Cold War II

Cold War II
	Part of Arab–Iranian conflict, Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Middle Eastern Cold War, Arab Spring, and more
	File:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict.png; Iran Saudi Arabia Major proxy conflict locations
Date	2003 – ongoing
Location	Global
Status	Ongoing Qatif conflict (2017–19 Qatif unrest); Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain; Suppression of Bahraini opposition demonstrators from 2011 until 2012, with GCC and Saudi support; Shia insurgency in Bahrain; Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War; Saudi involvement in the Syrian Civil War; Saudi-led intervention in Yemen; Saudi–Yemeni border conflict; Iranian intervention in Iraq; Qatar diplomatic crisis; 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot; Saudi-led formation of the Islamic Military Alliance (which excludes Iran, Iraq and Syria) in 2015; Execution of Nimr al-Nimr and 47 others by Saudi Arabia in 2016; Attack on Saudi Arabian embassy in Tehran and the consulate in Mashhad; Bahrain and Saudi Arabia sever diplomatic relations with Iran in January 2016; 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute – Saudi Arabia suspend military aid to Lebanon over alleged Iranian influence and the country's refusal to condemn the attack on Saudi embassy; Ahvaz military parade attack; 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack; 2019–2020 Persian Gulf crisis;
Main Belligerents
Russia; China; Iran Proxies:; Houthis; Hezbollah Al-Hejaz; File:Logo of the Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian peninsula.svg OIRAP (1979–1991); File:Fatemiyoun Seal.svg Liwa Fatemiyoun; Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria People's Protection Units; Armenia; Artsakh Republic; Polisario Front; Support: Iraq; Ba'athist Iraq; Syria; Hezbollah; Lebanon; North Korea; Libya (until 2011); Venezuela (since 2005); Bolivia (since 2006); Cuba; Nicaragua; Turkmenistan (limited); Belarus; Namibia; Angola; Cambodia; Ecuador; Algeria	United States; United Kingdom; Saudi Arabia Proxies:; MEK; File:İran Kürdistanı Demokrat Partisi bayrağı.jpg KDPI; File:Flag of Jaish al-Adl.svg Jaish ul-Adl; File:Flag of Arabistan.svg Ahvaz National Resistance; Azerbaijan; Support NATO; Ba'athist Iraq(only against Iran); Egypt; United Arab Emirates; Bahrain; Iraqi Kurdistan; Morocco; Jordan; Turkey; Albania; Kosovo; Israel; Senegal; Peru; Tunisia; Sudan(Sometimes); Honduras; Chile
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War (2020) Artsakh Republic; Armenia Iran Russia FranceCite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag	; Azerbaijan; Free Syrian Army; Turkey; Israel; Northern Cyprus; Afghanistan; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Qatar
Syrian Civil War (2011–present) Syria; Iran; Hezbollah; Russia; PMF; Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria People's Protection Units; File:MFS infobox flag.png Syriac Military Council Iraq; China; Armenia; North Korea	Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army; File:Emblem of the Jaish al-Fatah.svg Army of Conquest (2015–17); Turkey; Qatar; Libya (2012–14); United States
