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Aftermath of the 2021 United States Capitol attack

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Storming of the U.S. Capitol
(timeline)
Protesters gathering outside the Capitol on January 6, 2021
Participants
Aftermath

2020 U.S. presidential election
Republican Party
Democratic Party
Minor parties
Related races
← 2016 2020 2024 →

In the aftermath of the 2021 United States Capitol attack, criminal investigations, public health concerns, and various political repercussions have occurred, most notably the second impeachment of Donald Trump. The riot triggered a nationwide manhunt for the perpetrators by federal law enforcement, with arrests and indictments following within days. The incident led to the resignation of leading figures within the United States Capitol Police (USCP) and the Trump administration. Cabinet officials were pressured to invoke the 25th Amendment for removing Trump from office.

People identified as rioters at the Capitol have been subjected to criminal investigations and arrests. Per his involvement in inciting the storming of the Capitol, Trump was suspended from various social media sites, including Twitter, YouTube and Facebook. In response to various posts by Trump supporters on the microblogging site Parler in favor of the riot, insurrection, and attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, its cloud computing services hosted by Amazon Web Services were terminated by Amazon on January 10.

Public health officials have highlighted the danger of this event in exacerbating the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Security measures were also dramatically increased for the inauguration of Joe Biden as president. This included the deployment of the United States National Guard, with a security perimeter erected around Capitol Hill. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced the formation of a Commission similar to the 9/11 Commission for investigating the events surrounding the attack on the Capitol.[1]

Background[edit]

A damaged window in one of the rooms in the Capitol

The storming of the United States Capitol was a riot and violent attack against the 117th United States Congress on January 6, 2021, carried out by a mob of supporters of U.S. President Donald Trump in an attempt to overturn his defeat in the 2020 presidential election.[2] After attending a political rally hosted by the president, thousands[3] of his supporters marched down Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol, with many breaching police perimeters and storming the building in an effort to disrupt the Electoral College vote count formalizing President-elect Joe Biden's election victory.[4][5] The mob subsequently occupied, vandalized,[6][7] and looted[8] parts of the building for several hours, leading to the evacuation and lockdown of the Capitol, as well as five deaths.[9][10][11][12][13]

Criminal investigations and prosecutions[edit]

Main article: Criminal charges brought in the 2021 United States Capitol attack
FBI poster seeking information on violence at the Capitol published January 6, 2021

On January 7, Michael R. Sherwin, the interim United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, said rioters could be charged with seditious conspiracy or insurrection.[14] He said any Capitol Police officer found to have assisted the rioters would be charged,[15] and he further suggested that Trump could be investigated for comments he made to his supporters before they stormed the Capitol and that others who "assisted or facilitated or played some ancillary role" in the events could also be investigated.[14] As of January 14, the majority of charges filed were for disorderly conduct and unlawful entry.[16]

D.C. Attorney General Karl Racine said that he is specifically looking at whether to charge Donald Trump Jr., Rudy Giuliani, and Mo Brooks with inciting the riot and indicated that he might consider charging Donald Trump when he has left office.[17] Calls for Trump to be prosecuted for inciting the crowd to storm the Capitol also were made in the aftermath of the event,[18] but legal experts have said charging Trump would be difficult under Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), the Supreme Court ruling which established that for speech to be considered criminally inciting, it must have been intended to incite "imminent lawless action" and "likely to incite or produce such action".[19]

Other investigations[edit]

Crowdsourced investigations[edit]

Wired magazine has reported that numerous crowdsourced open-source intelligence efforts at tracking participants in the storming were underway, including an investigation by the investigative journalism network Bellingcat and the open source intelligence database Intelligence X.[20][21] According to Gizmodo, almost the entire contents of the Alt-tech social media site Parler have been archived online, including large numbers of photos and video with GPS metadata, and that analysis of the GPS coordinates suggested that numerous Parler users had been involved in the storming of the Capitol.[22]

Congressional investigations[edit]

Rep. Tim Ryan (D-Ohio) said an investigation is underway looking at "potentially members of Congress" who gave tours to pro-Trump rioters prior to the insurrection last week on the U.S. Capitol. Rep. Mikie Sherrill (D-NJ) claimed during a Facebook Live broadcast Tuesday evening that some Republicans in Congress had given groups a "reconnaissance" tour of the Capitol ahead of the insurrection. Sherrill's allegations came the same night that Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY) addressed constituents on an Instagram Live video expressing her fear that some of her Republican colleagues would have disclosed her location during the insurrection on Jan. 6.[23]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi touched upon the investigations in a speech on January 15, stating that "if, in fact, it is found that members of Congress were accomplices to this insurrection, if they aided and abetted the crime, there may have to be actions taken beyond the Congress in terms of prosecution for that."[24]

Department of Defense investigation[edit]

In a letter to acting U.S. Defense Secretary Christopher C. Miller on January 11, Senator Tammy Duckworth (D-IL) asked the Department of Defense to investigate the role of active or retired members of the U.S. military in the attack and for any people identified to be held accountable.[25] Representatives Ruben Gallego (D-AZ) and Sara Jacobs (D-CA) also called on Miller to work alongside federal authorities to identify members of the military involved in the riot.[25]

