Bolivia Legal
 Bonaire Legal
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Botswana Legal
 Brazil Legal
 British Indian Ocean Territory Unknown or unclear
 British Virgin Islands Prohibited
 Brunei Prohibited
 Bulgaria Prohibited[95]
 Burkina Faso Unknown or unclear
 Burundi Prohibited
 Cabo Verde Unknown or unclear
 Cambodia Prohibited
 Cameroon Prohibited
 Canada Legal
 Cayman Islands Prohibited
 Central African Republic Prohibited
 Chad Prohibited
 Chile Legal
 China Permitted, with Sterilization
 Colombia Legal
 Comoros Prohibited
 Congo Prohibited
 Cook Islands Prohibited
 Costa Rica Legal
 Croatia Legal
 Cuba Legal
 Cyprus Prohibited
 Czech Republic Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Prohibited
 Denmark Legal
 Djibouti Prohibited
 Dominica Prohibited
 Dominican Republic Prohibited
 East Timor Unknown or unclear
 Ecuador Legal
 Egypt Prohibited
 El Salvador Unknown or unclear
 Equatorial Guinea Prohibited
 Eritrea Prohibited
 Estonia Legal
 Eswatini Prohibited
 Ethiopia Prohibited
 Falkland Islands Prohibited
 Faroe Islands Prohibited[96]
 Fiji Prohibited
 Finland Legal
 France Legal
 French Guiana Legal
 French Polynesia Legal
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands Legal
 Gabon Unknown or unclear
 Gambia Prohibited
 Georgia Permitted, with Sterilization
 Germany Legal
 Gibraltar Prohibited
 Ghana Prohibited
 Greece Legal
 Greenland Legal
 Grenada Prohibited
 Guadeloupe Legal
 Guam Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Guatemala Prohibited
 Guinea Prohibited
 Guinea-Bissau Prohibited
 Guyana Prohibited
 Haiti Prohibited
 Hong Kong Legal[97]
 Honduras Prohibited
 Hungary Prohibited[98]
 Iceland Legal
 India Legal
 Indonesia Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Iran Permitted, with Sterilization
 Iraq Prohibited
 Ireland Legal
 Isle of Man Legal
 Israel Legal
 Italy Legal
 Ivory Coast Unknown or unclear
 Jamaica Prohibited
 Japan Legal
 Jordan Permitted, with Sterilization
 Kazakhstan Permitted, with Sterilization
 Kenya Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Kiribati Prohibited
 Kosovo Prohibited
 Kuwait Prohibited
 Kyrgyzstan Unknown or unclear
 Laos Permitted, with Sterilization
 Latvia Permitted, with Sterilization
 Lebanon Permitted, with Sterilization
 Lesotho Permitted
 Liberia Prohibited
 Libya Prohibited
 Liechtenstein Prohibited
 Lithuania Legal
 Luxembourg Legal
 Macau Unknown or unclear
 Madagascar Unknown or unclear
 Malawi Prohibited
 Malaysia Prohibited
 Maldives Prohibited
 Mali Prohibited
 Malta Legal
 Marshall Islands Unknown or unclear
 Martinique Legal
 Mauritania Prohibited
 Mauritius Unknown or unclear
 Mayotte Legal
 Mexico Varies by subdivision
 Micronesia Unknown or unclear
 Moldova Legal
 Monaco Prohibited
 Mongolia Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Montenegro Permitted, with Sterilization
 Morocco Prohibited
 Mozambique Unknown or unclear
 Myanmar Prohibited
 Namibia Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Nauru Prohibited
   Nepal Legal
 Netherlands Legal
 New Caledonia Legal
 New Zealand Legal
 Nicaragua Prohibited
 Niger Prohibited
 Nigeria Prohibited
 Northern Cyprus Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Northern Mariana Islands Legal
 North Korea Prohibited
 North Macedonia Legal
 Norway Legal
 Oman Prohibited
 Pakistan Legal
 Palau Prohibited
 Palestine Prohibited
 Papua New Guinea Prohibited