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) Supreme Political Council; File:Ansarullah Flag Vector.svg Houthis; Ahrar al-Najran(allegedly) Iran; North Korea	; Cabinet of Yemen; Southern Transitional Council; Sudan; UAE; Bahrain; Kuwait; Qatar; (until 5 June 2017); Jordan; Djibouti; Egypt; Senegal; United States; File:ShababFlag.svg Al-Qaeda Support:; Somalia; Turkey; United States
Commanders and leaders
Ali Khamenei; (Supreme Leader of Iran); Hassan Rouhani; (President of Iran); Esmail Ghaani; (Quds Force commander) ; Vladimir Putin; (President of Russia); Nikol Pashinyan (Prime Minister of Armenia); Arayik Harutyunyan (President of Artsakh); Bashar al-Assad; (President of Syria); Hassan Nasrallah; (Secretary-General of Hezbollah); Xi Jinping; (President of the People's Republic of China); Kim Jong-un; (Supreme Leader of North Korea); Brahim Ghali; (President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic); File:Badr Organisation Military flag.svg Hadi Al-Amiri; (Leader of the Badr Organization); File:Ansarullah Flag Vector.svg Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi; (Leader of Ansar Allah) ; File:Asa'ib Ahl Al-Haq flag.png Qais al-Khazali; (Secretary-General of Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq); File:Single Color Flag - ffd700.png Akram al-Kaabi; (Secretary-General of Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba) ; Nouri al-Maliki (Secretary-General of Islamic Dawa Party); Mohammad Ali Jafari (2007–19); (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps); Qassim al-Muamen (Leader of Al-Ashtar Brigades); File:Single Color Flag - FFFF00.svg Abu Ala al-Walai (Secretary-General of Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada)	King Salman; (King of Saudi Arabia); Mohammad bin Salman; (Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia and Minister of Defense); Abdulaziz bin Saud; (Minister of Interior); Thamer al-Sabhan; (Minister of Gulf Affairs); Obeid Fadel Al-Shammari; (Commander of Saudi Arabia Force in Yemen); Fahd bin Turki bin Abdulaziz Al Saud; (Commander of the Joint Forces); Joe Biden; (President of the United States); Ilham Aliyev; (President of Azerbaijan); File:GCC Flag.svg Hassan bin Hamza al-Shehri; (Commander of the PSF); Maryam Rajavi; (Leader of the People's Mojahedin of Iran and "President-Elect" of Iran); Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; (President of the United Arab Emirates); Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan (Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi); Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi; (President of Yemen); King Hamad; (King of Bahrain); Recep Tayyip Erdogan; (President of Turkey)
Units involved
Hezbollah; File:Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.svg Syrian Armed Forces; File:Flag of the Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics of Iran.svg Iranian Armed Forces; Armed Forces of Armenia; Artsakh Defence Army; File:Yemeni Republican Guard Flag.svg Republican Guard; Russian Armed Forces; Houthi fighters; File:Flag of Yemen Armed Forces.svg Yemen Armed Forces (pro-Saleh); Popular Mobilization Forces;	Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia; United States Armed Forces; Armed forces of Azerbaijan; File:GCC Flag.svg Peninsula Shield Force; File:Flag of the Bahrain Defence Force.svg Bahrain Defence Force; Free Syrian Army; File:Flag of Yemen Armed Forces.svg Yemen Armed Forces (pro-Hadi);

