Xenology
Xenology, known as exology, is the scientific study of extraterrestrial life. Derived from the Greek xenos, which as a substantive has the meaning "stranger, wanderer, refugee" and as an adjective "foreign, alien, strange, unusual."[1]
Uses[edit]
In science fiction[edit]
It is used to denote a hypothetical science whose object of study would be extraterrestrial societies developed by alien lifeforms. In science fiction criticism and studies the term has been used by writers such as David Brin ("Xenology: The New Science of Asking 'Who's Out There?'" Analog, 26 April 1983)[2] and Orson Scott Card[3] as an analogue of (terrestrial) ethnology. By extension the term may also refer to the fictional creation of "alternative humankinds".[4]
Instances in which Xenology was referred to in a work of Science Fiction include the Brothers Strugatsky's 1972 novel Roadside Picnic. In section three of which one of the character's, a Nobel laureate by the name of Valentine Pillman, explains Xenology as "an unnatural mixture of science fiction and formal logic. At its core is a flawed assumption—that an alien race would be psychologically human."[5]
In cultural studies[edit]
The term xenology was employed by German Indologist Wilhelm Halbfass in his Indien und Europa, Perspektiven ihrer geistigen Begegnung (India and Europe: Perspectives on Their Spiritual Encounter) (1981)[6] to denote the study of the ethnocentric views held by societies with regard to different classes of foreigner, in other words the positive or negative ways in which a given culture defines those outside or alien to it.[7] Xenology is thus the study of the various modalities whereby self and otherness are defined "within a historically complex collision of cultures".[8]
In science[edit]
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As yet, no extraterrestrial life has been identified. Robert A. Freitas Jr. self-published a book on the subject, Xenology: An Introduction to the Scientific Study of Extraterrestrial Life, Intelligence, and Civilization (XRI, 1979). Freitas argued for the primacy of the term in the context of extraterrestrial life in a 1983 letter to the journal Nature.[9] In 2020, Freitas stated that many of the subfields proposed or discussed in the Xenology book, such as the study of the origins of life and thalassogens, had come to be included in the field of astrobiology. He suggested that xenology can be a broader field of study including more hypothetical elements, particularly in context of exoplanet discoveries and the rebirth of planetology.[10]
On January 28, 2022, the Scientific Coalition for UAP Studies published an article in issue 3.1 of their SCU Review newsletter titled "Xenology - To Face the Universe"[11] in which author Vara La Fey proposed xenology as the interdisciplinary study of sapient nonhumans and their creations, whether they are extant or extinct, and regardless of their spatial, temporal or other origins, and proposing that the boundary between xenology and exozoology is whether a lifeform appears capable of communicating new ideas among its members, "terming as 'sapient' any lifeforms with that ability". Xenology is then argued to be a new branch of social science, equivalent to current human social sciences, but distinguished from them "because no data on humans, and perhaps no current data gathering principles or methods, can be assumed to apply to nonhuman sapients, and possibly not even to physical humans who have spent hundreds or thousands of years isolated from the rest of our species." The author also claims that ufology is premised on non-human sapients having a well-developed xenologic science "which they are using on us", and that this illustrates a "frighteningly wide maturity gap" between mankind and our presumed nonhuman visitors, and thus mankind should "grow up and face whoever else is in the universe".
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, new (ninth) edition, with a supplement, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1968.
- ↑ Brian M. Stableford, Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 2006, p. 571.
- ↑ Speaker for the Dead (1986)
- ↑ Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia, p. 571.
- ↑ Arkady Strugatsky; Boris Strugatsky (16 September 2016). Roadside Picnic. Lulu.com. pp. 92–. ISBN 978-1-365-40085-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Wilhelm Halbfass, Indien und Europa, Perspektiven ihrer geistigen Begegnung, Schwabe Verlag, Basel and Stuttgart, 1981.
- ↑ Dermot Killingley, "Mlecchas, Yavanas and Heathens: Interacting Xenologies in Early Nineteenth-Century Calcutta," in Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its Impact on Indian and Cross-cultural Studies, ed. Eli Franco, Karin Preisendanz, Editions Rodopi, Amsterdam, 2007.
- ↑ Harvey P. Alper, review of Indien und Europa, Perspektiven ihrer geistigen Begegnung, in Philosophy East and West, Vol. 33, No. 2 (April, 1983), pp. 189-196
- ↑ Freitas, Robert A. (January 1983). "Naming extraterrestrial life". Nature. 301 (5896): 106. Bibcode:1983Natur.301..106F. doi:10.1038/301106a0. ISSN 0028-0836. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Templeton, Graham. "'Xenology' by Robert Freitas: the Backstory". Inverse. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
- ↑ La Fey, Vara. "XENOLOGY: To Face the Universe".
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