 Panama Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Paraguay Prohibited
 Peru Legal
 Philippines Prohibited
 Poland Permitted, with complex legality or practice[99]
 Portugal Legal
 Puerto Rico Legal
 Qatar Prohibited
 Réunion Legal
 Romania Permitted, with Sterilization
 Russia Prohibited
 Rwanda Prohibited
 Saba Legal
 Saint Barthélemy Legal
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Unknown or unclear
 Saint Martin Legal
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Unknown or unclear
 Samoa Unknown or unclear
 San Marino Unknown or unclear
 Sao Tome and Principe Unknown or unclear
 Saudi Arabia Prohibited
 Senegal Prohibited
 Seychelles Unknown or unclear
 Sierra Leone Prohibited
 Singapore Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Sint Eustatius Legal
 Serbia Legal
 Slovenia Legal
 Slovakia Prohibited (Defacto)
 Solomon Islands Prohibited
 Somalia Prohibited
 Somaliland Prohibited
 South Africa Legal
 South Korea Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 South Ossetia Unknown or unclear
 South Sudan Prohibited
 Spain Legal
 Sri Lanka Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Sudan Prohibited
 Suriname Legal
 Sweden Legal
  Switzerland Legal
 Syria Prohibited
 Taiwan Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Tajikistan Unknown or unclear
 Tanzania Prohibited
 Thailand Unknown or unclear
 Togo Prohibited
 Tonga Prohibited
 Transnistria Unknown or unclear
 Trinidad and Tobago Prohibited
 Tunisia Prohibited
 Turkey Permitted, with Sterilization
 Turkmenistan Prohibited
 Tuvalu Unknown or unclear
 Uganda Prohibited
 Ukraine Legal
 United Arab Emirates Prohibited
 United Kingdom Legal
 United States Varies by subdivision
 United States Virgin Islands Legal
 Uruguay Legal
 Uzbekistan Prohibited
 Vanuatu Prohibited
  Vatican City Prohibited
 Venezuela Prohibited
 Vietnam Permitted, with complex legality or practice
 Wallis and Futuna Legal
 Western Sahara Prohibited
 Yemen Prohibited
 Zambia Prohibited
 Zimbabwe Prohibited

See also[edit]

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References[edit]

Notes
Footnotes
  1. ↑ Transgender Rights (2006, ISBN 0816643121 Search this book on .), edited by Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, Shannon Minter
  2. ↑ Thomas E. Bevan, The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism (2014, ISBN 1440831270 Search this book on .), page 42: "The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) [...]. The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people adovcated the use of this term much more than Prince. The adjective transgendered should not be used [...]. Transsexuals constitute a subset of transgender people."
  3. ↑ A. C. Alegria, Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation, in the Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, volume 23, issue 4 (2011), pages 175–182: "Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002)."
  4. ↑ Valentine, David. Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category, Duke University, 2007
  5. ↑ Stryker, Susan. Introduction. In Stryker and S. Whittle (Eds.), The Transgender Studies Reader, New York: Routledge, 2006. 1–17
  6. ↑ Kelley Winters, "Gender Madness in American Psychiatry, essays from the struggle for dignity, 2008, p. 198. "Some Transsexual individuals also identify with the broader transgender community; others do not."