↑ Russia and China team against GNA
↑ Daoud, David (March 2015). "Meet the Proxies: How Iran Spreads Its Empire through Terrorist Militias". The Tower Magazine (24). Retrieved 18 August 2016.
↑ Hashim, Ahmed Salah (29 January 2016), "Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and Conflict: Shia Province as Casus Belli?" (PDF), RSIS Commentary, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (22), retrieved 18 August 2016
↑ Abedin, Mahan (26 October 2006). "Saudi Shi'ites: New light on an old divide". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
↑ Mashal, Mujib; Faizi, Fatima (11 November 2017). "Iran Sent Them to Syria. Now Afghan Fighters Are a Worry at Home". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Özkizilcik, Ömer (21 February 2018). "Iran and the YPG: Friends or Foes?".
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 "What's Iran's role in the Armenia-Azerbaijan clash?". What’s Iran’s role in the Armenia-Azerbaijan clash?.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 AFP, Mariam Harutyunyan for (31 October 2020). "Russia Pledges Help to Yerevan if Fighting Reaches Armenia". The Moscow Times.
↑ "Diplomatic relations between Morocco and Iran sour over Western Sahara dispute". 16 July 2018.
↑ Gaddafi Rebels clash with Tunisian Army
↑ Algeria violates UN Resolution for sending weapons to Gaddafi
↑ Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith (2009). The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum (PDF). RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-4701-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) Search this book on
↑ Mousavian, Seyed Hossein (21 July 2016). "From Iran to Nice, We Must Confront All Terrorism to End Terrorism". Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
↑ Karami, Arash (2 August 2016). "Were Saudis behind Abbas-MEK meeting?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
↑ Iddon, Paul (28 July 2016). "Erbil is not another front in the Saudi-Iran regional proxy war". Rudaw. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
↑ Dehghanpisheh, Babak (4 September 2016). "To Iranian eyes, Kurdish unrest spells Saudi incitement". Reuters. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
↑ Merat, Arron (28 March 2014). "Iran calls for return of abducted border guards held in Pakistan". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
↑ "Lebanese Hezbollah: Ahvaz crime reaction to Resistance victories". Islamic Republic News Agency. 23 September 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Ben-Ephraim, Shaiel (14 October 2020). "Israel to maintain Azeri edge in Karabakh war". Asia Times.
↑ "Saudi Arabia voices support for Azerbaijan's territorial integrity". AzerNews.az. 12 October 2020.
↑ https://eurasianet.org/amid-iran-crisis-us-offers-big-military-aid-boost-to-azerbaijan#:~:text=The%20Pentagon%20program%20would%20give,security%20against%20threats%20from%20Tehran.&text=As%20the%20U.S.%20has%20ratcheted,%24100%20million%20in%20military%20aid.
↑ U.S. Department of State official statment on Peru-U.S.A relations
↑ Abdulrahim, Raja (14 October 2020). "Turkish-Backed Syrian Fighters Join Armenian-Azeri Conflict" – via www.wsj.com.
↑ "الحشد الشعبي العراقي (يقاتل) إلى جانب الأسد في سوريا". دنيا الوطن.
↑ {{cite web|url=http://links.org.au/node/4503/
↑ Kelley, Michael (6 March 2013). "It Looks Like Iraq Has Joined Assad's Side In The Syrian War". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
↑ Jansen, Michael (23 August 2016). "China enters fray in Syria on Bashar al-Assad's side". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
↑ "U.S. Frowns On Armenia's Involvement In Russia-Backed Syria Mission". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
↑ Schwirtz, Michael (27 February 2018). "U.N. Links North Korea to Syria's Chemical Weapons Program (Published 2018)" – via NYTimes.com.
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (12 June 2015). "The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. XIII no. 12. Jamestown Foundation. p. 3.
↑ ^31.0 ^31.1 Porter, Gareth (28 May 2015). "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'". Al-Ahram Weekly.
↑ Maclean, William; Finn, Tom (26 November 2016). "Qatar will help Syrian rebels even if Trump ends U.S. role". Reuters. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
↑ "North Korea's Balancing Act in the Persian Gulf". HuffPost. 17 August 2015.
↑ "Secret UN report reveals North Korea attempts to supply Houthis with weapons". Al Arabiya English. 4 August 2018.