After the Capitol siege, the Defense Department intensified efforts to root out far-right extremism among military personnel.[26] In 2020, the FBI notified the Defense Department that it had initiated criminal investigations involving 68 military personnel (many retired or discharged) associated with domestic extremism.[26] The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, enacted by Congress shortly before the attack on the Capitol, directed the Defense Department to create a deputy inspector general for diversity and inclusion and supremacist, extremism and criminal gang activity (within the DOD office of inspector general) and to keep track of gang and extremist activity in the military.[26] Miller directed a strengthening of military policy against service personnel participating in extremist or hate groups,[26][27] an issue to be addressed as part of a wider Defense Department report due on March 31, with a plan of action due on June 30.[27]

New York State Bar Association investigation[edit]

On January 11, the New York State Bar Association (NYSBA) announced that it has launched an inquiry into Giuliani for his role in the uprising, which could subject him to expulsion from the association and recommendation for disbarment if he is held liable.[28][29] Giuliani had addressed the crowd before it marched towards the Capitol, saying evidence that the election had been stolen was plentiful and proposing "trial by combat".[30]

Investigations by workplaces of people involved[edit]

Multiple people involved in the riot have been investigated by their workplaces, with some being fired for their participation, as some businesses were identified by social media users who called for negative reviews and comments to be posted or the establishments to be boycotted.

Most businesses who have done so are private businesses, as those who work for the government and unionized workers hold more protections from firing.[31][32] The earliest report of participants being fired was a Maryland man identified in several highly publicized pictures, wearing his work ID badge and fired from his position the next day.[33]

Following the riot, the police departments of Anne Arundel County, Maryland; New York City; Philadelphia; Rocky Mount, Virginia; San Antonio, Texas; Seattle, Washington; Troy, New Hampshire; and Zelienople, Pennsylvania; the Kentucky State Police; the SEPTA Transit Police; and the sheriff's departments of Charles County, Maryland, Bexar County, Texas and Franklin County, Kentucky, all investigated, reassigned or suspended officers for their involvement in the invasion of the Capitol or the preceding events.[34][35] Other law enforcement officers were investigated for making statements in support of the rally and riot.[35]

Investigations into alleged foreign involvement and payments[edit]

On December 8, 2020, a French national gave around $500,000 in bitcoin payments to alt-right figures and groups. About half of these funds went to Nick Fuentes, the leader of the online Groyper Army, who denied breaching the building. The day after the transfer, the Frenchman killed himself.[36] The FBI is investigating whether any of this money financed illegal acts.[37]

The FBI is also investigating whether foreign adversaries of the U.S. – governments, organizations or individuals – provided financial support to people who attacked the Capitol.[37]

Separately, a joint threat assessment issued by the FBI, DHS, and other agencies said that "Russian, Iranian, and Chinese influence actors have seized the opportunity to amplify narratives in furtherance of their policy interest amid the presidential transition" and that these governments, through state actors, state media, and their proxies, used the riots to promote violence and extremism in the United States, denigrate American democracy, and in some instance promote conspiratorial claims.[37]

January 6, 2021 Commission[edit]

Main article: January 6, 2021 Commission

In February, Pelosi announced plans for a Commission on the events surrounding the attack on the Capitol. It will be structured similar to the 9/11 Commission but will not be composed of members of Congress.[1] The House voted on May 19, 2021 in favor of establishing the commission, and the next step would be for the bill to pass the Senate.[38]

Cultural influences[edit]

As of February 2021, the FBI and Justice Department were investigating the possible influences that prominent figures like Trump confidant Roger Stone and conspiracy theorist Alex Jones may have had on the rioters. However, it was not yet clear if Stone and Jones would be criminally charged.[39]

By the end of February, CNN was aware of "nearly a dozen" defendants who admitted that, to their knowledge, the other Capitol rioters were all Trump supporters and that the riot had not been (as Trump's lawyers and some congressional Republicans had attempted to claim) a left-wing "false-flag" performance to pin blame on Trump supporters.[40] On March 2, FBI Director Chris Wray testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that there was no evidence that the rioters had been faking their support for Trump.[41]

On April 28, a 37-year-old man was convicted of making a death threat against elected officials. The threats were made on social media around the time of the Capitol riots. Although the man was not in Washington on January 6, federal prosecutors cited the Capitol riots as relevant context that made such threats more dangerous.[42][43]

Criticism of law enforcement agencies[edit]

Main article: Law enforcement response to the January 6, 2021 attack

Law enforcement's intelligence, communication, and operational failures, which allowed the mob to breach the Capitol, attracted scrutiny to the Capitol Police,[44][45][46] and the FBI, as well as other law enforcement agencies involved.[47] The three top security officials for Congress – the chief of the Capitol Police, the Senate sergeant at arms, and the House sergeant at arms – all resigned.[48] The acting Capitol Police chief Yogananda Pittman, who took over leadership of the force two days after the attack on the Capitol, subsequently said in congressional testimony that the response to the attack as a "multi-tiered failure" by law enforcement.[49] Questions have been raised in some media outlets regarding alleged discrepancies in the police response to Black Lives Matter protesters and the rioters who stormed the U.S. Capitol.[50][51][52] According to an analysis by The Guardian of statistics collected by the US Crisis Monitor, "Police in the United States are three times more likely to use force against leftwing protesters than rightwing protesters", regardless of whether the protest is peaceful or violent.[53][54]