  7. ↑ "retrieved 20 August 2015: " Transsexualism is often included within the broader term 'transgender', which is generally considered an umbrella term for people who do not conform to typically accepted gender roles for the sex they were assigned at birth. The term 'transgender' is a word employed by activists to encompass as many groups of gender diverse people as possible. However, many of these groups individually don't identify with the term. Many health clinics and services set up to serve gender variant communities employ the term, however most of the people using these services again don't identify with this term. The rejection of this political category by those that it is designed to cover clearly illustrates the difference between self-identification and categories that are imposed by observers to understand other people."". Gendercentre.org.au. Archived from the original on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ "Gender incongruence. ICD-11 – Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 451–459. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. hdl:2027.42/138395. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1. Search this book on
  10. ↑ Taylor, J.K.; Haider-Markel, D.P. (2014). Transgender Rights and Politics : Groups, Issue Framing, and Policy Adoption. University of Michigan Press. Search this book on
  11. ↑ "Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen (Transsexuellengesetz - TSG)". www.gesetze-im-internet.de. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  12. ↑ "Japanese Law Translation – [Law text] – Act on Special Cases in Handling Gender Status for Persons with Gender Identity Disorder". Japaneselawtranslation.go.jp. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ "Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act 49 of 2003". www.gov.za. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  14. ↑ "Gender Recognition Act 2004". Legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ "Gender Recognition Bill [HL] — 10 Feb 2004 at 18:27". publicwhip.org.uk. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ "Gender Recognition Bill votes". christian.org.uk. 17 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ EP (17 March 2007). "Entra en vigor la Ley de Identidad de Género". El País. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ "BBC NEWS – World – Americas – Uruguay approves sex change bill". news.bbc.co.uk. 13 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ "Argentina approves gender identity law". Pinknews.co.uk. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ "PRS – Bill Track – The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016". Prsindia.org. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ "Cabinet approves the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill 2016". pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ "Amendment of Transgender Bill: Government Accepts Standing Committee Proposal". The Logical Indian. 17 December 2017. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ "Denmark becomes Europe's leading country on legal gender recognition – The European Parliament Intergroup on LGBTI Rights". Lgbt-ep.eu. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Ltd, Allied Newspapers. "The Gender Identity Act". Timesofmalta.com. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ "Decreto 1227 Del 04 de Junio de 2015". Scribd. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ "Colombia's new gender recognition law doesn't require surgery". Pinknews.co.uk. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ "These Ten Trans People Just Got Their First IDs Under Colombia's New Gender Rules". Buzzfeed.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ "Legal Gender Recognition in Ireland : Gender Recognition : TENI". Teni.ie. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ "Poselski projekt ustawy o uzgodnieniu płci". Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ "Vietnam: Positive Step for Transgender Rights". Hrw.org. 30 November 2015. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ "Vietnam Passes Transgender Rights Law, But Is It Good Enough? – Care2 Causes". Care2.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ "Nothing found for 2016 01 29 Change Of Gender In Identity Card Will Require Two Witnesses". Ecuadortimes.net. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ "Segundo Suplemento – Registro Oficial Nº 684" (PDF). Asambleanacional.gob.ec. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 2017-08-01. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ "Bolivia proposes law allowing transgender people to officially change names, genders – Shanghai Daily". Shanghaidaily.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ comunicacion, Unidad de. "Presentan anteproyecto de ley para cambiar datos de identidad de las personas transexuales y transgénero". Justicia.gob.bo. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ "Bolivia: comunidad LGTB presiona a la Asamblea Legislativa para que trate ley de identidad de género – NODAL". Nodal.am. 29 December 2015. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ "Norway set to allow gender change without medical intervention". Yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ Services, Ministry of Health and Care (18 March 2016). "Easier to change legal gender". Government.no. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ "Lov om endring av juridisk kjønn". Stortinget. 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ "Dispatches: Norway's Transgender Rights Transformation". Hrw.org. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ Rook, Erin (16 October 2016). "France will no longer force the sterilization of transgender people". Lgbtqnation.com. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ "It's official – France adopts a new legal gender recognition procedure! – ILGA-Europe". Ilga-europe.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ "LOI n° 2016-1547 du 18 novembre 2016 de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siècle". Legifrance.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-01. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ "C-16 (42–1) – Royal Assent – An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code – Parliament of Canada". Parl.ca. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  45. ↑ Pujol-Mazzini, Anna. "Belgium's ban of forced sterilisation for gender change". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ "Nouvelle loi transgenre: qu'est-ce qui change en 2018?". RTBF Info (in français). 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ "Controversial Greek gender identity bill in parliament vote". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-10. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ "Greece passes sex change law opposed by Orthodox Church". Reuters. 10 October 2017. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-10. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  49. ↑ Shahid, Jamal (10 February 2018). "Senate body approves changes to transgender persons rights bill". dawn.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  50. ↑ Khan, Iftikhar A. (8 March 2018). "Senate adopts bill to protect rights of transgender persons". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  51. ↑ "Pakistan Enacts Legislation Protecting Transgender People". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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Works cited[edit]


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