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 ^35.2 ^35.3 ^35.4 ^35.5 ^35.6 Al-Haj, Ahmed (26 March 2015). "Saudi Arabia launches airstrikes in Yemen, targeting rebel-held military installations". Associated Press. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
↑ "Child soldiers from Darfur fighting at front line of war in Yemen, returned soldiers say". The Independent. 29 December 2018.
↑ "Senegal to send 2,100 troops to join Saudi-led alliance". Reuters. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
↑ "US special forces secretly deployed to assist Saudi Arabia in Yemen conflict". The Independent. 3 May 2018.
↑ "In Yemen's "60 minutes" moment, no mention that the U.S. is fueling the conflict". The Intercept. 20 November 2017.
↑ "Report: Saudi-UAE coalition 'cut deals' with al-Qaeda in Yemen". Al-Jazeera. 6 August 2018.
↑ "US allies, Al Qaeda battle rebels in Yemen". Fox News. 7 August 2018.
↑ "Allies cut deals with al Qaeda in Yemen to serve larger fight with Iran". San Francisco Chronicle. 6 August 2018.
↑ "SOMALIA: Somalia finally pledges support to Saudi-led coalition in Yemen – Raxanreeb Online". RBC Radio. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Ricks, Thomas E. (11 January 2016). "What Would a Saudi-Iran War Look Like? Don't look now, but it is already here". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
↑ "Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Husi terörüne karşı Yemen'e destek verdi". Türkiye (in Türkçe). 26 March 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
↑ "Breaking Yemen's Stalemate". Stratfor. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
↑ Joyner, Alfred (4 January 2016). "Iran vs Saudi Arabia: The Middle East cold war explained". International Business Times. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
↑ Poole, Thom (20 October 2017). "Iran and Saudi Arabia's great rivalry explained". BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
↑ Ahmed, Zahid Shahab; Akbarzadeh, Shahram (16 June 2020). "Pakistan caught between Iran and Saudi Arabia". Contemporary South Asia. 28 (3): 336–350. doi:10.1080/09584935.2020.1779181. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
↑ "Bahrain: Widespread Suppression, Scant Reforms". Human Rights Watch. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
↑ Henderson, Simon (12 June 2014). "The Battle for Iraq Is a Saudi War on Iran". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
↑ Wintour, Patrick (7 June 2017). "Qatar: UAE and Saudi Arabia step up pressure in diplomatic crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
↑ Chulov, Martin (4 January 2016). "Saudi Arabia cuts diplomatic ties with Iran after execution of cleric". The Guardian.
↑ "Bahrain cuts diplomatic ties with Iran". Al Jazeera. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
↑ "Saudi Arabia and Gulf allies warn against Lebanon travel". BBC News. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
↑ Bowen, Jeremy (7 July 2014). "The fearsome Iraqi militia vowing to vanquish Isis". BBC News. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
↑ "قائد النجباء يكشف مخططات السبهان للعراق". alkawthartv.com | قناة الکوثر. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
↑ "Al-Maliki Accuses Saudi Arabia of Supporting Terrorism". AlahedNews. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
↑ Pileggi, Tamar (15 March 2016). "Iran denies top general called Saudi, not Israel, its enemy". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
↑ "Iran Guards head calls Saudi Arabia 'terrorist state'". The Times of Israel. 4 July 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
↑ "Saudi Arabia, Zionist regime behind resignation of Lebanese PM". Mehr News Agency. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
↑ "State Department Terrorist Designation of Qassim Abdullah Ali Ahmed, AKA Qassim al-Muamen". state.gov (Press release). United States Department of State. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
↑ "PROFILE: New Saudi Interior Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Nayef". Al Arabiya English. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
↑ Frantzman, Seth J. (8 November 2017). "Riyadh's 'anti-Hezbollah minister'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
↑ تعيين المقدم عبيد فاضل الشمري بدلًا من السهيان (in العربية). Alweeam.com.sa. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
↑ Tawfeeq, Mohammed (27 February 2018). "Saudi Arabia replaces military commanders in late-night reshuffle". CNN. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
↑ "BDF Commander-in-Chief meets new Joint Peninsula Shield Forces Commander". Bahrain News Agency. 21 May 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2018.