Trump administration resignations[edit]

After the Capitol storming, dozens of Republicans and staffers loyal to or appointed by President Trump resigned in disgust, even though their terms in office would expire fourteen days later with the inauguration of President Biden. Some senior officials, however, decided against resigning in order to ensure an "orderly transition of power" to the incoming Biden administration, out of concern that Trump would replace them with loyalist lower-level staffers who they feared could carry out illegal orders given by him.[55] For a complete list of resigantions and firings in the Trump Administration, see List of Trump administration dismissals and resignations.

  1. Rob Jentgens (R) Chief Financial Officer of the National Republican Congressional Committee, abruptly resigned his position the day after the rallies when House Republican Leader Kevin McCarthy and most of the GOP voted not to certify the 2020 election results.[56]
  2. Matthew Pottinger, the Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)[57]
  3. Stephanie Grisham, the chief of staff for First Lady Melania Trump
  4. Sarah Matthews, the White House Deputy Press Secretary
  5. Anna Cristina Niceta Lloyd "Rickie", White House Social Secretary resigned in protest on the day of the storming of the Capitol.[58][59][60]
  6. Robert C. O'Brien, National Security Advisor (United States)
  7. Chris Liddell, White House Deputy Chief of Staff[61]
  8. Elaine Chao, United States Secretary of Transportation became the first cabinet member to announce her resignation, effective January 11.[62]
  9. Betsy DeVos, United States Secretary of Education also cited the Capitol Hill incident.[63] US Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) criticized DeVos and Chao for resigning rather than voting to invoke the 25th Amendment to remove Trump from office.[64]
  10. Elinore F. McCance-Katz ( ) Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Resources (HUD)
  11. Mick Mulvaney, Trump's former chief of staff and the administration's special envoy to Northern Ireland. Upon his exit, Mulvaney said, "I can't do it. I can't stay ... Those who choose to stay, and I have talked with some of them, are choosing to stay because they're worried the President might put someone worse in." He also said Trump "wasn't the same as he was eight months ago."[65]
  12. Eric Dreiband, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division[65][66]
  13. Chad Wolf Acting United States Secretary of Homeland Security resigned on January 11, saying it was "warranted by recent events, including" recent court decisions ruling that Trump's appointment of Wolf as acting secretary violated the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998.[67]
  14. Alex Azar, United States Secretary of Health and Human Services announced his resignation January 15, stating that it was due to the Capitol riots and stressing the need for a peaceful transfer of power. However, this resignation would only become effective starting January 20, the day President-elect Biden would be sworn in as president.[68]
  15. Jason Schmid, Senior GOP aide on the House Armed Services Committee[69]
  16. Eric S. Dreiband (R) Assistant Attorney General
  17. Tyler B. Goodspeed (R) Acting Chairman of the White House Counsel of Economic Advisors
  18. John Costello ( ) Deputy Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Security in the Commerce Department

Five senior officials at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) resigned in protest.[70]

  1. Arjun Garg ( ) Acting Deputy Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administrator,
  2. Brianna Manzelli, assistant administrator for communications;
  3. Kirk Shaffer, associate administrator for airports;
  4. Bailey Edwards, assistant administrator for policy, international affairs and environment
  5. Andrew Giacini, governmental affairs adviser, performing the duties of the assistant administrator for government and industry affairs

Three members of the National Security council resigned prematurely.

  1. Robert C. O'Brien (R) Deputy National Security Adviser[71]
  2. Matthew Pottinger (R) Deputy Adviser to the National Security Council[72]
  3. Ryan Tully ( ) Senior Director on Russian and European Affairs for the National Security Council [73]

Proposals to remove Trump via constitutional processes[edit]

Main article: Second impeachment of Donald Trump

Calls for resignation, invocation of 25th Amendment, or removal from office[edit]

Representative Adam Kinzinger (Illinois's 16th district) became the first Republican lawmaker to call for Trump to be removed via 25th Amendment.[74]

The Democratic leaders in Congress – Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi – called upon Vice President Pence to invoke the 25th Amendment, indicating that they would pursue impeachment of Trump for a second time if he did not.[75][76] Pelosi said Trump "incited an armed insurrection against America" and instigated "the gleeful desecration of the U.S. Capitol [and] violence targeting Congress".[77] The never-before-invoked provision of the 25th Amendment allows the vice president, with a majority of Cabinet secretaries, to declare Trump "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office" by written declaration.[78][79]