[1] Russia and China team against GNA

[2] Daoud, David (March 2015). "Meet the Proxies: How Iran Spreads Its Empire through Terrorist Militias". The Tower Magazine (24). Retrieved 18 August 2016.

[3] Hashim, Ahmed Salah (29 January 2016), "Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and Conflict: Shia Province as Casus Belli?" (PDF), RSIS Commentary, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (22), retrieved 18 August 2016

[atimes.com-4] Abedin, Mahan (26 October 2006). "Saudi Shi'ites: New light on an old divide". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.

[5] Mashal, Mujib; Faizi, Fatima (11 November 2017). "Iran Sent Them to Syria. Now Afghan Fighters Are a Worry at Home". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

[politicstoday.org-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Özkizilcik, Ömer (21 February 2018). "Iran and the YPG: Friends or Foes?".

[trtworld.com-7] 7.0 ^7.1 "What's Iran's role in the Armenia-Azerbaijan clash?". What’s Iran’s role in the Armenia-Azerbaijan clash?.

[themoscowtimes.com-8] 8.0 ^8.1 AFP, Mariam Harutyunyan for (31 October 2020). "Russia Pledges Help to Yerevan if Fighting Reaches Armenia". The Moscow Times.

[9] "Diplomatic relations between Morocco and Iran sour over Western Sahara dispute". 16 July 2018.

[10] Gaddafi Rebels clash with Tunisian Army

[11] Algeria violates UN Resolution for sending weapons to Gaddafi

[auto-12] Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith (2009). The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum (PDF). RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-4701-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) Search this book on

[Mousavian-13] Mousavian, Seyed Hossein (21 July 2016). "From Iran to Nice, We Must Confront All Terrorism to End Terrorism". Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 August 2016.

[Karami-14] Karami, Arash (2 August 2016). "Were Saudis behind Abbas-MEK meeting?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 August 2016.

[15] Iddon, Paul (28 July 2016). "Erbil is not another front in the Saudi-Iran regional proxy war". Rudaw. Retrieved 20 June 2017.

[16] Dehghanpisheh, Babak (4 September 2016). "To Iranian eyes, Kurdish unrest spells Saudi incitement". Reuters. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[telegraph_2014-17] Merat, Arron (28 March 2014). "Iran calls for return of abducted border guards held in Pakistan". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

[18] "Lebanese Hezbollah: Ahvaz crime reaction to Resistance victories". Islamic Republic News Agency. 23 September 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

[asiatimes.com-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Ben-Ephraim, Shaiel (14 October 2020). "Israel to maintain Azeri edge in Karabakh war". Asia Times.

[20] "Saudi Arabia voices support for Azerbaijan's territorial integrity". AzerNews.az. 12 October 2020.

[21] ttps://eurasianet.org/amid-iran-crisis-us-offers-big-military-aid-boost-to-azerbaijan#:~:text=The%20Pentagon%20program%20would%20give,security%20against%20threats%20from%20Tehran.&text=As%20the%20U.S.%20has%20ratcheted,%24100%20million%20in%20military%20aid.

[22] U.S. Department of State official statment on Peru-U.S.A relations

[23] Abdulrahim, Raja (14 October 2020). "Turkish-Backed Syrian Fighters Join Armenian-Azeri Conflict" – via www.wsj.com.

[24] "الحشد الشعبي العراقي (يقاتل) إلى جانب الأسد في سوريا". دنيا الوطن.

[25] {{cite web|url=http://links.org.au/node/4503/

[26] Kelley, Michael (6 March 2013). "It Looks Like Iraq Has Joined Assad's Side In The Syrian War". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

[27] Jansen, Michael (23 August 2016). "China enters fray in Syria on Bashar al-Assad's side". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 August 2018.

[28] "U.S. Frowns On Armenia's Involvement In Russia-Backed Syria Mission". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.

[29] Schwirtz, Michael (27 February 2018). "U.N. Links North Korea to Syria's Chemical Weapons Program (Published 2018)" – via NYTimes.com.

[Wilgenburg-30] 30.0 ^30.1 Van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (12 June 2015). "The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. XIII no. 12. Jamestown Foundation. p. 3.

[weekly-31] 31.0 ^31.1 Porter, Gareth (28 May 2015). "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'". Al-Ahram Weekly.

[32] Maclean, William; Finn, Tom (26 November 2016). "Qatar will help Syrian rebels even if Trump ends U.S. role". Reuters. Retrieved 14 February 2018.

[33] "North Korea's Balancing Act in the Persian Gulf". HuffPost. 17 August 2015.

[34] "Secret UN report reveals North Korea attempts to supply Houthis with weapons". Al Arabiya English. 4 August 2018.

[offensive-35] 35.0 ^35.1 ^35.2 ^35.3 ^35.4 ^35.5 ^35.6 Al-Haj, Ahmed (26 March 2015). "Saudi Arabia launches airstrikes in Yemen, targeting rebel-held military installations". Associated Press. Retrieved 4 April 2018.

[36] "Child soldiers from Darfur fighting at front line of war in Yemen, returned soldiers say". The Independent. 29 December 2018.

[37] "Senegal to send 2,100 troops to join Saudi-led alliance". Reuters. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.

[38] "US special forces secretly deployed to assist Saudi Arabia in Yemen conflict". The Independent. 3 May 2018.