After the storming of the Capitol, the vast majority of House Democrats (208 Representatives), as well as 38 Democratic Senators, called for the invocation of the 25th Amendment or Trump's impeachment and removal from office in inciting the riot.[80][lower-alpha 1] A single House Republican, Representative Adam Kinzinger (IL), also called for Trump's removal.[80] Among Senate Republicans, only three expressed support for Trump resigning or being removed from office: Lisa Murkowski (AK), Ben Sasse (NE) and Pat Toomey (PA).[lower-alpha 2] President-elect Biden did not take a position on a prospective fast-track impeachment of Trump, saying the matter is for Congress to decide.[85]

Among Democratic governors, calls for Trump to step down or be removed from office were made by J. B. Pritzker (IL),[86][87] Andrew Cuomo (NY),[88] Roy Cooper (NC),[89] and Jay Inslee (WA).[90] Three Republican governors who have been critical of Trump – Phil Scott (VT), Charlie Baker (MA), and Larry Hogan (MD) – also called upon Trump to resign or be removed from office.[91] Conversely, two other Republican governors expressed opposition to Trump's removal: Henry McMaster (SC), who is closely allied with Trump,[92] and Mike DeWine (OH), who opposed invocation of the 25th Amendment, saying that he believed it "would cause more division than healing" and because there were less than two weeks remaining in Trump's term.[93]

Yoni Appelbaum of The Atlantic called for the impeachment of Trump a second time.[94] Several conservative commentators, including Rod Dreher, Daniel Larison, and John Podhoretz, expressed their support for the impeachment and removal of Trump.[95][96][97] The conservative editorial board of The Wall Street Journal wrote that Trump's behavior in the incident "crosses a constitutional line that Mr. Trump hasn't previously crossed. It is impeachable" and that the "best outcome would be for him to resign."[98] Calling the armed storming of the Capitol an "act of sedition", The Washington Post's editorial board wrote that Trump's "continued tenure in office poses a grave threat to U.S. democracy" as well as to public order and national security, and called for Pence to immediately begin the 25th Amendment process to declare Trump "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office" so that Pence could serve until Biden's inauguration on January 20.[99]

The National Association of Manufacturers also requested Pence to "seriously consider" invoking the 25th Amendment.[100] On the evening of January 6, some Cabinet members held preliminary discussions about the possibility of invoking the 25th Amendment to declare Trump "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office" and thus transfer his powers and duties to Pence as acting president.[101][102][103]

Impeachment[edit]

On January 11, House Representatives David Cicilline (D–RI), Jamie Raskin (D–MD), and Ted Lieu (D–CA) introduced a four-page article of impeachment against Trump on a charge of incitement of insurrection. The article states that Trump "demonstrated that he will remain a threat to national security, democracy and the Constitution if allowed to remain in office, and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with self-governance and the rule of law"; "gravely endangered the security of the United States and its institutions of government"; "inciting violence against the government of the United States"; "threatened the integrity of the democratic system, interfered with the peaceful transition of power, and imperiled a coequal branch of government"; and "thereby betrayed his trust as president, to the manifest injury of the people of the United States."[104] The article cites Trump's role in inciting the Capitol riot as well as "his prior efforts to subvert and obstruct the certification of the results of the 2020 Presidential election" including the efforts to pressure Georgia Governor Brian Kemp, Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger, and other state officials and lawmakers. As permitted by the Constitution, the article also seeks to permanently disqualify Trump—who has reportedly considered running for the Republican presidential nomination in 2024—from holding any federal office.[104]

On January 12, the House passed, on a 223–205 vote, a resolution formally calling upon Vice President Pence to invoke Section 4 of the 25th Amendment, declaring Trump "incapable of executing the duties of his office" and immediately assuming powers as acting president until Biden is sworn into office on January 20. The resolution passed on a mostly party-line vote, with all Democrats voting yes and all Republicans (except for Adam Kinzinger of Illinois) voting no. The resolution stated that unless Pence responded within 24 hours, the House would proceed with impeachment proceedings against Trump. Ahead of the January 12 vote, Pence sent a letter to Speaker Pelosi saying that he would not invoke the 25th Amendment. Pence's refusal ensured that an impeachment vote would take place.[105][106]

Trump was impeached for the second time by the House of Representatives on January 13, 2021 for incitement of insurrection, on a vote of 232–197, becoming the only U.S. president or other federal official to be impeached twice.[107] All 222 Democrats, as well as 10 Republicans, voted to impeach; 197 Republicans voted against impeachment.[108] On February 13, 2021, Trump was acquitted 57-43 by the Senate.[109] Seven Republicans joined all fifty Democrats in voting to convict Trump, but ultimately it fell ten votes short.[110]

Potential spread of COVID-19[edit]

Further information: COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.

Public health experts have said that the storming of the Capitol was a potential COVID-19 superspreader event.[111] Activist Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet participated in the riot despite a recent positive diagnosis,[112] and few members of the crowd wore face coverings, with many coming from out of town.[111] Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and lead member of the White House Coronavirus Task Force, said that the rioters' failure to "adhere to the fundamentals of public health" to prevent the spread of COVID-19—such as "universal wearing of masks, keeping physical distance, [and] avoiding crowds in congregate settings"—placed them at risk.[113] The day after the event, Eric Toner, a senior scholar from the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, said the storming of the Capitol was "extraordinarily dangerous" from a public-health perspective.[111]

As many as 200 congressional staffers reportedly sheltered in various rooms inside the Capitol, further increasing the risk of transmission.[111][114] Brian P. Monahan, the attending physician of Congress, reported that members of Congress who were in protective isolation during the attack, some for several hours, may have been exposed to others with COVID-19; Monahan advised members to take protective measures, monitor for symptoms, and take a precautionary RT-PCR test.[115][116]

A video of members of Congress sheltering in place shows a group of maskless Republicans, including Andy Biggs, Scott Perry, Michael Cloud (R–TX) and Markwayne Mullin (R–OK), refusing masks offered by Representative Lisa Blunt Rochester (D–DE); Blunt Rochester later wrote that she was "disappointed in my colleagues who refused to wear a mask" but "encouraged by those who did."[115] On January 12, a bill was introduced in the House to impose a $500 fine the first day members refuse to wear a mask on the floor and a $2,500 fine for the second time. The money would be deducted from the offending members and staffers pay.[117]

Representative Jacob LaTurner (R–KS) tested positive after the lockdown was lifted, and, as a result, was absent from the House floor when the Electoral College certification resumed. Starting January 11, four members of Congress, Representatives Bonnie Watson Coleman (D–NJ), Pramila Jayapal (D–WA), Brad Schneider (D–IL), and Adriano Espaillat (D–NY)[118] tested positive after being exposed to maskless members of Congress during the lockdown. All had gone into isolation while awaiting testing results. Jayapal condemned Republican colleagues who, while sheltering in place during the riots, "not only cruelly refused to wear a mask but mocked colleagues and staff who offered them one."[119][120] After sheltering in the same room on January 6, Conan Harris, husband of Representative Ayanna Pressley, tested positive on the night of January 12, putting both Harris and Presley into quarantine.[121]

More than two weeks after the storming, 38 Capitol Police officers tested positive for the virus. However, it was unclear how many of them were on duty during the event or when they contracted it.[122] On January 25, the commander of the District of Columbia National Guard, Major General William Walker, said that nearly 200 troops deployed to the nation's capital had tested positive for COVID-19. The number of cases had risen by nearly five times from the 45 cases reported on January 15.[123]

Crackdowns on extremist content and Trump connections[edit]

See also: Twitter suspensions

The role of social media in the storming of the Capitol created pressure for platforms to strengthen enforcement of moderation policies prohibiting extremist content to prevent further violence. The response of social media platforms renewed accusations by some conservatives that their policies and enforcement promote an implicit ideological bias by limiting the expression of conservative political and social viewpoints even through controversial or false statements. The First Amendment, however, only restricts government-sanctioned limits on speech, and its protections do not apply to private entities and to obscene or defamatory speech.[124][125]

Corporate suspensions of Trump's social media, content, and connections[edit]

See also: Wealth of Donald Trump § Post-Presidency

Shortly after Trump's January 6 video message was uploaded, the video was removed by Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube for violating site policies on "civil integrity" and election misinformation.[126] Facebook executive Guy Rosen said the video was removed because "it contributes to rather than diminishes the risk of ongoing violence."[127] That evening, Twitter locked Trump's account for twelve hours and threatened a permanent suspension for "repeated and severe violations of our Civic Integrity policy." Twitter also required him to remove three of his tweets.[128][129] Snapchat indefinitely suspended Trump's account on the platform the same day,[130] while Shopify terminated shops that sold Trump campaign paraphernalia and merchandise from his personal TrumpStore brand.[131]

The following day, Facebook and its platforms, including Instagram, announced they had banned Trump indefinitely, at least until the end of his presidential term. Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg wrote, "The shocking events of the last 24 hours clearly demonstrate that President Donald Trump intends to use his remaining time in office to undermine the peaceful and lawful transition of power to his elected successor."[132] On January 7, Twitch announced it had disabled Trump's channel on the platform.[133] TikTok announced it would restrict videos of the Capitol attack and Trump's January 6 address, other than those providing factual information, criticism or journalistic value.[134] Pinterest began limiting hashtags related to pro-Trump topics such as #StopTheSteal since around the November election.[135]

On January 8, Twitter permanently suspended Trump "due to the risk of further incitement of violence" from his tweets, writing that specific tweets by Trump that "are likely to inspire others to replicate the violent acts that took place on January 6, 2021, and that there are multiple indicators that they are being received and understood as encouragement to do so."[136] The company also noted that "Plans for future armed protests have already begun proliferating on and off-Twitter, including a proposed secondary attack on the US Capitol and state capitol buildings on January 17, 2021."[136] Twitter said it would not ban government accounts like @POTUS or @WhiteHouse, but would "take action to limit their use";[136] the company said that sock puppet accounts created for Trump in an attempt to evade the ban would be permanently suspended "at first detection."[137] Circumventing the ban, Trump blasted Twitter's decision in threads posted from the @POTUS account and @TeamTrump (his campaign account), accusing Twitter without evidence of "coordinat[ing] with the Democrats and the Radical Left in removing my account from their platform to silence me" and uploaded an image of Twitter's bird logo emblazoned with the Soviet flag. Twitter removed the @POTUS posts and suspended @TeamTrump for repeated violations of its block evasion policy.[137] Twitter also suspended Trump campaign digital director Gary Coby's account after he forwarded his account information to Trump's deputy chief of staff, Dan Scavino, in an attempt to transfer it for Trump's use.[137]