[39] "In Yemen's "60 minutes" moment, no mention that the U.S. is fueling the conflict". The Intercept. 20 November 2017.

[al-Qaeda-40] "Report: Saudi-UAE coalition 'cut deals' with al-Qaeda in Yemen". Al-Jazeera. 6 August 2018.

[41] "US allies, Al Qaeda battle rebels in Yemen". Fox News. 7 August 2018.

[42] "Allies cut deals with al Qaeda in Yemen to serve larger fight with Iran". San Francisco Chronicle. 6 August 2018.

[Ssfpstsciy-43] "SOMALIA: Somalia finally pledges support to Saudi-led coalition in Yemen – Raxanreeb Online". RBC Radio. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[FP_11-01-2016-44] Ricks, Thomas E. (11 January 2016). "What Would a Saudi-Iran War Look Like? Don't look now, but it is already here". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 5 October 2016.

[45] "Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Husi terörüne karşı Yemen'e destek verdi". Türkiye (in Türkçe). 26 March 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2017.

[46] "Breaking Yemen's Stalemate". Stratfor. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[Joyner_2016-47] Joyner, Alfred (4 January 2016). "Iran vs Saudi Arabia: The Middle East cold war explained". International Business Times. Retrieved 11 August 2017.

[Poole_2016-48] Poole, Thom (20 October 2017). "Iran and Saudi Arabia's great rivalry explained". BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2016.

[49] Ahmed, Zahid Shahab; Akbarzadeh, Shahram (16 June 2020). "Pakistan caught between Iran and Saudi Arabia". Contemporary South Asia. 28 (3): 336–350. doi:10.1080/09584935.2020.1779181. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)

[Human_Rights_Watch-50] "Bahrain: Widespread Suppression, Scant Reforms". Human Rights Watch. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2018.

[51] Henderson, Simon (12 June 2014). "The Battle for Iraq Is a Saudi War on Iran". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 October 2017.

[52] Wintour, Patrick (7 June 2017). "Qatar: UAE and Saudi Arabia step up pressure in diplomatic crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2018.

[53] Chulov, Martin (4 January 2016). "Saudi Arabia cuts diplomatic ties with Iran after execution of cleric". The Guardian.

[54] "Bahrain cuts diplomatic ties with Iran". Al Jazeera. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2017.

[55] "Saudi Arabia and Gulf allies warn against Lebanon travel". BBC News. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2017.

[56] Bowen, Jeremy (7 July 2014). "The fearsome Iraqi militia vowing to vanquish Isis". BBC News. Retrieved 3 August 2018.

[57] "قائد النجباء يكشف مخططات السبهان للعراق". alkawthartv.com | قناة الکوثر. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2021.

[58] "Al-Maliki Accuses Saudi Arabia of Supporting Terrorism". AlahedNews. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

[59] Pileggi, Tamar (15 March 2016). "Iran denies top general called Saudi, not Israel, its enemy". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

[60] "Iran Guards head calls Saudi Arabia 'terrorist state'". The Times of Israel. 4 July 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

[61] "Saudi Arabia, Zionist regime behind resignation of Lebanese PM". Mehr News Agency. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

[62] "State Department Terrorist Designation of Qassim Abdullah Ali Ahmed, AKA Qassim al-Muamen". state.gov (Press release). United States Department of State. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

[63] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)

[64] "PROFILE: New Saudi Interior Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Nayef". Al Arabiya English. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

[65] Frantzman, Seth J. (8 November 2017). "Riyadh's 'anti-Hezbollah minister'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 24 May 2018.

[Obeid-66] تعيين المقدم عبيد فاضل الشمري بدلًا من السهيان (in العربية). Alweeam.com.sa. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2018.

[67] Tawfeeq, Mohammed (27 February 2018). "Saudi Arabia replaces military commanders in late-night reshuffle". CNN. Retrieved 24 May 2018.

[68] "BDF Commander-in-Chief meets new Joint Peninsula Shield Forces Commander". Bahrain News Agency. 21 May 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2018.

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Cold War II

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