On January 10, the Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA) exercised its contractual right to terminate its arrangement to host the 2022 PGA Championship at Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, New Jersey, which had been awarded the tournament in 2014.[138] The PGA said that it had "become clear that conducting the PGA Championship at Trump Bedminster would be detrimental to the PGA of America brand"; Trump had spent years trying to land a golf championship at one of his resorts.[139] The next day, the R&A followed suit, saying it would not hold any of its championships "in the foreseeable future" at Trump Turnberry in Scotland.[140] Also on January 10, Stripe announced it would stop processing online card payments to Trump's campaign for violating its terms of service against encouraging violence.[141] Other companies reportedly seeking to cut ties with Trump include Deutsche Bank and Signature Bank.[142]

On January 12, YouTube announced that it had temporarily banned Trump's channel for seven days, restricting it from uploading any new videos or live-streams. YouTube said the decision came after the president violated the platform's policies by posting content that incited violence. All the previous content on the channel was removed. YouTube also said that the ban could be extended.[143]

Corporate suspensions of other accounts and programs[edit]

Further information: Donald Trump on social media

Twitter also banned accounts deemed to be "solely dedicated to sharing QAnon content", including those belonging to former national security adviser Michael Flynn and his son Michael Flynn Jr., attorneys Sidney Powell and L. Lin Wood (both of whom brought failed lawsuits challenging the election results), and former 8chan administrator Ron Watkins.[144][145] Twitter's ban of Trump and others was criticized by some Trump allies, as well as some foreign leaders.[lower-alpha 3]

Also on January 8, Discord banned a pro-Trump server called "The Donald", which had ties to the banned subreddit r/The Donald. Discord cited the connection between the server and The Donald's online forum, which was used in planning the riot.[151] Parler removed several posts from Wood espousing conspiracy theories and violent rhetoric, including a call for Vice President Pence and others to be subjected to firing squads, for violating community rules on speech encouraging violence.[152] YouTube terminated two accounts belonging to former White House chief strategist Steve Bannon, including one hosting his "War Room" podcast, for repeated community guidelines violations pertaining to misinformation about widespread fraud or errors that affected the 2020 election's outcome.[153]

On January 12, Facebook and Twitter announced that they were removing content related to the "Stop the Steal" movement and suspending 70,000 QAnon-focused accounts, respectively.[154]

Airbnb cancelled all reservations in Washington, D.C. for the week of January 20 (refunding affected hosts out of its own money), and deactivated accounts of any users who it found belonged to hate groups and/or participated in the storming of the Capitol.[155][156]

The day of the storming of the Capitol, Cumulus Media, owner of several conservative talk radio programs through Westwood One, sent an internal memo directing its employees to stop questioning the outcome of the election on-air, on threat of being fired.[157]

Removal of services from Parler[edit]

Further information: Parler § Shutdown by service providers

Parler rose to prominence during the 2020 presidential campaign and found renewed attention after the riot. The site, which bills itself as a "free speech social network", has a significant user base of Donald Trump supporters, conservatives, conspiracy theorists, and right-wing extremists, including some who have been banned from Facebook and Twitter.[158][159][160][161] After Twitter permanently suspended Trump, there was a sharp one-day increase in the number of Parler downloads on the Apple App Store[162] and some prominent right-wing politicians advertised their Parler accounts.[163] Apple and Google removed the Parler app from their App Store and Google Play Store, respectively, citing usage of the site to plan and coordinate the insurrection, its hosting of posts inciting violence, and its failure to adopt more robust content moderation.[164][165][166] Amazon also terminated the cloud services that it had been providing to Parler through Amazon Web Services.[167] As a result, Parler's website and apps ceased to be operational at 11:59 p.m. PST on January 10.[168] Amazon said it had sent reports of 98 instances of posts that "clearly encourage and incite violence" to Parler in the weeks preceding the decision.[169] Parler's COO Jeffrey Wernick said that Parler would return in some form.[170]

Parler sued Amazon in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington, raising antitrust and breach of contract claims;[171] Judge Barbara Jacobs Rothstein denied Parler's request for a preliminary injunction that would force Amazon to restore service to Parler, writing that Parler had offered "dwindlingly slight" evidence in support of its antitrust claim and had "failed to allege basic facts" to support its complaint against Amazon.[172]

Revocation of Trump honorary degrees, contracts, and other connections[edit]

New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio in a video conference stated that Trump committed a "criminal act" and as such the city would terminate all contracts with the Trump Organization and would not do any business with them any longer. Specifically, New York City would take steps to terminate contracts with the Trump Organization to operate the Central Park Carousel, the Wollman & Lasker skating rinks, as well as the Ferry Point Golf Course. De Blasio stated that the city was working to find new vendors to take over the facilities to continue to provide services to customers. De Blasio ended that Trump would "no longer profit" with his relationship with New York City.[173]

After the assault on the Capitol, Lehigh University and Wagner College revoked the honorary degrees they had conferred upon Trump in 1988 and 2004, respectively. The revocations of the honors left Liberty University as the only institution that gave an honorary degree to Trump.[174][175] The board of the SAG-AFTRA voted "overwhelmingly" that probable cause existed to expel Trump from the entertainment union, to which Trump had belonged since 1989. The guild cited Trump's role in the January 6 riot at the Capitol, and his "reckless campaign of misinformation aimed at discrediting and ultimately threatening the safety of journalists, many of whom are SAG-AFTRA members."[176] Trump later resigned from the union before the matter of his expulsion came before the union's disciplinary committee.[177]

Reactionary response[edit]

The New York Times reported in March 2021 that the incident had caused groups like Proud Boys, Oath Keepers and the Groyper Army to splinter amid disagreements on whether the storming had gone too far or was a success, and doubts about the leadership of their organizations, raising concerns of increasing numbers of lone wolf actors who would be more difficult to monitor and might take more extreme actions.[178]

Political donors[edit]

Main article: List of companies that halted U.S. political contributions in January 2021

Several large companies[179] announced they were suspending all political donations, and others have suspended funding the lawmakers who had objected to certifying Electoral College results.[180]

Security measures[edit]

National Guardsmen at the Capitol building on January 12, 2021, in preparation for the inauguration of Joe Biden

Following the storming of the Capitol and increased incidents of harassment, members of Congress received additional security as they traveled through airports. Through Biden's inauguration, Capitol Police were to be stationed at D.C.-area airports (Reagan National, Baltimore-Washington, and Dulles)[181] and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was to increase its screening of DC-bound air passengers.[182]

Security was also put on high alert at the Capitol itself; a "non-scalable" security fence was placed around the Capitol and 6,200 members of the National Guard were expected to deploy to the national capital region by the weekend.[183] On a private call on January 11, Capitol Police spoke with House Democrats about the possibility of making members of Congress pass through metal detectors for Biden's inauguration. Following the call, a lawmaker told HuffPost that concern had been raised about "all these [Congress] members who were in league with the insurrectionists who love to carry their guns."[184] On January 12, acting House Sergeant-at-Arms Timothy Blodgett informed lawmakers that anyone entering the House chamber (including members of Congress) would have to pass through metal detectors.[117] Security screening remained in place after Biden's inauguration. The House passed a rule on February 2 that anyone who did not complete the screening would be fined $5,000 for a first offense and $10,000 from a second offense, to be deducted from their salaries;[185] within several days of the rule's passage, two Republican representatives were fined.[186]

After the riot, a new security perimeter was established around the Capitol for Inauguration Day, including a "non-scalable" security fence.

A new security perimeter was created for the January 20 presidential inauguration, blocking off large portions of the city near Capitol Hill. The mayor announced parking facilities would be sealed off on January 15, and that delivery vehicles serving businesses in the security zone would be screened on entry.[155] The Washington Metro announced it would close 11–13 subway stations from January 15 to 21 and re-route buses around the security zone to discourage people from traveling to the area.[187] The night before the inauguration, 25,000 National Guard members arrived in Washington, D.C.,[188][189] and they were authorized to use lethal force.[190][191]

Inauguration week protests[edit]

Main article: 2021 United States inauguration week protests

In response to calls for further protests and violence in Washington, D.C., and states across the U.S., the FBI, Secret Service, and state law enforcement agencies began conducting threat assessments and tracking extremist rhetoric online.[192] CNN reported on January 11 that an internal FBI bulletin warned that "Armed protests are being planned at all 50 state capitols from 16 January through at least 20 January, and at the US Capitol from 17 January through 20 January," continuing, "an identified group calling for others to join them in 'storming' state, local and federal government courthouses and administrative buildings in the event POTUS is removed as President prior to Inauguration Day. This identified group is also planning to 'storm' government offices including in the District of Columbia and in every state, regardless of whether the states certified electoral votes for Biden or Trump, on 20 January."[193][194] In a January 11 briefing, Capitol Police informed House Democrats they were prepared for "tens of thousands of armed protesters" in the coming days, and that they were aware of and monitoring three separate plots: one in honor of killed rioter Ashli Babbitt, another promoted as the United States' "largest armed protest ever", and a third "would involve insurrectionists forming a perimeter around the Capitol, the White House[,] and the Supreme Court" before "blocking Democrats from entering the Capitol ― perhaps even killing them ― so that Republicans could take control of the government". On January 11, a House lawmaker told HuffPost that insurrectionist groups, now left without sites like Parler to use as recruitment platforms, sought media attention for their planned demonstrations or attacks "as a way to further disseminate information and to attract additional support for their attacks."[184]

Minor protests occurred during inauguration week, which featured the participation of far-right militia groups that follow right-libertarianism, neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, white supremacism, and other ultranationalist or right-wing ideologies as well as members of the New Black Panther Party, and the QAnon and boogaloo movements.[117][195] Multiple people were arrested in D.C. for threatening to commit violence during Biden's inauguration.

Concerns over March 4, 2021[edit]

Starting in late January, QAnon adherents began expressing their beliefs that Trump would be re-inaugurated as the 19th President on March 4, the original date for presidential inaugurations until the passage of the Twentieth Amendment in 1933.[196][197] This belief was adopted from a false aspect of sovereign citizen ideology that asserts there has not been a "legitimate" U.S. President since Ulysses S. Grant (whose first inauguration occurred on March 4, 1869) due to an 1871 law that supposedly turned the U.S. into a corporation.[197][198] In February, it was reported that National Guard troops were expected to remain in Washington, D.C., through March 12 due to concerns over possible activity by QAnon adherents on March 4.[199]

On March 2, it was reported that security measures were being added in Washington, D.C., in preparation for possible events on March 4.[198] Despite these reports, the Capitol Police had advised lawmakers earlier that week that there was no indication of any protests or acts of violence in Washington, D.C., being planned.[200] However, based on new intelligence that an identified but undisclosed militia group might attempt an attack on the Capitol building from that date to March 6, the agency issued an updated alert on March 3. House leadership subsequently rescheduled a March 4 vote to the previous night to allow lawmakers to leave town, though it later said the reschedule was not done out of security concerns. Meanwhile, the Senate did not follow suit, and it continued debating on the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 as planned.[200][201][202][203]

In addition to the Capitol Police advisory, the FBI and Department of Homeland Security issued a joint intelligence bulletin, featuring similar warnings of possible violence on March 4, to state and local law enforcement agencies across the U.S. on the previous day.[200][201] The Associated Press reported that federal agents were monitoring hotel rooms, flight, and rental car reservation increases, as well as bus charters, for that day. It also reported a decline in online activity on some social media platforms regarding March 4, similar to another decline of online chatter leading up to the events of January 6.[200]

Ultimately, March 4 passed without any serious incidents being reported. Afterwards, it was reported that the QAnon community had recently become skeptical of the March 4 theory. Prominent QAnon influencers did not treat the date with any significance unlike January 6, and some even dissuaded followers from participating in events scheduled on that date and accusing the news coverage about the date of being part of a false flag narrative designed to entrap them. Similar rhetoric had been observed prior to the January 6 riot and Biden's inauguration. According to Newsweek, some QAnon adherents rescheduled the purported date of Trump's re-inauguration to March 20, based on a misinterpretation of a 2019 act that "extends support provided by the General Services Administration to the president- and vice president-elect for up to 60 days after the inauguration"; it was also the 167th anniversary of the founding of the Republican Party.[204][205][206]

Anti-protest legislation[edit]

In the days following the attack on the Capitol, Republican politicians in at least three states introduced legislation creating new prohibitions on protest activity.[207]

In Florida, a bill based on legislation proposed in response to the George Floyd protests against police brutality in summer 2020 was introduced by State Senator Danny Burgess on January 6.[207] The bill, which would protect Confederate monuments; permit the state to overrule local governments' decisions to reduce funding for police; waive sovereign immunity for municipalities, thereby allowing local authorities to be sued for providing inadequate law enforcement; and block people injured while participating in protests from receiving damages, was described by Governor Ron DeSantis as an effort to prevent events like the Capitol attack.[207] In Mississippi, a bill was introduced on January 7 that would criminalize blocking traffic, throwing objects, pulling down monuments, causing emotional distress, any activity by a group of six or more people that "disturbs any person in the enjoyment of a legal right", or aiding a person doing any of these; it would also prevent protesters from suing police, prevent municipalities from reducing funding for police, and expand the state's stand your ground law.[207] In Indiana, a bill also introduced on January 7 would criminalize camping at the Indiana Statehouse, which was the site of protests in June 2020, and introduce mandatory sentences for anyone convicted of battery against a police officer or emergency service professional.[207]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ The 38 senators include two independent Senators who caucus with the Democrats, Angus King (ME) and Bernie Sanders (VT).[80]
  2. ↑ Murkowski called for Trump to resign.[81] Sasse said he would consider articles of impeachment from the House and that Trump "disregarded his oath of office."[82] Toomey said he thought Trump "committed impeachable offenses"[83] and later called on Trump to resign.[84]
  3. ↑ Critics of social media companies who banned Trump included his political allies, such as his Donald Trump Jr.; Republican Senators Ted Cruz (TX) and Marco Rubio (FL), Republican Representatives Lauren Boebert (CO) and Marjorie Taylor Greene (GA), Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and former ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley,[146][147] as well as foreign political figures, specifically German chancellor Angela Merkel,[148] Mexican president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, Russian dissident Alexey Navalny, Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov,[149] and Eduardo Bolsonaro, son of Brazil's president Jair Bolsonaro.[150]

References[edit]

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